Motivation Science

Article	Citations
Supplemental Material for Role of Contingency in Reward–Emotion Interactions During the Categorization of Emotional Facial Expressions	63
What is next for situated expectancy-value theory? A reply to our commentators.	49
Batson on prosocial motivation. Commentary on Batson (2022).	27
Supplemental Material for Missing Out by Pursuing Rewarding Outcomes: Why Initial Biases Can Lead to Persistent Suboptimal Choices	23
Supplemental Material for Measuring Subjective Mental Effort as an Aversive and Enjoyable Phenomenon	22
Aggressive motivation: An introduction and overview.	21
Which insights can research on achievement motivation gain from network analysis? Comparing different network methods empirically.	19
Goal motives, mental contrasting with implementation intentions, and the self-regulation of saving goals: A longitudinal investigation.	18
Dyadic motive fit: How individual differences in dyads’ motives predict performance and communication in joint action.	18
Supplemental Material for Pushing Reactance Theory: An Examination of the Reactance Process in the Context of Advice	17
Understanding aggression in adolescence by studying the neurobiological stress system: A systematic review.	16
What makes people want more self-control: A duo of deficiency and necessity.	16
Ramadan fasting as a goal-pursuit: Why people fast, and how motives affect their experience.	16
Supplemental Material for Dyadic Motive Fit: How Individual Differences in Dyads’ Motives Predict Performance and Communication in Joint Action	13
Does exposure to sedentary temptations activate physical activity goals? A high-powered replication study.	13
Supplemental Material for Episodic Binding of Approach–Avoidance Goals to Stimuli: On the Microgenesis of Stimulus-Motivated Action Tendencies to Approach and Avoid	12
Supplemental Material for Motive-Modulated Attentional Orienting: Implicit Power Motive Predicts Attentional Avoidance of Signals of Interpersonal Dominance	12
Supplemental Material for Leave to Fight Another Day: Having the Option to Switch Promotes a Persistence Trade-Off	12
A mastery-oriented (and masterful) career: Some reflections on Carol Dweck’s legacy article.	11
Emotional learning and psychopathic personality traits: The role of attentional focus and intention to learn.	11
What to say to round up more donors, or bigger donations.	11
The force of craving: Approach movements relate to lateralized P3 amplitudes and sensation seeking.	11
Self-regulatory processes in striving for identity goals: Self-incompleteness shields eco-friendly vegans from temptations.	10
The uncertainty-dissuasion model of reactance inhibition.	9
Empowering change: A self-control perspective on how choice architecture interventions can promote sustainable behavior change.	8

The homunculus in the room: A reply to Kunde and Janczyk (2024) and Hommel and Eder (2024).	8
A fictional discussion between the late B. F. Skinner and Edwin A. Locke.	8
Using dynamic item response theory and machine learning based on natural language processing to improve the reliability of the Operant Motive Test.	8
Episodic binding of approach–avoidance goals to stimuli: On the microgenesis of stimulus-motivated action tendencies to approach and avoid.	7
From feeling to doing in social dilemmas: Emotional and behavioral responses to climate change.	7
The legacies of the neuropsychology of anxiety for Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory.	7
Emotions, action tendencies, and the reinforcement sensitivity theory.	7
Congratulations, so happy for you! Promotion motivation predicts social support for positive events.	7
Individual concerns modulate reward-related learning and behaviors involving sexual outcomes.	7
Supplemental Material for The Two Faces of Persistence: How Harmonious and Obsessive Passion Shape Goal Pursuit	7
It is time to stop using the terminology “passive” fatigue.	7
Understanding the desire to play violent video games: An integrative motivational theory.	6
Latent profiles of high school academic intrinsic motivation: Relations to educational attainment, curiosity, and work and leadership motivation in adulthood.	6
The roles of need satisfaction and passion in symptoms of behavioral addiction: The case of video gaming and gambling.	6
Motive-modulated attentional orienting: Implicit power motive predicts attentional avoidance of signals of interpersonal dominance.	6
Why motivation for adhering to COVID-19 measures matters: Investigating time-lagged associations with epidemiological indicators.	6
