Pulmonology

Article	Citations
Effect of elexacaftor–tezacaftor–ivacaftor modulator on lung structure in cystic fibrosis	63
Exposed posters	48
Smoking exposure trajectories and pulmonary function in early adulthood in a Brazilian cohort	42
Mixed squamous cell and glandular papilloma of the bronchus	42
“ Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres ”: Is it time to divide Pleuroparenchymal Fibroelastosis in three different forms?	41
Intensity of exercise in people with COPD enrolled in community-based physical activities	38
Issue 2 - “Update on adverse respiratory effects of indoor air pollution”. Part 2): Indoor air pollution and respiratory diseases: Perspectives from Italy and some other GARD countries	37
Reproducibility, validity, and reliability of the incremental step test for subjects with moderate to severe asthma	35
Single breath nitrogen test as predictor of lung function decline and COPD over an 8-year follow-up	31
High-dose inhaled NO for the prevention of nosocomial pneumonia after cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass: A proof-of-concept prospective randomised study	28
Urinary incontinence is common among people attending pulmonary rehabilitation, yet pulmonary rehabilitation has a small effect on urinary symptoms: A multicenter prospective cohort study	28
Impact of an early follow-up visit on adherence and adherence trajectories after initiation of continuous positive airway pressure therapy for obstructive sleep apnea	26
Rescaling oxygen flow measurement: A proposal for improved patient safety	25
The Vacinómetro® initiative: an eleven-year monitorization of influenza vaccination coverage rates among risk groups in Portugal	25
Flow-controlled ventilation may reduce mechanical power and increase ventilatory efficiency in severe coronavirus disease-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome	23
Blood pressure and sleep during a 12-month stay at Concordia Station (3233 m), Antarctica	23
Ultrasound-guided needle aspiration biopsy of isolated anterior mediastinal masses	22
Regarding the prognostic factors in patients with ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer treated with crizotinib	21
Risk of hospitalisation and mortality among patients with interstitial lung disease and COVID-19: A French multicentre prospective cohort	21
Geographical variation in lung function: Results from the multicentric cross-sectional BOLD study	21
What do we know about macrolides immunomodulatory therapeutic potential in respiratory disease in 2023	21
Letter to the editor – dual-correction robotic bronchoscopy system with ultra-thin catheter for diagnosing challenging peripheral pulmonary nodules	20
The public health impact of e-cigarette use: Revisiting Geoffrey Rose's prevention strategies	20
A study of the psychometric properties of the Brazilian–Portuguese version of Bronchiectasis Health Questionnaire	20
Prevascular mediastinal angyomiolipoma. A case report	20

Letter to editor – Impact of an early follow-up visit on adherence and adherence trajectories after initiation of continuous positive airway pressure therapy for obstructive sleep apnea	19
From trials to clinical practice: Effect of Dupilumab on disease stability in severe COPD. A pilot study	19
Effects of asymmetric nasal high-flow cannula on carbon dioxide in hypercapnic patients: A randomised crossover physiological pilot study	19
Diaphragm thickening fraction and inspiratory effort in patients with SARS-COV II pneumonia receiving different non-invasive respiratory supports	18
Prescribing and adjusting exercise training in chronic respiratory diseases – Expert-based practical recommendations	17
A contribution towards a world without tobacco – The TabacoPed study	17
Chylothorax as an unusual presentation of Bosutinib therapy toxicity	17
COPD treatment – a conceptual review based on critical endpoints	16
Endotypes in bronchiectasis: moving towards precision medicine. A narrative review	15
Methodological considerations regarding AAT threshold analysis in the AVATAR cohort	15
Increased plasma interleukin-1β is associated with accelerated lung function decline in non-smokers	15
Prone position for acute respiratory distress syndrome and the hazards of meta-analysis	15
The London chest activity of daily living revisited	15
Comparative diagnostic performance of advanced endoscopic techniques in suspected sarcoidosis: A systematic review and network meta-analysis	15
Letter to the editor: Methodological considerations on the longitudinal changes of obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular outcomes	15
