OOIR: Observatory of International Research

Papers

(The TQCC of IEEE Internet of Things Journal is 13. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2021-09-01 to 2025-09-01.)

Article	Citations
Information for Authors	930
Information for authors	613
Table of contents	549
Front Cover	518
IEEE Internet of Things Journal Information for Authors	470
IEEE Internet of Things Journal Information for Authors	414
Table of Contents	364
Secrecy Outage Probability of Multiple-Input–Multiple-Output Secure Internet of Things Communication Systems	335
Secure and Efficient Peer2Peer Authentication-Attestation Protocol for UAV Networks	331
Diagnosis of Multiple Fundus Disorders Amidst a Scarcity of Medical Experts Via Self-Supervised Machine Learning	328
Pushing the Boundaries of High-Precision AoA Estimation With Enhanced Phase Estimation Protocol	297
LuxTrack: Activity Inference Attacks via Smartphone Ambient Light Sensors and Countermeasures	293
The Self-Detection Method of the Puppet Attack in Biometric Fingerprinting	284
Digital-Twin-Driven Performance Assessment for IoT-Integrated Autonomous Driving Systems	266
Game-Theory-Inspired Novel Mechanism for Assessing Healthcare Quality	264
Guest Editorial Special Issue on Blockchain-Enabled Internet of Things	255
V2V-Based Cooperative Control of Heterogeneous CAV Platoons: An Intelligent VO-IDA Approach	243
Novel Power Control With Duplex Mode Selection Schemes in Two-Way IoT-Type Communication	243
Rate-Convergence Tradeoff of Federated Learning Over Wireless Channels	233
CEL: Cost-Aware Edge-Assisted Livecast via Optimization With Shapley Value	229
Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Assisted Free Space Optical Information and Power Transfer	229
A Spatiotemporal Detection and Tracing Framework for Human Contact Behavior Using Multicamera Sensors	220
Toward the Random Multiaccess in SIoT: A Generalized-Deduplication-Based CRDSA Mechanism	219
Special Issue on Knowledge- and Service-Oriented Industrial Internet of Things: Architectures, Challenges, and Methodologies	215
Modeling the Offloading Scheme With Unreliable VM-Related Service for MEC Networks	213