Supplemental Material for Metacognitive Awareness of Subjective Difficulty, Effort, and Frustration in Cognitive Conflict Contexts	6
Supplemental Material for Poor Sleep Quality Is Significantly Associated With Effort but Not Temporal Discounting of Monetary Rewards	6
Effects of habit and intention on behavior: Meta-analysis and test of key moderators.	6
Environmental control of human goal pursuit: Investigating cue-based forced responses in a Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer paradigm.	5
Where are anxiety and personality in the brain?	5
Implications of psychological reactance for clinical practice in psychiatry including a systematic review.	5
Supplemental Material for Goal Motives, Mental Contrasting With Implementation Intentions, and the Self-Regulation of Saving Goals: A Longitudinal Investigation	5
COVID-19 illegal social gatherings: Predicting rule compliance from autonomous and controlled forms of motivation.	5
Supplemental Material for Mentalizing in Reactance: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Freedom Threats	5
Supplemental Material for Does Exposure to Sedentary Temptations Activate Physical Activity Goals? A High-Powered Replication Study	5
Beyond counterarguing? Comparing multiple measures of cognitive resistance for psychological reactance using the avoidance, contesting, and empowering (ACE) resistance typology.	4
On the nature, predictors, and outcomes of longitudinal work passion profiles.	4
Transtheoretical model technology-based interventions to improve health behaviors in veterans.	4
Supplemental Material for The Differential Effects of Reward Prospect and Reward Reception: Dynamic Performance Adjustment Versus Stable Performance	4
Defeminizing sustainability: How to boost men’s motivation for proenvironmental behavior.	4
Cognitive mastery motivation antecedents of academic intrinsic motivation latent profiles: A longitudinal study from preschool to adolescence.	4
Rebels for a reason: How psychological reactance is goal-directed.	4
School context and academic engagement: A longitudinal study on the mediating effect of the motivational self system.	4
Supplemental Material for Motives and Mental Contrasting With Implementation Intentions Predict Progress and Management of Goals in Parents	4
Supplemental Material for You Can(’t) Always Get What You Want: When Goal Persistence Requires Flexibility	3
The cerebellum in aggression: Extending the cortico-limbic dual-route model of motivation and emotion.	3
Role of contingency in reward–emotion interactions during the categorization of emotional facial expressions.	3
Measuring avoidance-related trait anger: American and Polish versions of the Avoidance Motivated Response to Anger Scale (AMRAS).	3
Student attributions about interest-value shape academic decisions and recommendations.	3
Placing motivation again at the heart of psychology: Commentary on Dweck’s contributions.	3
Supplemental Material for Learning Contexts Matter: Having Value-Supportive Instructors Moderates the Efficacy of a Utility-Value Intervention in Community College Math	3
Expectancy, value, . . . And more.	3
The utility value of a broad, comprehensive theory of motivation.	3
Measuring subjective mental effort as an aversive and enjoyable phenomenon.	3
Metacognitive awareness of subjective difficulty, effort, and frustration in cognitive conflict contexts.	2
Goal shelving can both undermine and support prioritized goals: The role of opportunity costs.	2
The reflection of motive dispositions in everyday agentic motivational states.	2
The reactive spiral: An initial empirical assessment.	2
Learning from failure.	2

Supplemental Material for Managing the Motivation of Others: Do Managers Recognize How to Manage Regulatory Focus in Subordinates?	2
Beyond achievement: Transformation mindset enhances authenticity after goal success.	2
The value of progress feedback in physical effort-based decision making.	2
Supplemental Material for Effects of Habit and Intention on Behavior: Meta-Analysis and Test of Key Moderators	2
Autonomous versus controlled goal motivation differentially predicts goal progress and well-being through emotion regulation styles.	2
The motivational factors underlying delay discounting.	2
Negotiating with yourself and winning: The dual commitment model for intrapersonal sustainability goal conflicts.	2
The context-sensitive use of task enrichment to promote self-control: The role of metacognition and trait self-control.	2
Motives and gonadal steroid hormones across the menstrual cycle: A longitudinal replication study.	2
