OOIR: Observatory of International Research

Papers

(The median citation count of Carbon Energy is 8. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2021-05-01 to 2025-05-01.)

Article	Citations
Back Cover Image, Volume 5, Number 4, April 2023	337
Issue Information	242
Model reduction of fractional impedance spectra for time–frequency analysis of batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors	184
Back Cover Image, Volume 6, Number 10, October 2024	184
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High Fe^LS(C) electrochemical activity of an iron hexacyanoferrate cathode boosts superior sodium ion storage	156
Micro/nano‐wrinkled elastomeric electrodes enabling high energy storage performance and various form factors	154
Porous heterostructure of graphene/hexagonal boron nitride as an efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen peroxide generation	152
Narrow‐bandwidth emissive carbon dots: A rising star in the fluorescent material family	148
Tailoring local structures of atomically dispersed copper sites for highly selective CO₂ electroreduction	146
Unraveling the atomic interdiffusion mechanism of NiFe₂O₄ oxygen carriers during chemical looping CO₂ conversion	142
Highly efficient three‐dimensional solar evaporator for zero liquid discharge desalination of high‐salinity brine	139
Issue Information	137
Issue Information	135
Issue Information	131
Issue Information	129
Issue Information	128
	118
Issue Information	117
Issue Information	116
In situ observation of the electrochemical behavior of Li–CO₂/O₂ batteries in an environmental transmission electron microscope	115
A comprehensive overview of the electrochemical mechanisms in emerging alkali metal–carbon dioxide batteries	112
3D‐cavity‐confined CsPbBr₃ quantum dots for visible‐light‐driven photocatalytic C(sp³)–H bond activation	111
Ultrathin origami accordion‐like structure of vacancy‐rich graphitized carbon nitride for enhancing CO₂ photoreduction	110
Scientific challenges faced by Mn‐based layered oxide cathodes with anionic redox for sodium‐ion batteries	108

Rational design of new in situ reduction of Ni(II) catalytic system for low‐cost and large‐scale preparation of porous aromatic frameworks	103
Ultralow charge–discharge voltage gap of 0.05 V in sunlight‐responsive neutral aqueous Zn–air battery	102
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Effects of nanopores and sulfur doping on hierarchically bunched carbon fibers to protect lithium metal anode	101
A universal spray printing strategy to prepare gradient hybrid architectures	101
Issue Information	97
Advanced characterization techniques for phosphate cathodes in aqueous rechargeable zinc‐based batteries	94
Nature‐inspired materials and designs for flexible lithium‐ion batteries	94
Mechanistic understanding of the charge storage processes in FeF₂ aggregates assembled with cylindrical nanoparticles as a cathode material for lithium‐ion batteries by in situ magnetometry	92
Highly efficient vanadium redox flow batteries enabled by a trilayer polybenzimidazole membrane assembly	89
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Engineering homotype heterojunctions in hard carbon to induce stable solid electrolyte interfaces for sodium‐ion batteries	87
Imidazole linker‐induced covalent triazine framework–ZIF hybrids for confined hollow carbon super‐heterostructures toward a long‐life supercapacitor	87
Vertical plane depth‐resolved surface potential and carrier separation characteristics in flexible CZTSSe solar cells with over 12% efficiency	86
Modulating charge carriers in carbon dots toward efficient solar‐to‐energy conversion	85
Machine‐Learning‐Assisted Design and Optimization of Single‐Atom Transition Metal‐Incorporated Carbon Quantum Dot Catalysts for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction	84
High‐rate metal‐free MXene microsupercapacitors on paper substrates	83
Dynamic stretching–electroplating metal‐coated textile for a flexible and stretchable zinc–air battery	81
Cellulose nanofiber‐derived carbon aerogel for advanced room‐temperature sodium–sulfur batteries	81
Handily etching nickel foams into catalyst–substrate fusion self‐stabilized electrodes toward industrial‐level water electrolysis	80