Reliability and validity of the Chester step test in patients with interstitial lung disease	14
High altitudes and partial pressure of arterial oxygen in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - A systematic review and meta-analysis	14
Efficacy and safety of high-flow nasal cannula therapy in elderly patients with acute respiratory failure	14
IMAGES: Nocardia pneumonia – A surprising and rare pulmonary infection mimicking lung cancer	14
The diagnostic performance and optimal strategy of cone beam CT-assisted bronchoscopy for peripheral pulmonary lesions: A systematic review and meta-analysis	14
In pursuit of personalized medicine in fibrotic interstitial lung diseases. Divide and conquer	14
Oral Communications	14
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA) and early atherosclerosis: The role of microbiota and EVs	14
Red cell distribution in critically ill patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	14
Correspondence: “Maintaining pulmonary rehabilitation benefits: Key factors in COPD patient recovery”	14
Should there be a tailored guided management plan for children with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans and bronchiectasis?	14
Images: Secondary pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in brucellosis	13
Helmet continuous positive airway pressure for patients’ transport using a single oxygen cylinder: A bench study	13
Factors associated with non-completion of latent tuberculosis infection treatment in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: A non-matched case control study	13
Effectiveness of a remote simulation training in mechanical ventilation among trainees	13
An extremely rare case of Langerhans cell hyperplasia in the thymus	13
Dynamic hyperinflation, chronotropic intolerance and abnormal heart rate recovery in non-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients-reflections in the mirror	13
Vocal cord palsy in interstitial lung disease: Involvement of architectural distortion by pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis	12
Is there any physiological reason to train expiratory muscles in people with mild COPD?	12
From bench to bedside: Exploring the role of sCD25 in melanoma and lung cancer among sleep apnea patients	12
Baseline dependent minimally important differences for clinical outcomes of pulmonary rehabilitation in people with COPD	12
Commented posters	12
Influence of inhalation device, active substance, and drug formulation on the compliance of patients with obstructive pulmonary diseases. A physicians’ perspective	12
Exacerbation history as a predictor of future exacerbations and mortality in COPD patients: A real-world study from a Portuguese integrated care health unit 2013–2018	12
Can we rely on single use bronchoscopes in central airway obstruction management? A preliminary, open label randomised controlled trial	11
Corrigenda 2 to Oral Communications	11
Effect of exercise training on modulating the TH17/TREG imbalance in individuals with severe COPD: A randomized controlled trial	11
Clustering patients with COVID-19 according to respiratory support requirements, and its impact on short- and long-term outcome (RECOVID study)	11
Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency in Greece: Focus on rare variants	11
Clinical features and longitudinal assessment in outcomes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with biomass smoke exposure history: A prospective study of the RealDTC cohort	11
Prevalence, type, and clinical implications of CFTR variants in bronchiectasis	11
Performance of helmet CPAP using different configurations: Turbine-driven ventilators vs Venturi devices	11
Diagnostic accuracy of TB-LAMP assay in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis–a case-control study in northern India	11
Abstracts from the Congresso de Pnemologia do Norte 2025: E-posters	11
How COVID-19 changed our bronchoscopy procedures: A comparison with the Portuguese Pulmonology Society Recommendations	11

Posttransplant screening and short-course treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in kidney transplant recipients: A prospective observational study in Taiwan	11
Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, reliability, and validity of the Turkish version of the Duke Activity Status Index in patients with pulmonary hypertension	11
Endotoxin exposure associated with respiratory health among European schoolchildren: The SINPHONIE study	10
Low tumour interleukin-1β expression predicts a limited effect of adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy for patients with completely resected lung adenocarcinoma: An identification and validation study	10