A tale of two influences: Commonalities and distinctions of the influences of habit and hedonic motivation on health behaviors.	2
Supplemental Material for Self-Regulatory Thought Across Time and Domains	2
Goal-colored glasses: Goal instrumentality shapes when and with whom shared reality emerges.	2
Supplemental Material for Congratulations, So Happy for You! Promotion Motivation Predicts Social Support for Positive Events	2
Disentangling the impact of instructor mindset and demeanor on student experiences.	1
Supplemental Material for Exploring the Role of Goal-Dependent Processes in Action Slips Under Time Pressure	1
Mapping the dose–response relationship between monetary reward and cognitive performance.	1
Supplemental Material for Just Be Yourself? Regulatory Focus Moderates the Effects of Societal Standards Attainment on Personal Well-Being	1
Why do I act for the environment? Socioeconomic status moderates the relationship between climate change beliefs and sustainable actions.	1
Is task switching avoided to save effort or time? Shorter intertrial durations following task switches increase the willingness to switch tasks.	1
Exploring the role of goal-dependent processes in action slips under time pressure.	1
The differential effects of reward prospect and reward reception: Dynamic performance adjustment versus stable performance.	1
Using norm networks to map cultural differences in predictors of proenvironmental behavior in the United States and India.	1
Supplemental Material for What Matters More for Work Motivation? Compensation or Work Design?	1
Blind to threat: The presence of temporary goals prevents attention to imminent threat already at early stages of attention allocation.	1
Supplemental Material for Goal Motives, Approach/Avoidance Appraisals, Psychological Needs, and Well-Being: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis	1
Supplemental Material for Choosing Task Characteristics Oneself Justifies Effort: A Study on Cardiac Response and the Critical Role of Task Difficulty	1
Whose beliefs matter? The impact of undergraduate students’ perceptions of instructors’ and peers’ field-specific ability beliefs.	1
Supplemental Material for Sign Tracking and Alcohol Consumption: A Translational Computerized Task Assessing Individual Differences in Humans	1
Thoughts on a thoughtful theory of prosocial motivation. Commentary on Batson (2022).	1
Psychological reactance theory: An introduction and overview.	1
Personal perspectives on mindsets, motivation, and psychology.	1
Attitude-based self-regulation: A diary study on the role of attitudes in the experience and resolution of self-control conflicts in the context of vegetarians.	1
Q: What is the recipe for defense? A: Threat, anxiety, and approach motivation.	1
Supplemental Material for When Facilitating a Group Member’s (Versus One’s Own) Progress Increases Motivation in Group-Level Goal Pursuit	1
The role of metamotivational knowledge in the regulation of motivation.	1
The motivation of aggression: A cognitive neuroscience approach and neurochemical speculations.	1
Goal motives, approach/avoidance appraisals, psychological needs, and well-being: A systematic review and meta-analysis.	1
Why elusive expectancy × value interactions may be critical for theory and intervention: A simulated power analysis.	1
Breaking down silos in motivation science.	1
From ego depletion to self-control fatigue: A review of criticisms along with new perspectives for the investigation and replication of a multicomponent phenomenon.	1
Choosing task characteristics oneself justifies effort: A study on cardiac response and the critical role of task difficulty.	1
Mentalizing in reactance: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of freedom threats.	1
Do I want this job? Integrating research across psychological subfields to examine how individuals think about perceived values during career decision making.	1
Metamotivational knowledge of others’ achievement goals in a work context.	1
Supplemental Material for Developing a Causally Valid Picture-Story Measure of Sexual Motivation: II. Effects of Film Clips	1
Supplemental Material for Self-Regulatory Processes in Striving for Identity Goals: Self-Incompleteness Shields Eco-Friendly Vegans From Temptations	0
Supplemental Material for The Force of Craving: Approach Movements Relate to Lateralized P3 Amplitudes and Sensation Seeking	0
Supplemental Material for Beyond Achievement: Transformation Mindset Enhances Authenticity After Goal Success	0
Pavlovian cues boost self-regulation: Predicting success with conditioned stimuli.	0