Two‐in‐one shell configuration for bimetal selenides toward fast sodium storage within broadened voltage windows	74
	74
Cover Image, Volume 6, Number 3, March 2024	74
NaTiO_x‐modified high‐nickel layered oxide cathode for stable sodium‐ion batteries	72
A high‐performance transition‐metal phosphide electrocatalyst for converting solar energy into hydrogen at 19.6% STH efficiency	71
Configuration‐dependent stretchable all‐solid‐state supercapacitors and hybrid supercapacitors	71
Structural and electrochemical stabilization enabling high‐energy P3‐type Cr‐based layered oxide cathode for K‐ion batteries	71
Charting the course to solid‐state dual‐ion batteries	70
Back Cover Image, Volume 6, Number 2, February 2024	68
Cover Image, Volume 7, Number 2, February 2025	68
Recent advances in nickel‐based catalysts in eCO₂RR for carbon neutrality	66
Back Cover Image, Volume 5, Number 2, February 2023	66
Back Cover Image, Volume 6, Number 11, November 2024	65
Long‐lasting, reinforced electrical networking in a high‐loading Li₂S cathode for high‐performance lithium–sulfur batteries	65
Nature‐inspired 3D hierarchical carbon nanotube matrices enable extraordinary solar steam generation	64
Liquid metal as an efficient protective layer for lithium metal anodes in all‐solid‐state batteries	63
Multicomponent organic blend systems: A review of quaternary organic photovoltaics	62
Self‐supported thin‐film electrode consisting of transition metal borides for highly efficient hydrogen evolution	62
Insight Into Pre‐Intercalation of Layered Vanadium Oxide Cathodes: From Precise Control of the Interspace to Related Electrochemical Performance and Beyond	61
High‐rate electrochemical H₂O₂ production over multimetallic atom catalysts under acidic–neutral conditions	61
Magnetic field‐assisted electrocatalysis: Mechanisms and design strategies	61
Microcrystallization and lattice contraction of NiFe LDHs for enhancing water electrocatalytic oxidation	61
Advances in carbon‐based thermoelectric materials for high‐performance, flexible thermoelectric devices	60
Progress in electrolyte and interface of hard carbon and graphite anode for sodium‐ion battery	59
Single‐atom electrocatalysts for lithium–sulfur chemistry: Design principle, mechanism, and outlook	58
Hierarchical porous nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus ternary doped hollow biomass carbon spheres for high‐speed and long‐life potassium storage	58
Research advances of metal fluoride for energy conversion and storage	57
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Issue Information	55
Electrospinning engineering of gas electrodes for high‐performance lithium–gas batteries	55

Trifunctional robust electrocatalysts based on 3D Fe/N‐doped carbon nanocubes encapsulating Co₄N nanoparticles for efficient battery‐powered water electrolyzers	55
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Back Cover Image, Volume 6, Number 7, July 2024	54
Exploring dopant‐enhanced ionic conductivity of AgCl‐doped Li₇P₃S₁₁ solid electrolytes: Integrating synchrotron Rietveld analysis, DFT, and ANN‐based molecular dynamic	54
Advances in Organic Porous Polymeric‐Supported Photothermal Phase Change Materials	53
Enhanced performance of solution‐processed carbon nanotube transparent electrodes in foldable perovskite solar cells through vertical separation of binders by using eco‐friendly parylene substrate	53
CNT@MnO₂ composite ink toward a flexible 3D printed micro‐zinc‐ion battery	52
Aqueous lithium‐ion batteries	52
Lignin‐derived carbon with pyridine N‐B doping and a nanosandwich structure for high and stable lithium storage	52
Flame‐assisted ultrafast synthesis of functionalized carbon nanosheets for high‐performance sodium storage	52
Cover Image, Volume 4, Number 3, May 2022	51
Molecular packing tuning via chlorinated end group enables efficient binary organic solar cells over 18.5%	51
High‐performance flexible perovskite photodetectors based on single‐crystal‐like two‐dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper thin films	51
Pore structure and oxygen content design of amorphous carbon toward a durable anode for potassium/sodium‐ion batteries	51
Back Cover Image, Volume 5, Number 8, August 2023	50
