Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures

Article	Citations
Fatigue modeling using neural networks: A comprehensive review	83
Efficiency of basalt fiber length and content on mechanical and microstructural properties of hybrid fiber concrete	71
Compression‐induced crack initiation and growth in flawed rocks: A review	56
Experimental investigation of fracture damage of notched granite beams under cyclic loading using DIC and AE techniques	50
Fatigue life analysis of automotive key parts based on improved peak‐over‐threshold method	49
Influence of processing parameters of selective laser melting on high‐cycle and very‐high‐cycle fatigue behaviour of Ti‐6Al‐4V	49
Machine learning‐based genetic feature identification and fatigue life prediction	46
Soft computing methods for fatigue life estimation: A review of the current state and future trends	41
Fracture toughness of rigid polymeric foams: A review	40
Specimen type effect on measured low‐temperature fracture toughness of asphalt concrete	38
A fatigue damage accumulation model for reliability analysis of engine components under combined cycle loadings	36
Novel hybridized adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system models based particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithms for accurate prediction of stress intensity factor	35
Fatigue assessment of as‐built and heat‐treated Inconel 718 specimens produced by additive manufacturing including notch effects	34
Damage analysis of sandstone during the creep stage under the different levels of uniaxial stress using NMR measurements	34
Post‐treatment selection for tailored fatigue performance of 18Ni300 maraging steel manufactured by laser powder bed fusion	33
On the use of different diametral compression cracked disc shape specimens for introducing mode III deformation	32
Crack resistance of fiber‐reinforced asphalt mixtures: Effect of test specimen and test condition	32
A review on the environmental degradation effects on fatigue behaviour of adhesively bonded joints	32
Fatigue assessment of high strength welded joints through the strain energy density method	31
Experimental investigation of fatigue crack propagation in interbedded marble under multilevel cyclic uniaxial compressive loads	31
An extended maximum tangential strain energy density criterion considering T‐stress for combined mode I–III brittle fracture	30
KIc and KIIc measurement for hot mix asphalt mixtures at low temperature: Experimental and theoretical study using the semicircular bend specimen with different thi	30
CuCrZr processed by laser powder bed fusion—Processability and influence of heat treatment on electrical conductivity, microstructure and mechanical properties	30
Automatic detection of fatigue crack paths using digital image correlation and convolutional neural networks	27
Statistical models for estimating the fatigue life, the stress–life relation, and the P‐S–N curves of metallic materials in Very High Cycle Fatigue: A review	27

Prediction and evaluation of fatigue life for mechanical components considering anelasticity‐based load spectrum	27
Corrosion fatigue and electrochemical behaviour of steel wires used in bridge cables	26
Thermodynamic entropy as a marker of high‐cycle fatigue damage accumulation: Example for normalized SAE 1045 steel	26
Fatigue life evaluation of Ti–6Al–4V welded joints manufactured by electron beam melting	26
A state‐of‐the‐art review on creep damage mechanics of rocks	26
Requirements for stress gradient‐based fatigue assessment of notched structures according to theory of critical distance	25
Combined effects of recycled crumb rubber and silica fume on mechanical properties and mode I fracture toughness of self‐compacting concrete	24
Defect‐based multiaxial fatigue life prediction of L‐PBF additive manufactured metals	24
Modelling fatigue crack growth in shape memory alloys	24
Mechanical behaviours of granite containing two flaws under uniaxial increasing‐amplitude fatigue loading conditions: An insight into fracture evolution analyses	24
Pure mode I and pure mode II fracture resistance of modified hot mix asphalt at low and intermediate temperatures	24
Cyclic fatigue characteristics of rock failure using infrared radiation as precursor to violent failure: Experimental insights from loading and unloading response	24
Anisotropic mechanical and fatigue behaviour of Inconel718 produced by SLM in LCF and high‐temperature conditions	23
Heterogeneity effect on fracture parameters of a multilayer asphalt pavement structure containing a top‐down crack and subjected to moving traffic loading	23
On the effect of confining pressure on fatigue failure of block‐in‐matrix soils exposed to multistage cyclic triaxial loads	23
Very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) response of additively manufactured materials: A review	23