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Portugal: Trends from the last decade	10
Application and internal validation of lung ultrasound score in COVID-19 setting: The ECOVITA observational study. Authors’ reply	10
Development and evaluation of spirometry reference equations at high altitude	10
The COPD assessment test and the modified Medical Research Council scale are not equivalent when related to the maximal exercise capacity in COPD patients	10
Daily digital biomarkers in the follow-up and clustering of patients with asthma	10
High flow nasal cannula versus conventional oxygen therapy during bronchoscopy: A systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis	10
Letter to editor: Low-dose theophylline in mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized clinical trial in China	9
Comparison of thoracic surgery training in the Iberian Peninsula: A call for European uniformity	9
Association between respiratory distress time and invasive mechanical ventilation in COVID-19 patients: A multicentre regional cohort study	9
Application and internal validation of lung ultrasound score in COVID-19 setting: The ECOVITA observational study	9
Association of the methionine sulfoxide reductase A rs10903323 gene polymorphism with functional activity and oxidative modification of alpha-1-antitrypsin in COPD patients	9
Intermittent versus equivalent constant-load cycle training in COVID-19 patients	9
Stratifying risk outcomes among adult COVID-19 inpatients with high flow oxygen: The R4 score	9
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations’ management in Portuguese hospitals – EvaluateCOPDpt, a multicentre, observational, prospective study	8
Posteres	8
Primary pleural lymphoma – A rare diagnosis	8
Effectiveness and safety of a new helmet CPAP configuration allowing tidal volume monitoring in patients with COVID-19	8
Letter to Editor: Beyond pulmonary rehabilitation: Can the PICk UP programme fill the gap? A randomised trial in COPD	8
Tele-consultation: A new promised land?	8
Impact of the 2022 ATS/ERS update criteria on the bronchodilator responsiveness test result	8
Redundancy in sarcoidosis granulomas	8
Unraveling the resurgence of pertussis: Insights into epidemiology and global health strategies	8
Epidemic after pandemic: Dengue surpasses COVID-19 in number of deaths	8
COVID-19 pneumonia and ROX index: Time to set a new threshold for patients admitted outside the ICU. Author's reply	8
Correspondence to ‘Blood eosinopenia (≤30/µL) as an early predictor of respiratory failure in community-acquired pneumonia: A prospective multicentre study’	8
Dynamic hyperinflation in patients with severe asthma compared to healthy adults	8
Non-invasive ventilation in post-extubation respiratory failure due to Reinke's edema	8
Correspondence: Synergistic effect of public health and social work in the pre-detection of tuberculous pleurisy	8
Impact of treating obesity hypoventilation syndrome on body mass index	7
Sex-dependent GOAL screening performance in adults at risk for obstructive sleep apnea	7
A series of narrative reviews on air pollution and respiratory health for Pulmonology: Why it is important and who should read it	7
Diagnostic and therapeutic approach of central sleep apnea in heart failure – the role of adaptive servo-ventilation. A statement of the Portuguese society of pulmonology and the Portuguese sleep asso	7
Letter to the editor: Electrovest®: A novel portable electro-vibratory device for airway clearance in chronic hypersecretory lung disease	7
Association between lung function and dyspnoea and its variation in the multinational Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study	7
Association between chronotypes and comorbidities in obstructive sleep apnea: The age effect	7
The “serial switcher” in severe asthma	7
High-flow oxygen therapy in comparison with low-level pressure support ventilation for spontaneous breathing trials: A two-center, non-inferiority, randomized controlled study	7
Defective exercise-related expiratory muscle recruitment in patients with PHOX2B mutations: A clue to neural determinants of the congenital central hypoventilation syndrome	7
Endobronchial ultrasound-guided cryobiopsy of a rare epicardial tumour	7
Letter to editor: Urinary incontinence in pulmonary rehabilitation: A common but insufficiently addressed comorbidity	7
Handgrip strength and respiratory disease mortality: Longitudinal analyses from SHARE	7
The benefit of macrolide therapy in patients with pneumococcal pneumonia is only present in patients with bacteremia	7