Help is needed. Commentary on Batson (2022).	0
Your prosody matters! The effect of controlling tone of voice on listeners’ experienced pressure, closeness, and intention to collaborate with the speaker.	0
Committed professionals who are also engaged parents: Can they self-symbolize across identity goals?	0
Poor sleep quality is significantly associated with effort but not temporal discounting of monetary rewards.	0
Agentic engagement: Transcending passive motivation.	0
Supplemental Material for From Action Initiation to Persistence: A Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer Analysis for Cue-Based Goal Pursuit	0
Supplemental Material for Social Motivations’ Limited Influence on Habitual Behavior: Tests From Social Media Engagement	0
Acknowledgment	0
Supplemental Material for Which Insights Can Research on Achievement Motivation Gain From Network Analysis? Comparing Different Network Methods Empirically	0
Inhibitory control elicited by physical activity and inactivity stimuli: An electroencephalography study.	0
Motivated by default—How nudges facilitate people to act in line with their motivation.	0
Learning contexts matter: Having value-supportive instructors moderates the efficacy of a utility-value intervention in community college math.	0
Economic inequality and student outcomes: What we know and where to go from here.	0
Motives and mental contrasting with implementation intentions predict progress and management of goals in parents.	0
Task choice immunizes against incidental affective influences in volition.	0
Supplemental Material for Motivation Matters: Autonomous Motivation Sustains the Happiness From Prosocial Behavior	0
A supine body posture reduces the error-related negativity: A test of a dissonance theory prediction.	0
Supplemental Material for The Amygdala and Appraised Concern-Relevance: Initial Evidence That Intrinsic Motivation Modulates Amygdala Response to Otherwise Neutral Stimuli	0
The two faces of persistence: How harmonious and obsessive passion shape goal pursuit.	0
Pushing reactance theory: An examination of the reactance process in the context of advice.	0
The effect of the intensity of withdrawal-motivation emotion on time perception: Evidence based on the five temporal tasks.	0
Useful and affordable? How costs and benefits uniquely shape motivated emotion regulation.	0
The ulna-to-fibula ratio as a marker of organizational hormone effects on implicit motive development: A high-powered preregistered replication.	0
Prosocial motivation: A Lewinian approach.	0
Neuroendocrine mechanisms of aggression in rodents.	0
Exploring effects of mixed mindset messages from science, technology, engineering, and mathematics instructors.	0
The comprehensive mindfulness experience: A typological approach to the potential benefits of mindfulness for dealing with motivational conflicts.	0
Don’t make a habit out of it: Impaired learning conditions can make goal-directed behavior seem habitual.	0
Valid replications require valid methods: Recommendations for best methodological practices with lab experiments.	0
Supplemental Material for Exploring the Link Between Trait Reactance and Antiegalitarian Beliefs	0
Closeness regulation in couples: The temporal dynamics and dissociations of closeness frustration and closeness surfeit.	0

Supplemental Material for On the Nature, Predictors, and Outcomes of Longitudinal Work Passion Profiles	0
Rediscovering our purpose: Theory, evidence, and the soul of motivation science.	0
Just be yourself? Regulatory focus moderates the effects of societal standards attainment on personal well-being.	0
What matters more for work motivation? Compensation or work design?	0
The desire for governmental support as a motivational foundation of climate policy acceptance.	0
Harnessing regulatory focus and regulatory fit to improve educational outcomes.	0
Supplemental Material for Autonomous Versus Controlled Goal Motivation Differentially Predicts Goal Progress and Well-Being Through Emotion Regulation Styles	0
Supplemental Material for Understanding Aggression in Adolescence by Studying the Neurobiological Stress System: A Systematic Review	0
Retribution and utilitarianism as motives for children’s third-party punishment: An information-seeking approach.	0
Embodied anger management: Approach-oriented postures moderate whether trait anger becomes translated into state anger and aggression.	0
Supplemental Material for Fostering Preservice Teachers’ Research-Related Beliefs and Motivation With Growth Mindset and Utility Value Interventions	0