Fatigue analysis and fracture toughness of graphene reinforced carbon fibre polymer composites	22
Machine learning and finite element analysis: An integrated approach for fatigue lifetime prediction of adhesively bonded joints	22
Quasistatic and fatigue behavior of an AISI H13 steel obtained by additive manufacturing and conventional method	22
Enhancing ductility and fatigue strength of additively manufactured metallic materials by preheating the build platform	21
On fracture and damage evolution modelling of fissure‐hole containing granite induced by multistage constant‐amplitude variable‐frequency cyclic loads	21
Smoothed peridynamics for the extremely large deformation and cracking problems: Unification of peridynamics and smoothed particle hydrodynamics	21
Effect of plasma nitriding on high‐cycle fatigue properties and fracture behaviors of GJS700 nodular cast iron under cyclic bending loading	21
Fracture toughness characterisation of a glass fibre‐reinforced plastic composite	21
A novel predictive model for multiaxial fatigue in carburized bevel gears	20
Very high cycle fatigue characterization of additively manufactured AlSi10Mg and AlSi7Mg aluminium alloys based on ultrasonic fatigue testing	20
Deformation and fracture behavior of granite by the short core in compression method with 3D digital image correlation	20
Fatigue performance of laser shock peened Ti6Al4V and Al6061‐T6 alloys	20
Fretting‐fatigue analysis of shot‐peened aluminium and titanium test specimens	20
On the application of laser shock peening for retardation of surface fatigue cracks in laser beam‐welded AA6056	20
On the static and fatigue life of nano‐reinforced Al‐GFRP bonded joints under different dispersion treatments	19
Crack evolution law and failure mode of red sandstone under fatigue–creep interaction	19
Very high cycle fatigue life and critical defect size: Modeling of statistical size effects	19
Nonlinear fatigue life prediction model based on the theory of the S‐N fatigue damage envelope	18
Monitoring concept for the propagation of compressive fatigue in externally prestressed concrete beams using digital image correlation and fiber optic sensors	18
Evaluation of damage in composites by using thermoelastic stress analysis: A promising technique to assess the stiffness degradation	18
Fatigue strength of PBF‐LB/M and wrought 316L stainless steel: effect of post‐treatment and cyclic mean stress	18
Bending properties of titanium lattice structures produced by electron beam melting process	17
Small‐sized specimen design with the provision for high‐frequency bending‐fatigue testing	17
Investigation of mesh dependency issues in the simulation of crack propagation in quasi‐brittle materials by using a diffuse interface modeling approach	17
Fatigue‐based model for the droplet impingement erosion incubation period of metallic surfaces	17
Multiaxial fatigue life prediction method of notched specimens considering stress gradient effect	17
A novel method to uniquely determine the parameters in Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman model	16
A modified damage accumulation model for life prediction of aero‐engine materials under combined high and low cycle fatigue loading	16
General quantification of fatigue damage with provision for microstructure: A review	16
Rapid evaluation of notch stress intensity factors using the peak stress method with 3D tetrahedral finite element models: Comparison of commercial codes	16
Cracking behaviours of rock‐like materials containing three preexisting flaws after high‐temperature treatments	16
Macro‐meso damage cracking and volumetric dilatancy of fault block‐in‐matrix rocks induced by freeze–thaw‐multistage constant amplitude cyclic (F‐T‐MSCAC) loads	16
Influence of small defects and nonmetallic inclusions on the high and very high cycle fatigue strength of an ultrahigh‐strength steel	16
Influence of hot isostatic pressing and surface finish on the mechanical behaviour of Ti6Al4V processed by electron beam melting	16

Fine granular area formation by damage‐induced shear strain localization in very‐high‐cycle fatigue	15
Creep damage behaviors of red sandstone subjected to uniaxial compression after high‐temperature heat treatment using acoustic emission technology	15
Crystal plasticity finite‐element modelling of cyclic deformation and crack initiation in a nickel‐based single‐crystal superalloy under low‐cycle fatigue	15
Fatigue failures from defects in additive manufactured components: A statistical methodology for the analysis of the experimental results	15
Experimental study on fracture behaviour of three‐flawed sandstone specimens after high‐temperature treatments	15
Fracture analysis of three‐point bending notched granite beams under prepeak and postpeak cyclic loading by digital image correlation and acoustic emission techniques	15