Minimum clinically important difference for the Urinary Symptom Profile questionnaire in people attending pulmonary rehabilitation	7
A potentially life-threatening complication of lung metastasis thermal-ablation	6
Coffee shops, a hub for TB clusters?	6
Pregnancy in patients with Alpha 1 Antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency and the role of intravenous AAT therapy. Authors’ reply	6
Results of surgery versus stereotactic body radiotherapy for lung cancer	6
Reference values for six-minute walk distance and six-minute walk work in Caucasian adults	6
Bronchoscopic sampling techniques in the era of technological bronchoscopy	6
Letter to the editor: High-dose inhaled NO for preventing nosocomial pneumonia after cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass	6
Efficacy and safety of high-flow nasal cannula therapy in elderly patients with acute respiratory failure. Authors´reply	6
In memoriam of Jordi Mancebo	6
Will smoking on beaches become a thing of the past? Bibione: The first smoke-free beach in Italy	6
Low-dose theophylline in mild to moderate Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A randomized clinical trial in China	6
Transcutaneous capnometry-guided exercise in respiratory settings	6
Back to the roots of medicine: It's severe asthma patient-reported symptoms that matter!	6
Why not a 95-95-95 strategy for influenza by 2030?	6
Letter to the editor: Commentary on ‘development and evaluation of spirometry reference equations at high altitude’	6
Utility of solar-powered oxygen delivery in a resource-constrained setting	6
EBUS-guided cryobiopsy in the diagnosis of thoracic disorders	6
Diaphragm ultrasound for muscle strength assessment: A systematic literature review	5
Images: Rare bronchiolar adenoma transforming to squamous cell carcinoma	5
Risk factors of pulmonary relapse in microscopic polyangiitis and granulomatosis with polyangiitis	5
Feasibility of DNA and RNA preservation from EBUS-TBNA supernatant for molecular profiling in non-small cell lung cancer	5
Association of pectoralis muscle area on computed tomography with airflow limitation severity and respiratory outcomes in COPD: A population-based prospective cohort study	5
Diagnosis of COVID-19 by sound-based analysis of vocal recordings	5
Prognostic implications of cluster-defined phenotypes in AECOPD patients with bronchiectasis: A multicenter study	5
Comparison of cryobiopsy and forceps biopsy for the diagnosis of mediastinal lesions: A randomised clinical trial	5
Inspiratory Effort and Respiratory Mechanics in Patients with Acute Exacerbation of Idiopathic Pulmonary fibrosis: A Preliminary Matched Control Study	5
Correspondence: ‘CFTR variants in bronchiectasis’	5
Asthma hospitalizations: A call for a national strategy to fight health inequities	5
Biologics and anti-Sars Cov2 vaccination in severe asthma riding the big wave: Unity is strength!	5
Comunicações orais	5
The Brompton breathing pattern assessment tool (BPAT): Portuguese translation and cultural adaptation	5
How should we determine the presence of functional impairment in people with COPD?	5
Issue 2 - “Update on adverse respiratory effects of indoor air pollution” Part 1): Indoor air pollution and respiratory diseases: A general update and a Portuguese perspective	5

Clinical impact of Xpert ® MTB/RIF Ultra for pulmonary TB diagnosis under routine conditions in a reference center in Brazil	5
Impact of modifications to pertussis case definition on epidemiological characteristics of pertussis in mainland China	5
Efficacy of Radial Endobronchial Ultrasound (R-EBUS) guided transbronchial cryobiopsy for peripheral pulmonary lesions (PPL’s): A systematic review and meta-analysis	5
Azacytidine-induced pneumonitis in acute myeloid leukaemia	5
Correspondence: Exploring the role of nasal high flow therapy in enhancing exercise tolerance in COPD patients	5
Physiological effects of nasal high flow therapy during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A crossover randomised controlled trial	4
Open-source, low-cost App-driven Internet of Things approach to facilitate respiratory oscillometry at home and in developing countries	4
Influenza vaccination in older adults and patients with chronic disorders: A position paper from the Portuguese Society of Pulmonology, the Portuguese Society of Cardiology, the Portuguese Society of	4
The potential of tumour mechanotargeting in lung cancer therapeutics	4
Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) with mandibular advancement devices—A statement of the Portuguese Society of Pulmonology, the Portuguese Society of Stomatology and Dental Medicine	4