Expectancy-value theory to situated expectancy-value theory: Reflections on the legacy of 40+ years of working together.	0
A fresh term of service at Motivation Science.	0
Supplemental Material for Negotiating With Yourself and Winning: The Dual Commitment Model for Intrapersonal Sustainability Goal Conflicts	0
Supplemental Material for Unpacking Motivational Culture: Diverging Emphasis on Communality and Agency Across STEM Domains	0
“Don’t cross the streams”: How regulatory modes relate to task performance that benefits from either reflective or intuitive thinking.	0
Motivation matters: Autonomous motivation sustains the happiness from prosocial behavior.	0
Resolving incompleteness on social media: Online self-symbolizing reduces the orienting effects of incomplete identity goals.	0
Supplemental Material for Some Revenge Now or More Revenge Later? Applying an Intertemporal Framework to Retaliatory Aggression	0
Acknowledgment	0
Bibliometric review of attribution theory: Document cocitation analysis.	0
Missing out by pursuing rewarding outcomes: Why initial biases can lead to persistent suboptimal choices.	0
Supplemental Material for Developing a Causally Valid Picture-Story Measure of Sexual Motivation: I. Effects of Priming	0
Thoughts about “Thoughts about actions and outcomes”: Comment on Custers (2023).	0
Mental contrasting of a feared future and uptake of initial COVID-19 vaccines and bivalent booster shots: Two randomized controlled trials.	0
Supplemental Material for Freedom Under Constraints: Accentuating the Positive in the Time of Corona	0
Dimensional comparisons in the formation of domain-specific achievement goals.	0
On the multiplicity of prosocial motives. Commentary on Batson (2022).	0
Does the expression of personality traits in daily life satisfy psychological needs of older adults?	0
Fostering preservice teachers’ research-related beliefs and motivation with growth mindset and utility value interventions.	0
Supplemental Material for From Ego Depletion to Self-Control Fatigue: A Review of Criticisms Along With New Perspectives for the Investigation and Replication of a Multicomponent Phenomenon	0
You can(’t) always get what you want: When goal persistence requires flexibility.	0
On being warm-hearted: Daily diary investigations of self-location and social functioning.	0
Supplemental Material for Disentangling the Impact of Instructor Mindset and Demeanor on Student Experiences	0
Autonomous and controlled motivation in students: An experience sampling study on multitasking, concentration, and affect from a self-determination theory perspective.	0
Autonomy influences the subjective experience of mental effort during a reading comprehension task.	0
Prosocial motivation can improve time-based prospective memory only under low cognitive load.	0
Supplemental Material for When Will We Join the Road Blockade? (Non)Conformity to Radical Climate Protest Norms Under Salient Threat to Personal Control	0
Unpacking motivational culture: Diverging emphasis on communality and agency across STEM domains.	0
Supplemental Material for Emotional Learning and Psychopathic Personality Traits: The Role of Attentional Focus and Intention to Learn	0
Steroid hormones and severity of psychopathy in forensic patients.	0
Interpersonal relations, group processes, and prosocial motivation: Expanding the perspective. Commentary on Batson (2022).	0
Supplemental Material for Why Motivation for Adhering to COVID-19 Measures Matters: Investigating Time-Lagged Associations With Epidemiological Indicators	0
Social motivations’ limited influence on habitual behavior: Tests from social media engagement.	0
Thoughts about actions and outcomes (and what they lead to).	0
Supplemental Material for Closeness Regulation in Couples: The Temporal Dynamics and Dissociations of Closeness Frustration and Closeness Surfeit	0
Supplemental Material for Metamotivational Knowledge of Others’ Achievement Goals in a Work Context	0
Supplemental Material for Whose Beliefs Matter? The Impact of Undergraduate Students’ Perceptions of Instructors’ and Peers’ Field-Specific Ability Beliefs	0
When will we join the road blockade? (non)conformity to radical climate protest norms under salient threat to personal control.	0
How valid are self-reports of sexual motivation? Using the item sum technique to examine socially desirable responding in online research.	0
Managing the motivation of others: Do managers recognize how to manage regulatory focus in subordinates?	0
Supplemental Material for How Valid Are Self-Reports of Sexual Motivation? Using the Item Sum Technique to Examine Socially Desirable Responding in Online Research	0