Densely populated single‐atom catalysts for boosting hydrogen generation from formic acid	50
Tailoring Ultrashort Inter‐Fullerene Spacing in a Continuous Fullerene Stacking Array to Enhance Electron Transport for Boosting Solar‐Driven Hydrogen Production	49
ZnIn₂S₄ with a hybrid reaction mechanism and sulfur vacancies for sustainable sodium storage	49
Metal chloride‐graphite intercalation compounds for rechargeable metal‐ion batteries	49
Graphene oxide‐based nanofluidic membranes for reverse electrodialysis that generate electricity from salinity gradients	49
Vertical channels enable excellent lithium storage kinetics and cycling stability in silicon/carbon thick electrode	48
Designing interstitial boron‐doped tunnel‐type vanadium dioxide cathode for enhancing zinc ion storage capability	48
Heteroatom tuning in agarose derived carbon aerogel for enhanced potassium ion multiple energy storage	48
Bi@C nanosphere anode with Na⁺‐ether‐solvent cointercalation behavior to achieve fast sodium storage under extreme low temperatures	48
A novel design of 3D carbon host for stable lithium metal anode	47
Research progress on carbon materials as negative electrodes in sodium‐ and potassium‐ion batteries	47
Cover Image, Volume 6, Number 1, January 2024	46
Issue Information	46
Cover Image, Volume 6, Number 7, July 2024	46
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Defect engineering in transition‐metal (Fe, Co, and Ni)‐based electrocatalysts for water splitting	45
“Three‐in‐one” strategy: Heat regulation and conversion enhancement of a multifunctional separator for safer lithium–sulfur batteries	45
Noncovalent interactions on the electrocatalytic oxidation of ethanol on a Pt/C electrocatalyst	44
Trade‐offs between ion‐conducting and mechanical properties: The case of polyacrylate electrolytes	44
Flexible self‐supporting organic cathode with interface engineering for high‐performance and wide‐temperature sodium‐ion batteries	44
In situ characterizations of solid–solid interfaces in solid‐state batteries using synchrotron X‐ray techniques	42
Back Cover Image, Volume 7, Number 4, April 2025	42
MOF‐derived 1D/3D N‐doped porous carbon for spatially confined electrochemical CO₂ reduction to adjustable syngas	42
Plasma‐assisted fabrication of multiscale materials for electrochemical energy conversion and storage	42
A lean‐zinc anode battery based on metal–organic framework‐derived carbon	42
Oxygen functionalization‐assisted anionic exchange toward unique construction of flower‐like transition metal chalcogenide embedded carbon fabric for ultra‐long life flexible energy storage and conver	41
Tailoring the interaction of covalent organic framework with the polyether matrix toward high‐performance solid‐state lithium metal batteries	41
Carbon nanomaterials and their composites for supercapacitors	41
Evolution of the porous structure for phosphoric acid etching carbon as cathodes in Li–O₂ batteries: Pyrolysis temperature‐induced characteristics changes	41
Tuning synergy between nickel and iron in Ruddlesden–Popper perovskites through controllable crystal dimensionalities towards enhanced oxygen‐evolving activity and stability	41
Cathode nanoarchitectonics with Na₃VFe_0.5Ti_0.5(PO4)₃: Overcoming the energy barriers of multielectron reactions for sodium‐ion batteries	41
Back Cover Image, Volume 5, Number 10, October 2023	40
Fully carbonate‐electrolyte‐based high‐energy‐density Li–S batteries with solid‐phase conversion	40
Back Cover Image, Volume 4, Number 1, January 2022	39
Unraveling reaction discrepancy and electrolyte stabilizing effects of auto‐oxygenated porphyrin catalysts in lithium–oxygen and lithium–air cells	39
Proton exchange membrane‐based electrocatalytic systems for hydrogen production	39
Sulfur and nitrogen codoped cyanoethyl cellulose‐derived carbon with superior gravimetric and volumetric capacity for potassium ion storage	39
Electrodeposition of a dendrite‐free 3D Al anode for improving cycling of an aluminum–graphite battery	39
K_xC_y phase induced expanded interlayer in ultra‐thin carbon toward full potassium‐ion capacitors	38
Asymmetric acidic/alkaline N₂ electrofixation accelerated by high‐entropy metal–organic framework derivatives	37
In operando‐formed interface between silver and perovskite oxide for efficient electroreduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide	36