Deformation localization and cracking processes of sandstone containing two flaws of different geometric arrangements	14
Finite element and experimental study on multiaxial fatigue analysis of rail clip failures	14
Extension of the strain energy density method for fatigue assessment of welded joints to sub‐zero temperatures	14
Fatigue of X65 steel in the sour corrosive environment—A novel experimentation and analysis method for predicting fatigue crack initiation life from corrosion pits	14
On the prediction of fatigue life subjected to variable loading sequence	14
Investigation of creep damage mechanical behaviors of red sandstone considering temperature effect	14
The influence of mode mixity and adhesive system on the fatigue life of adhesive joints	14
Mode II fracture energy characterization of brittle adhesives using compliance calibration method	14
Influence of load ratio on torsion very high cycle fatigue of high‐strength spring steel in the presence of detrimental defects	14
Mechanical and fracture properties of aluminium cylinders manufactured by orbital friction stir welding	14
The effect of dwell on thermomechanical fatigue in superaustenitic steel Sanicro 25	14
Experimental investigation of the fatigue crack growth behavior in wire arc additively manufactured ER100S‐1 steel specimens	14
Acoustic emission entropy: An innovative approach for structural health monitoring of fracture‐critical metallic components subjected to fatigue loading	13
On the microstructural evolution and room‐temperature creep behaviour of 9%Cr steel weld joint under prior creep–fatigue interaction	13
Backcalculation of damage density of in‐service asphalt pavements using artificial intelligence‐based finite element model updating	13
Quasi‐static compression and compression–compression fatigue behavior of regular and irregular cellular biomaterials	13
Resource‐efficient joint fabrication by welding metal 3D‐printed parts to conventional steel: A structural integrity study	13
An algorithm for fast critical plane search in computer‐aided engineering durability analysis under multiaxial random loadings: Application to the Carpinteri–Spagnoli–Vantadori spectral method	13
Fretting fatigue life assessment of overhead conductors using a clamp/conductor numerical model and biaxial fretting fatigue tests on individual wires	13
Validation and application of a two‐parameter J‐Ad approach for fracture behaviour prediction	13
Effect of forging process on high cycle and very high cycle fatigue properties of TC4 titanium alloy under three‐point bending	13
Static mechanical properties of virgin and recycled short glass fiber‐reinforced polypropylene produced by pellet additive manufacturing	13
An improved critical plane and cycle counting method to assess damage under variable amplitude multiaxial fatigue loading	12
Crack initiation and propagation from geometric microdefects: Experiment and transition fatigue behavior	12
Scaling and fractality in fatigue resistance: Specimen‐size effects on Wöhler's curve and fatigue limit	12
Influence of testing method on mode II fracture toughness (KIIc) of hot mix asphalt mixtures	12
Effect of direct metal laser sintering build parameters on defects and ultrasonic fatigue performance of additively manufactured AlSi10Mg	12
On the variability in static and cyclic mechanical properties of extruded 7075‐T6 aluminum alloy	12
Analysis on stress‐strain behavior and life prediction of P92 steel under creep‐fatigue interaction conditions	12
Real‐time prediction method of fatigue life of bridge crane structure based on digital twin	12
Influence of foreign object impact mode on fatigue performance of 2198‐T8 Al‐Li alloy thin sheets for fuselage	12
Comparison of high‐ and low‐frequency fatigue properties of structural steels S355J0 and S355J2	12
Analysis on peculiar fatigue fracture behaviour of shot peened metal using new threshold stress intensity factor range equation	12
A modified nonlinear fatigue damage accumulation model for life prediction of rolling bearing under variable loading conditions	12
Ductile fracture locus identification using mesoscale critical equivalent plastic strain	12
Fatigue failure identification using deformation and energy rate for hole‐fissure contained granite under freeze–thaw and variable‐frequency–variable‐amplitude cyclic loads	12
Effect of the upper limit stress on the fatigue properties and crack propagation processes of sandstones containing pre‐existing crack under fatigue‐creep interaction	11
Deformation and fracture behavior of strong–weak coupling structure and its application in coal roadway instability prevention	11
Analytical study on stress intensity factor due to the propagation of Griffith crack in a crystalline monoclinic layer subjected to punch pressure	11
Thermal cracking characteristics and mechanism of sandstone after high‐temperature treatment	11