Underestimated asthma prevalence in Guarda's district leads to overestimated hospitalizations	4
Letter to Editor: Reallocation time of accelerometer-measured movement behaviours, genetic susceptibility, and incident chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	4
Awareness and education in lung diseases: Are we reaching the target?	4
Subpleural curvilinear lines as an early indicator of silicosis in artificial stone workers	4
Early effects of acetazolamide on hemoglobin mass and plasma volume in chronic mountain sickness at 5100 m	4
Effectiveness and use of home high flow nasal cannula in Portugal: Where are we?	4
A Different Wave – Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic	4
Diagnostic yield and safety of transbronchial lung cryobiopsy for diffuse parenchymal lung diseases diagnosis: Comparison between 1.7-mm and 1.9-mm probes	4
Exhibited Posters	4
Early detection of interstitial lung disease in rheumatic diseases: A joint statement from the Portuguese Pulmonology Society, the Portuguese Rheumatology Society, and the Portuguese Radiology and Nuc	4
Disease burden, comorbidities and antecedents of chronic cough phenotypes in Australian adults	4
COVID-19 pandemic and tuberculosis: How to ensure adequate care in pediatric age	4
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and Pi*S and Pi*Z SERPINA1 variants are associated with asthma exacerbation	4
A real-life study of elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor therapy in people with cystic fibrosis in Brazil	4
What have we learnt from Covid-19 Pandemia? Looking to the future	4
Predictors of lung entrapment in malignant pleural effusion	4
Differential immunohistochemical expression of hTERT in lung cancer patients with and without idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis	4
Transbronchial lung cryobiopsy for peripheral pulmonary lesions. A narrative review	4
Prevalence of exercise-induced oxygen desaturation after recovery from SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and use of lung ultrasound to predict need for pulmonary rehabilitation	4
Long-term sequelae of TB and COVID-19 co-infection: Prospective cohort evaluation after 1 year	4
Prevalence of treatable traits among patients with very severe COPD across STAR and GOLD classification	4
Is there a place for mechanical in-exsufflator in the emergency department?	4
Use of the Borg dyspnea scale to identify dynamic hyperinflation during the 6-minute walking test in individuals with moderate-severe COPD: A pilot study	3
Delays have dangerous ends: Tuberculosis diagnosis delay in Portugal, a qualitative study	3
Comparison of different field tests to assess the physical capacity of post-COVID-19 patients	3
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency in Madeira Island: The first null variant and the contribution of deficient genotypes	3
Identification by cluster analysis of patients with asthma and nasal symptoms using the MASK-air® mHealth app	3
Bilateral CT-guided core needle lung biopsy in a lung cancer patient performed in a single interventional diagnostic procedure	3
Polymorphisms and haplotypes of TOLLIP and MUC5B are associated with susceptibility and survival in patien	3
Efficacy of elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor in portuguese adolescents and adults with cystic fibrosis carrying non-F508del variants	3
Commentary on ‘Clinical features and longitudinal assessment in outcomes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with biomass smoke exposure history: A prospective study of the realDTC cohort’	3
Letter to the Editor regarding: ‘Statin use and its implications on survival and disease progression in the European MultiPartner idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis registry (EMPIRE)’	3
Can static hyperinflation predict exercise capacity in COPD?	3
Clinical and economic burden of respiratory syncytial virus among adults hospitalised with acute respiratory infections in Portugal	3
Plasma proteomic signatures linking preserved ratio impaired spirometry to cardiometabolic diseases and multimorbidity: A longitudinal cohort study	3
The clinical meaning of the UIP pattern in fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis on cryobiopsy: A multicentre retrospective study	3
Late onset pulmonary vein stump thrombus seven years after left upper lobectomy	3
Spontaneous elimination of a bronchial mucoid pseudotumor – A curious but pleasant surprise	3
Lung cancer survival and sex-specific patterns in Portugal: A population-based analysis	3