Sustainable silicon anodes facilitated via a double‐layer interface engineering: Inner SiO_x combined with outer nitrogen and boron co‐doped carbon	35
Upcycling Photovoltaic Silicon Waste Into Cost‐Effectiveness Si/C Anode Materials	35
Biphase‐to‐monophase structure evolution of Na_0.766+xLi_xNi_0.33−xMn_0.5Fe_0.1Ti_0.07O₂ toward ultradurable	35
Upcycling of spent LiCoO₂ cathodes via nickel‐ and manganese‐doping	35
Green and scalable electrochemical routes for cost‐effective mass production of MXenes for supercapacitor electrodes	34
Revealing the atomic mechanism of diamond–iron interfacial reaction	34
Locking Surface Dimensionality for Endurable Interface in Perovskite Photovoltaics	34
The critical role of inorganic nanofillers in solid polymer composite electrolyte for Li⁺ transportation	34
Facile carbon cloth activation strategy to boost oxygen reduction reaction performance for flexible zinc‐air battery application	33
Heterostructured nickel–cobalt metal alloy and metal oxide nanoparticles as a polysulfide mediator for stable lithium–sulfur full batteries with lean electrolyte	32
Cover Image, Volume 6, Number 9, September 2024	32
Sustainable nitrogen photofixation: Considerations on the state of the art of non critical carbon materials	32
A 30‐year overview of sodium‐ion batteries	32
Strategies to achieve effective nitrogen activation	32
Thick free‐standing electrode based on carbon–carbon nitride microspheres with large mesopores for high‐energy‐density lithium–sulfur batteries	32
Ultra‐high‐flux passive cooling enabled by a sweating‐inspired hygroscopic membrane	32
Controllable and large‐area growth of ZnO nanosheet arrays under ambient condition as superior anodes for scalable aqueous batteries	32
Reinforced SnO₂ tensile‐strength and “buffer‐spring” interfaces for efficient inorganic perovskite solar cells	31
Single‐atom Pt on carbon nanotubes for selective electrocatalysis	31
Sulfur‐doped hard carbon hybrid anodes with dual lithium‐ion/metal storage bifunctionality for high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries	31
Progress and prospect of flexible MXene‐based energy storage	31
Highly N‐doped carbon with low graphitic‐N content as anode material for enhanced initial Coulombic efficiency of lithium‐ion batteries	31
Activating Ru in the pyramidal sites of Ru₂P‐type structures with earth‐abundant transition metals for achieving extremely high HER activity while minimizing noble metal content	31
Surface‐modified Ag@Ru‐P25 for photocatalytic CO₂ conversion with high selectivity over CH₄ formation at the solid–gas interface	31

Beads‐on‐string hierarchical structured electrocatalysts for efficient oxygen reduction reaction	30
Cover Image, Volume 5, Number 9, September 2023	30
TiO₂ bunchy hierarchical structure with effective enhancement in sodium storage behaviors	30
Modulating the Local Charge Distribution of Single‐Atomic Ru Sites for an Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reaction	30
Cover Image, Volume 3, Number 3, July 2021	30
Boosting lignin‐based photocatalyst with photocorrosion resistance for efficient H₂O₂ production via hetero‐interfacial π‐π stacking channels	30
Pioneering the direct large‐scale laser printing of flexible “graphenic silicon” self‐standing thin films as ultrahigh‐performance lithium‐ion battery anodes	30
Host–Guest Engineering of Dual‐Metal Nitrogen Carbides as Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalysts for Long‐Cycle Rechargeable Zn‐Air Battery	30
Issue Information	30
Integrating theory with the nanoreactor concept to synthesize hollow carbon sphere‐encapsulated PtNi alloys for enhanced H₂ generation	29
10% Efficient Solar‐to‐Hydrogen Conversion via Ternary‐Phase Organic Light Absorbers With Ni Heazlewoodite Electrocatalysts	29
Rational modulation of emerging MXene materials for zinc‐ion storage	29
Unsaturated bi‐heterometal clusters in metal‐vacancy sites of 2D MoS₂ for efficient hydrogen evolution	29
Water‐resistant organic thermoelectric generator with >10 μW output	29
Additive‐Free Ti₃C₂T_x MXene/Carbon Nanotube Aqueous Inks Enable Energy Density Enriched 3D‐Printed Flexible Micro‐Supercapacitors for Modular Self‐Powered Syste	28