Ultrasonic fatigue testing of cast steel G42CrMo4 at elevated temperatures	11
Fatigue behavior of Ti6Al4V alloy components manufactured by selective laser melting subjected to hot isostatic pressing and residual stress relief	11
The influence of microstructure on the fatigue crack growth rate in marine steels in the Paris Region	11
Influence of residual stress distribution and microstructural characteristics on fatigue failure mechanism in Ni‐based Superalloy	11
Estimation of elastic–plastic notch strains and stresses using artificial neural networks	11
Effect of material inhomogeneity on fracture modes in aluminium–steel resistance spot welds	11
Multiaxial fatigue behavior of SLM Ti6Al4V alloy under different loading conditions	11
A thermomechanical constitutive model for investigating the fatigue behavior of Sn‐rich solder under thermal cycle loading	11
Ductile tearing analyses of cracked TP304 pipes using the multiaxial fracture strain energy model and the Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman model	11
Size effect in creep–fatigue crack growth interaction in P2M steel	11
Initial cracking strength and initial fracture toughness from three‐point bending and wedge splitting concrete specimens	11
Experimental and computational study on thermo‐mechanical fatigue life of aluminium alloy piston	11
Study on the fracture behavior of prefabricated fissures granite based on DIC and laser scanning techniques	11
Contact stress analysis and fatigue life prediction of turbine disc–blade attachment with fir‐tree tenon structure	11
Experimental study on the progressive failure of double‐flawed granite samples subjected to impact loads	11
Various parameters of the multiaxial variable amplitude loading and their effect on fatigue life and fatigue life computation	11
An interpretation and modification of the SWT function	11
A damage gradient model for fatigue life prediction of notched metallic structures under multiaxial random vibrations	11
Computational crack propagation modeling of welded structures under as‐welded and high frequency mechanical impact (HFMI) treatment conditions	10
Effects of build direction on tensile and creep properties of 316L stainless steel produced by selective laser melting	10
Optimization of calcium carbonate whisker reinforced cement paste for rheology and fracture properties using response surface methodology	10
Improving reliability of high‐strength steel designed against fatigue limit using surface crack nondamaging technology by shot peening	10
Influence of heat input on microstructure and fracture toughness property in different zones of X80 pipeline steel weldments	10
Estimating the intrinsic dissipation using the second harmonic of the temperature signal in tension‐compression fatigue: Part I. Theory	10
Low‐cycle fatigue parameters and fatigue life estimation of high‐strength steels with artificial neural networks	10
Fatigue life prediction of natural rubber components using an artificial neural network	10
Numerical study on cracking behavior and fracture failure mechanism of flawed rock materials under uniaxial compression	10
Comparison of machine learning and stress concentration factors‐based fatigue failure prediction in small‐scale butt‐welded joints	10
On the kinetic formulation of fracture fatigue entropy of metals	10
Numerical investigation of the effect of holes on dynamic fracturing in multi‐flawed granite	10
Damage‐based low‐cycle fatigue lifetime prediction of nickel‐based single‐crystal superalloy considering anisotropy and dwell types	10
On micro‐defect induced cracking in very high cycle fatigue regime	10
Identification of cohesive zone model parameters based on interface layer displacement field of bonded joints	10
An improved fatigue life model for mechanical components considering load strengthening characteristics	10

Effects of two fretting damage modes on the dental implant–abutment interface and the generation of metal wear debris: An in vitro study	10
Fatigue failure criteria for structural film adhesive bonded joints with considerations of multiaxiality, mean stress and temperature	10
An efficient fatigue and creep‐fatigue life prediction method by using the hysteresis energy density rate concept	10
Fatigue life evaluation of tension‐compression asymmetric material using local stress–strain method	9
Experimental investigation on the influence of welding residual stresses on fatigue for two different weld geometries	9
Standardization of an ultrasonic fatigue testing method in Japan	9
Anisotropic cyclic plasticity modeling for additively manufactured nickel‐based superalloys	9
Anisotropic fracture and energy dissipation characteristics of interbedded marble subjected to multilevel uniaxial compressive cyclic loading	9
Comparison of fatigue performance of TC4 titanium alloy welded by electron beam welding and laser welding with filler wire	9