Comment on ‘Prevalence, risk factors, and clinical implications of failed spirometry in adults: Results from NHANES 2007–2012’	3
Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency caused by a PI*ZQ0Leiria genotype- the importance of diagnosis algorithms	3
Ventilatory associated barotrauma in COVID-19 patients: A multicenter observational case control study (COVI-MIX-study)	3
An overview of respiratory function laboratories in Portugal: Tracing the present to steer the future	3
Profile of emergency department overuse in hospitalized patients with pulmonary disease and its impact on mortality	3
Tracheostomy decannulation in severe acquired brain injury patients: The role of flexible bronchoscopy	3
Respiratory syncytial virus vaccination in older adults and patients with chronic disorders: A position paper from the Portuguese Society of Pulmonology, the Portuguese Association of General and Fami	3
Reallocation time of accelerometer-measured movement behaviours, genetic susceptibility, and incident chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	3
XXXIII Congresso de Pneumologia do Norte e as XXXIX Jornadas Galaico Durienses: Oral Communications	3
Sleep apnea in school-age children living at high altitude	3
Genetic variation of six specific SNPs of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among Chinese population	3
Gender equity of authorship in pulmonary medicine over the past decade	3
Comunicações orais	3
Fractional exhaled nitric oxide in a respiratory healthy general population through the lifespan	3
Resumos	3
Unsupervised physical activity interventions for people with COPD: A systematic review and meta-analysis	3
Feasibility and efficacy of a multidisciplinary palliative approach in patients with advanced interstitial lung disease. A pilot randomised controlled trial	3
Combination of cryobiopsy with EBUS-TBNA–Might rapid on-site evaluation successfully drive patient selection?	3
Pathophysiology of light phenotype SARS-CoV-2 interstitial pneumonia: from histopathological features to clinical presentations	3
Tuberculosis national registries and data on diagnosis delay – Is there room for improvement?	3
Metronomic oral vinorelbine in a real-world population of advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients	3
Are we overlooking the lung function in the definition of severe asthma remission?	3
Issue 3—The occupational burden of respiratory diseases, an update	2
An investigation of TB infection and reinfection among stone quarry workers	2
Correspondence: ‘Interpreting exercise’s immunomodulatory effects in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requires methodological scrutiny’	2
Tracheal amyloidosis visualized by autofluorescence endoscopy	2
Ultrathin bronchoscopy-guided small airway biopsy for diagnosing sarcoidosis: A prospective study	2
Differences in cerebral oxygenation during exercise in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with and without exertional hypoxemia: does exercise intensity matter?	2
Countering antimicrobial resistance	2
Prevalence of asthma in Portuguese adults - the EPI-ASTHMA study, a nationwide population-based survey	2
Predictive role of natural killer cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with sarcoidosis	2
The Legend score synthesizes Wells, PERC, Geneva, D-dimer and predicts acute pulmonary embolism prior to imaging tests	2
Severity of precapillary pulmonary hypertension: Predictive factor	2
Images. Thoracic NUT carcinoma: an exceptionally rare entity with a challenging approach	2
Bronchiectasis as long-term complication of acute fire smoke inhalation?	2
Technological features of smartphone apps for physical activity promotion in patients with CxsOPD: A systematic review	2
Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis/veno-occlusive disease diagnosed by transbronchial cryobiopsy	2
“Alveolar stem cell exhaustion, fibrosis and bronchiolar proliferation” related entities. A narrative review	2
Prevalence of preserved ratio impaired spirometry: A systematic review and meta-analysis	2
Agreement of different reference equations to classify patients with COPD as having reduced or preserved 6MWD	2
Exposed posters	2
‘Gold-standard’ field test is a non-sequitur	2
Dilation with rigid dilators as primary treatment of subglottic stenosis in pediatrics	2
Phenotypes of COPD patients with home mechanical ventilation – are they valid in the Portuguese population?	2
Publish or perish? Perish to publish? (Unrequested advices to young researchers)	2
Outcome of patients receiving V-V ECMO for SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory failure	2