Considering the revisions of reinforcement sensitivity theory: Commentary on McNaughton (2025).	0
I had coffee (actually tea) with Clark Hull.	0
Self-concordant goal-striving as internalized motivation: Benefits beyond person-goal fit.	0
Supplemental Material for It Is Time to Stop Using the Terminology “Passive” Fatigue	0
Supplemental Material for Exploring Effects of Mixed Mindset Messages From Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Instructors	0
In it to win it? Comparative evaluation increases zero-sum beliefs.	0
Commentary on Personal perspectives on mindsets, motivation, and psychology by Carol S. Dweck.	0
Freedom under constraints: Accentuating the positive in the time of corona.	0
Supplemental Material for Goal-Colored Glasses: Goal Instrumentality Shapes When and With Whom Shared Reality Emerges	0
Moral self-regulation and recycling: Does feeling guilty make us want to recycle more?	0
Development and validation of the Goal Dimensions Questionnaire.	0
The measurement of goal dimensions: A critical review.	0
Scientist’s progress: A comment on Carol Dweck’s legacy.	0
Past due! Racializing aspects of situated expectancy-value theory through the lens of critical race theory.	0
"Measuring avoidance-related trait anger: American and Polish versions of the Avoidance Motivated Response to Anger Scale (AMRAS)": Correction.	0
From action initiation to persistence: A Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer analysis for cue-based goal pursuit.	0
Psilocybin legalization in the United States and psychological reactance: A test of evidence uncertainty, controlling language, and an ambiguous call to action.	0
Individualizing proenvironmental behavior in the context of structural impediments.	0
Supplemental Material for Self-Concordant Goal-Striving as Internalized Motivation: Benefits Beyond Person-Goal Fit	0
Exploring the link between trait reactance and antiegalitarian beliefs.	0
The amygdala and appraised concern-relevance: Initial evidence that intrinsic motivation modulates amygdala response to otherwise neutral stimuli.	0
Flexible control: Conflict mindsets reduce the association between trait measures of self-control decision-making and delay discounting.	0
Discrete emotions of dissonance.	0
Supplemental Material for Why Elusive Expectancy × Value Interactions May Be Critical for Theory and Intervention: A Simulated Power Analysis	0
Supplemental Material for Why Do I Act for the Environment? Socioeconomic Status Moderates the Relationship Between Climate Change Beliefs and Sustainable Actions	0
Acknowledgment	0
A context's emphasis on intellectual ability discourages the expression of intellectual humility.	0
Supplemental Material for Useful and Affordable? How Costs and Benefits Uniquely Shape Motivated Emotion Regulation	0
Saving the environment? That is beyond my (will)power!	0
Supplemental Material for Motives and Gonadal Steroid Hormones Across the Menstrual Cycle: A Longitudinal Replication Study	0
Supplemental Material for Mental Contrasting of a Feared Future and Uptake of Initial COVID-19 Vaccines and Bivalent Booster Shots: Two Randomized Controlled Trials	0
Supplemental Material for Autonomous and Controlled Motivation in Students: An Experience Sampling Study on Multitasking, Concentration, and Affect From a Self-Determination Theory Perspective	0
Some revenge now or more revenge later? Applying an intertemporal framework to retaliatory aggression.	0
Adherence to COVID-19 measures: The critical role of autonomous motivation on a short- and long-term basis.	0
Supplemental Material for Harming in Order to Help: An Empirical Characterization of Prosocial Aggression	0
When facilitating a group member’s (versus one’s own) progress increases motivation in group-level goal pursuit.	0
Supplemental Material for Is Task Switching Avoided to Save Effort or Time? Shorter Intertrial Durations Following Task Switches Increase the Willingness to Switch Tasks	0
Sign tracking and alcohol consumption: A translational computerized task assessing individual differences in humans.	0
Regulatory focus and thinking about the future versus reality.	0
Society for the Science of Motivation Presidential Address: Can we harness motivation science to motivate ourselves?	0
Supplemental Material for Mapping the Dose–Response Relationship Between Monetary Reward and Cognitive Performance	0
Leave to fight another day: Having the option to switch promotes a persistence trade-off.	0
Supplemental Material for Q: What Is the Recipe for Defense? A: Threat, Anxiety, and Approach Motivation	0