Application of a digital image correlation bridge inspection methodology on geometrically complex bifurcated distortion‐induced fatigue cracking	9
Damage behavior due to rolling contact fatigue and bending fatigue of a gear using crystal plasticity modeling	9
Fatigue crack growth simulation of interacting multiple cracks in perforated plates with multiple holes using boundary cracklet method	9
A modification of Matake criterion for considering the effect of mean shear stress under high cycle fatigue loading	9
Impact of annealing treatment on the fatigue behavior of Inconel 625 produced by laser‐based powder bed fusion	9
Design of step‐stress accelerated life tests for estimating the fatigue reliability of structural components based on a finite‐element approach	9
Quantitative thermographic method for fatigue life prediction under variable amplitude loading	9
Fatigue properties of combined friction stir and adhesively bonded AA6082‐T6 overlap joints	9
Variable amplitude fatigue behavior and modeling of cast aluminum	9
Verification of a cohesive model‐based extended finite element method for ductile crack propagation	9
Fatigue fracture and probabilistic assessments of a cone and pipe welded structure of stainless steels	9
Cyclic deformation behavior and fatigue life prediction of an automotive cast aluminum alloy: A new method of determining intrinsic fatigue toughness	9
The role of loading mode on the property degradation of adhesives at high temperatures	9
Crack resistance behaviour of aluminium alloy for aircraft skin with bionic coupling units processed by laser cladding	9
A convex hull‐based approach for multiaxial high‐cycle fatigue criteria	9
Fatigue damage cumulation in materials under random loading based on an energy model	9
Fracture associated with static and sliding indentation of multicomponent hard coatings on silicon substrates	9
Machine learning‐based approach for fatigue crack growth prediction using acoustic emission technique	9
An improved fatigue damage model based on the virtual load spectrum of golden section method	9
Fatigue life prediction of 2524‐T3 and 7075‐T62 thin‐sheet aluminium alloy with an initial impact dent under block spectrum loading	9
A review of probabilistic structural integrity assessment in the nuclear sector and possible future directions	8
The effect of cyclic stress amplitude on macro‐meso failure of rock under triaxial confining pressure unloading	8
Crack growth measurement and J‐integral evaluation of additively manufactured polymer using digital image correlation and FE modeling	8
Correlations between crack initiation and crack propagation lives of notched specimens under constant and variable amplitude loading	8
Fracture analysis of rock reconstruction models based on cooling–solidification annealing algorithms	8
Classification of cracking sources of different engineering media via machine learning	8
Fatigue crack growth in micro specimens as a tool to measure crack–microstructure interactions	8
On the relationship between mechanical energy rate and heat dissipated rate during fatigue for a C45 steel depending on stress ratio	8
Fatigue life prediction of structural steel using acoustic birefringence and characteristics of persistent slip bands	8
A mechanistic and stochastic approach to fatigue crack nucleation in coarse grain RR1000 using local stored energy	8
Evaluation of fracture toughness properties of polymer concrete composite using deep learning approach	8
The effect of hydrogen on the fracture toughness of friction‐stir welded API 5L X70 pipeline steels	8
Numerical evaluation of temperature fields and residual stresses in butt weld joints and comparison with experimental measurements	8
Experimental investigation of overload effects on fatigue crack growth behaviour of 7050‐T7451 aluminium alloy	8
Experimental study on cracking behaviors of coarse and fine sandstone containing two flaws under biaxial compression	8
Application of machine learning methods in multiaxial fatigue life prediction	8
Strain localization and crack initiation behavior of a PM Ni‐based superalloy: SEM‐DIC characterization and crystal plasticity simulation	8
Damage detection and fatigue life estimation under random loads: A new structural health monitoring methodology in the frequency domain	8
Fourth‐order phase field model with spectral decomposition for simulating fracture in hyperelastic material	8
Accelerated axial fatigue testing of carbon fiber reinforced plastics quasi‐isotropic laminate by using ultrasonic fatigue testing machine	8
Consideration of the transient material behavior under variable amplitude loading in the fatigue assessment of nodular cast iron using the strain‐life approach	8
Fatigue properties of AA6060‐T6 butt welds made by hybrid metal extrusion & bonding	8