Enhancing the electrochemical performance of semicoke‐based hard carbon anode through oxidation‐crosslinking strategy for low‐cost sodium‐ion batteries	28
Local coordination and electronic interactions of Pd/MXene via dual‐atom codoping with superior durability for efficient electrocatalytic ethanol oxidation	28
Bulk preparation of free‐standing single‐iron‐atom catalysts directly as the air electrodes for high‐performance zinc‐air batteries	28
Mechanically strong and folding‐endurance Ti₃C₂T_x MXene/PBO nanofiber films for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding and thermal management	28
Advances in Z‐scheme semiconductor photocatalysts for the photoelectrochemical applications: A review	28
Carbon‐based interface engineering and architecture design for high‐performance lithium metal anodes	28
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Synergistic modulation of valence state and oxygen vacancy induced by surface reconstruction of the CeO₂/CuO catalyst toward enhanced electrochemical CO₂ reduction	27
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Cover Image, Volume 5, Number 11, November 2023	26
Interface Engineering Toward Surface‐Activated Catalysts for Advanced Li–CO₂ Batteries	26
Insight into structure evolution of carbon nitrides and its energy conversion as luminescence	26
Reversible Zn/polymer heterogeneous anode	26
Metal halide perovskites for solar‐to‐chemical energy conversion in aqueous media	26
A biomimetic host from a poultry bone structure enables dendrite‐free lithium deposition	25
A Kinetically Matched Dual‐Channel Catalyst Platform for Efficient Photocatalytic Oxidation: Insights From Combined Quasi in Situ Transient Photovoltage and fs‐Transient Absorption Spectra	25
Determination of High‐Temperature Float Charge Failure Mechanisms in Lithium‐Ion Batteries by Quantifying Active Lithium Loss	25
Large ferro–pyro–phototronic effect in 0.5Ba(Zr_0.2Ti_0.8)O₃–0.5(Ba_0.7Ca_0.3)TiO₃ thin films integrated on silicon for photodetection	25
Artificial photosynthesis for high‐value‐added chemicals: Old material, new opportunity	25
Fibrous gel polymer electrolyte for an ultrastable and highly safe flexible lithium‐ion battery in a wide temperature range	25
Three‐dimensional (3D)‐printed MXene high‐voltage aqueous micro‐supercapacitors with ultrahigh areal energy density and low‐temperature tolerance	25
Design strategies and recent advancements of solid‐state supercapacitor operating in wide temperature range	24
Single‐atom catalysis for carbon neutrality	24
Hierarchically structured, Janus optical nanoengineered wastepaper for switchable radiative cooling/heating	24
Selective sulfur conversion with surface engineering of electrocatalysts in a lithium–sulfur battery	24
Back Cover Image, Volume 6, Number 3, March 2024	23
Cover Image, Volume 4, Number 4, June 2022	23
Back Cover Image, Volume 6, Number 6, June 2024	22
Built‐In Electric Field Effects Tailoring Solvation Sheath and Desolvation Processes of Solvated Zn²⁺ Toward Stable Aqueous Rocking‐Chair Zinc‐Ion Batteries	22
Strong metal–support interaction boosts the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution capability of Ru nanoparticles supported on titanium nitride	22
One‐dimensional PtFe hollow nanochains for the efficient oxygen reduction reaction	22
Tailoring Photophysical Processes of Er³⁺‐Doped Gd₃Ga₅O₁₂ Garnets for Enhanced Photoluminescence via Al³⁺ Ion Preference Substitution	22
Long‐life lithium batteries enabled by a pseudo‐oversaturated electrolyte	21
Highly selective photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ to CH₄ on electron‐rich Fe species cocatalyst under visible light irradiation	21
Carbon‐coated current collectors in lithium‐ion batteries and supercapacitors: Materials, manufacture and applications	21
A review of halide charge carriers for rocking‐chair and dual‐ion batteries	21
Issue Information	20
Issue Information	20
Bifunctional PdPt bimetallenes for formate oxidation‐boosted water electrolysis	20
Isolated FeN₃ sites anchored hierarchical porous carbon nanoboxes for hydrazine‐assisted rechargeable Zn‐CO₂ batteries with ultralow charge voltage	20
Hetero MOF‐on‐MOF‐derived carbon nanotube interconnected nitrogen‐doped carbon‐encapsulated FeNi/FeF₂ for efficient oxygen evolution reaction	20