Detection of small internal fatigue cracks in Ti‐6Al‐4V via synchrotron radiation nanocomputed tomography	8
Correlation between microstructure and cyclic behavior of 316L stainless steel obtained by Laser Powder Bed Fusion	8
Effect of microstructural heterogeneity on fatigue strength predicted by reinforcement machine learning	8
Comparison on mechanical behavior and microstructural features between traditional and AM AISI 316L	8
Energetic analysis of fatigue hysteresis by thermographic and digital image correlation methodologies	8
Temperature effect on the static mode I delamination behavior of aerospace‐grade composite laminates: Experimental and numerical study	8
Global and local modeling for inter‐wire fretting in multi‐wire copper conductors	8
Computing the durability of WAAM 18Ni 250 maraging steel specimens	8
Research on the fatigue properties of sub‐heat‐affected zones in X80 pipe	8
Influence of the volume content of α + β colonies on the very high cycle fatigue behavior of a titanium alloy	8
Effects of notch position on the fatigue crack growth behavior of dissimilar laser welded DP980/QP980 joint	8
In situ strength analysis of cross‐ply composite laminates containing defects and interleaved woven layer using a computational micromechanics approach	8
An electrical resistance degradation model for thin film under fatigue loading	8
Numerical tool for the analysis of CTOD curves obtained by DIC or FEM	8
Improving fatigue strength of hydromachinery 13Cr‐4Ni CA6NM steel with nitriding and thermal spraying surface treatments	8
Multiaxial static strength of a 3D printed metallic lattice structure exhibiting brittle behavior	7
A combined low‐ and high‐cycle life prediction model considering the closure effect of micro‐defects	7
A data‐driven analysis for fatigue failure mode identification in load‐carrying fillet welded joint with mechanical data augmentation	7
Advanced general particle dynamics with nonlocal foundation for fracture analysis	7
Fatigue life prediction in presence of mean stresses using domain knowledge‐integrated ensemble of extreme learning machines	7
Fatigue of vulcanized natural rubber under proportional and non‐proportional loading	7
An estimation of true Ramberg‐Osgood curve parameters for materials with and without Luder's strain using yield and ultimate strengths	7
Effects of the surface crack shape on J values along the front of an elliptical crack	7
Effect of microstructure on fatigue crack growth behavior of surface‐ and middle‐layer materials of thick high‐strength bridge steel plates	7
A frequency‐domain approach for damage detection in welded structures	7
Damage mechanics based probabilistic high‐cycle fatigue life prediction for Al 2024‐T3 using non‐intrusive polynomial chaos	7
Coupling of X‐ray computed tomography and surface in situ analysis combined with digital image correlation method to study low cycle fatigue damage micromechanisms in lost foam casting A319 alloy	7
Experimental and theoretical research on creep‐fatigue behaviors of 316L steel with and without 650°C thermal aging	7
Vibration fatigue analysis of circumferentially notched specimens under coupled multiaxial random vibration environments	7
Influence of laser shock peening on fatigue performance of LZ50 axle steel for railway wheel set	7
High‐stress fatigue crack propagation in thin AA2024‐T3 sheet material	7
Retained austenite stability on rolling contact fatigue performance of 8620 case‐carburized steel	7
Experimental investigation on creep‐fatigue behaviours of as‐received and service‐exposed turbine blades: Mechanism and life evaluation	7
Study on fatigue crack growth behavior of selective laser‐melted Ti6Al4V under different build directions, stress ratios, and temperatures	7
Evaluation of fatigue damage parameters for Ni‐based super alloys Inconel 825 steel notched specimen using stochastic approach	7
Study on small crack growth behavior of laser powder bed fused Ti6Al4V alloy	7
Experimental method for determining the fracture toughness of concrete based on the modified two‐parameter model and DIC technique	7
Cumulative damage model based on equivalent fatigue under multiaxial thermomechanical random loading	7
The fatigue crack growth behaviour of 2524‐T3 aluminium alloy in an Al2O3 particle environment	7
The effect of residual stress on mixed‐mode crack propagation behaviour in friction stir welded 7075‐T6 aluminium alloy panel under biaxial loading	7
Estimation of elastic‐plastic strain response at two‐dimensional notches	7
Microscopic and macroscopic analyses of the interaction mechanism between defect growth and dislocation emission in single‐crystal aluminum	7
Historical review and future prospect for researches on very high cycle fatigue of metallic materials	7
A novel unified characterization parameter of in‐plane and out‐of‐plane constraints based on critical CTOA	7