Stabilized multifunctional phase change materials based on carbonized Cu‐coated melamine foam/reduced graphene oxide framework for multiple energy conversion and storage	20
Back Cover Image, Volume 5, Number 11, November 2023	19
Optimizing band structure of CoP nanoparticles via rich‐defect carbon shell toward bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting	19
Identification of intrinsic vacancies and polarization effect on ternary halo‐sulfur‐bismuth compounds for efficient CO₂ photoreduction under near‐infrared light irradiation	19
Cover Image, Volume 7, Number 1, January 2025	19
High‐performance and flexible thermoelectric generator based on a robust carbon nanotube/BiSbTe foam	19
Compositional engineering of HKUST‐1/sulfidized NiMn‐LDH on functionalized MWCNTs as remarkable bifunctional electrocatalysts for water splitting	19
Enhanced water‐splitting performance: Interface‐engineered tri‐metal phosphides with carbon dots modification	19
Issue Information	19
Cover Image, Volume 5, Number 1, January 2023	19
Superior stable high‐voltage LiCoO₂ enabled by modification with a layer of lithiated polyvinylidene fluoride‐derived LiF	19
Highly stretchable, durable, and breathable thermoelectric fabrics for human body energy harvesting and sensing	18
Cover Image, Volume 5, Number 8, August 2023	18
Template‐oriented synthesis of boron/nitrogen‐rich carbon nanoflake superstructure for high‐performance Zn‐ion hybrid capacitors	18
A review on electrocatalytic CO₂ conversion via C–C and C–N coupling	18
Li intercalation in an MoSe₂ electrocatalyst: In situ observation and modulation of its precisely controllable phase engineering for a high‐performance flexible Li‐S battery	18
Issue Information	18
Banana‐shaped electron acceptors with an electron‐rich core fragment and 3D packing capability	18
The manipulation of rectifying contact of Co and nitrogen‐doped carbon hierarchical superstructures toward high‐performance oxygen reduction reaction	18
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The application of cellulosic‐based materials on interfacial solar steam generation for highly efficient wastewater purification: A review	18
Kinetic investigation of the energy storage process in graphene fiber supercapacitors: Unraveling mechanisms, fabrications, property manipulation, and wearable applications	18
Photo‐promoted rapid reconstruction induced alterations in active site of Ag@amorphous NiFe hydroxides for enhanced oxygen evolution reaction	17
Rational design of diamond through microstructure engineering: From synthesis to applications	17
Synergistic regulation of hydrophobicity and basicity for copper hydroxide‐derived copper to promote the CO₂ electroreduction reaction	17
Defect engineering of ternary Cu–In–Se quantum dots for boosting photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation	17
Carbon fiber confined mixed Ni‐based crystal phases with interfacial charge redistribution induced by high bond polarity for electrochemical urea‐assisted hydrogen generation	17
Constructing long‐cycling crystalline C₃N₄‐based carbonaceous anodes for sodium‐ion battery via N configuration control	17
Surface sulfidation constructing gradient heterojunctions for high‐efficiency (approaching 18%) HTL‐free carbon‐based inorganic perovskite solar cells	17
Research progress on methane conversion coupling photocatalysis and thermocatalysis	17
Fine‐tuning electronic structure of N‐doped graphitic carbon‐supported Co‐ and Fe‐incorporated Mo₂C to achieve ultrahigh electrochemical water oxidation activity	17
Extending the solid solution range of sodium ferric pyrophosphate: Off‐stoichiometric Na₃Fe_2.5(P₂O₇)₂ as a novel cathode for sodium‐ion batteries	17
Nitrogen‐doped microporous graphite‐enhanced copper plasmonic effect for solar evaporation	16
Insights on “nitrate salt” in lithium anode for stabilized solid electrolyte interphase	16
Lignin‐derived carbon fibers: A green path from biomass to advanced materials	16
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Single‐atomic Co‐B₂N₂ sites anchored on carbon nanotube arrays promote lithium polysulfide conversion in lithium–sulfur batteries	16
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