Guest Editorial Special Issue on Information-Centric Wireless Sensor Networking (ICWSN) for IoT	208
Privacy-Preserving and Fault-Tolerant Aggregation of Time-Series Data With a Semi-Trusted Authority	207
Cryptosystem for IoT Devices With Feedback Operation Modes Based on Shared Buffer and Unrolled-Pipeline Techniques	199
Targeted Dissemination of Incident Information With Combinatorial Traffic-Communication Optimization	192
EPGQ: Efficient and Private Feature-Based Group Nearest Neighbor Query Over Road Networks	188
Convex Optimization of Mutual Inductance Between Multiantiparallel Coils for Distance-Insensitive Wireless Charging of Air–Ground Robots	188
Hash Access in Blockchain Radio Access Networks: Characterization and Optimization	182
Joint Long-Term User Scheduling and Beamforming Design for Burst IIoT	180
Clustered Scheduling and Communication Pipelining for Efficient Resource Management of Wireless Federated Learning	179
Mordo: Silent Command Recognition Through Lightweight Around-Ear Biosensors	178
Asynchronous Online Federated Learning With Reduced Communication Requirements	175
Hybrid LMMSE Transceiver Optimization for Distributed IoT Sensing Networks With Different Levels of Synchronization	174
Multistate Constraint Multipath-Assisted Positioning and Mismatch Alleviation	174
Blockchain Security Using Merkle Hash Zero Correlation Distinguisher for the IoT in Smart Cities	171
Energy-Aware Irregular Slotted Aloha Methods for Wireless-Powered IoT Networks	168
Mixed-Criticality Industrial Data Scheduling on 5G NR	166
IEEE Internet of Things Journal Information for Authors	165
Table of Contents	162
IEEE Internet of Things Journal Publication Information	162
Continuous Latent Adversarial Autoencoder: A Time-Sensitive Method for Incomplete Time-Series Modeling	161
Optimization of Vehicular Edge Computing Under Time-Varying Fading Channels With Path Prediction	159
Rethinking Distributed Average Consensus for Wireless Networks: A Low-Cost Approach to Broadcast Probability Optimization	157
IEEE Internet of Things Journal Publication Information	156
Optimized Impedance Control for Biped Robots in IUA Using Reinforcement Learning and Quadratic Programming	154
Table of Contents	151
Data-Driven Iterative Learning Security Consensus for Nonlinear Multiagent Systems With Fading Channels and Deception Attacks	150
Data-Enhancement-Aided Protocol-Agnostic Transmitter Recognition for Open-Set in IoT	149
ADS-Bpois: Poisoning Attacks Against Deep-Learning-Based Air Traffic ADS-B Unsupervised Anomaly Detection Models	148
Permutation-Based Short-Packet Transmissions Improve Secure URLLCs in the Internet of Things	148
Toward Crash-Free Autonomous Driving: Anomaly Detection and Control for Resilience to Stealthy Sensor Attacks	144
Dual Photoplethysmography Pulse Wave Velocity-Based Blood Pressure Prediction for Wearable Healthcare Internet of Things	143
Pushing the Charging Distance Beyond Near Field by Antenna Design	142
A Multiplatform-Cooperation-Based Task Assignment Mechanism for Mobile Crowdsensing	142
IEEE Internet of Things Journal Society Information	140
Table of Contents	139
Smartphone-Based Multimode Geomagnetic Matching/PDR Adaptive Fusion Positioning and Integrity Monitoring in a Variable Corridor Environment	139
Performance Evaluation of Uplink Grant-Free Access Networks Based on Spreading-Based NOMA	138
Data-Driven Task Offloading Method for Resource-Constrained Terminals via Unified Resource Model	137
Make the Rocket Intelligent at IoT Edge: Stepwise GAN for Anomaly Detection of LRE With Multisource Fusion	136
Joint Sensing and Computation Incentive Mechanism for Mobile Crowdsensing Networks: A Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Approach	136
Integrated Terrestrial-Wired and LEO Satellite With Offline Bidirectional Cooperation for 6G IoT Networks	136
Energy-Efficient Optimization for RIS-Aided MIMO Covert Communications	134
Concurrent Rate-Adaptive Reading With Passive RFIDs	134
Near-Field Beam Focusing for Integrated Sensing and Communication Systems	133
Scalable Wi-Fi Fingerprinting Localization by Deep Similarity Network	133
A Swarm Formation Control System for AAV-Enabled Internet of Things With Hybrid Path Planning	133
An Efficient and Secure Lightweight Certificateless Hybrid Signcryption Scheme	133
Universal and Efficient Adversarial Training Framework With Membership Inference Resistance	132
Intelligent Consensus Enhanced Spectrum Sharing in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks	132
MetaBP: A Meta-Learning Approach for Contact-Based Blood Pressure Measurement via Camera on Smart Devices	131

Novel Response-Time Bounds of Typed DAG Tasks on Heterogeneous Multicores	131
Federated Deep Reinforcement Learning for Task Offloading in MEC-Enabled Heterogeneous Networks	129
Incentive-Vacation Queueing for Edge Crowd Computing	127
On the Age of Information and Energy Efficiency in Cellular IoT Networks With Data Compression	127
TANF–Trustworthy Adaptive Neural Framework for Reliable and Scalable 6G Internet of Things	126
TEGRAS: An Efficient Tegra Embedded GPU-Based RSA Acceleration Server	124
Performance Improvement in UAV Communication Systems With Uncertain Solar Energy Supply	123
Efficient Revocable Anonymous Authentication Mechanism for Edge Intelligent Controllers	123
CRS: A Privacy-Preserving Two-Layered Distributed Machine Learning Framework for IoV	123
Mobile Feature Enhanced High-Accuracy Positioning Based on Carrier Phase and Bayesian Estimation	122
A NOMA-Enhanced Two-Step RACH Procedure for Low-Latency Access in 5G Networks	122
Front Cover	122
A Fast Crash Reproduction Method for Android Applications Based on Widget Hierarchy Graphs	122
Unauthorized UAV Countermeasure for Low-Altitude Economy: Joint Communications and Jamming Based on MIMO Cellular Systems	122
IoT-Driven Facial Expression Recognition for Personalized Healthcare in Industry 5.0	120
General Simultaneous Localization and Mapping Scheme for mmWave Communication Systems	120
Range-Free Localization Approach Based on Triple-Anchor Centroid and QAGWO for Anisotropic WSNs	119
STL-Detector: Detecting City-Wide Ride-Sharing Cars via Self-Taught Learning	115
Analytic Modeling for Grant-Free Transmission in Cell-Free Massive MIMO: A Stochastic Geometry Approach	114
Achieving Privacy-Preserving Multitask Allocation for Mobile Crowdsensing	114
An Efficient NB-IoT Compatible GF-NOMA PHY Mechanism for mMTC	114
Generative AI-Augmented Federated Learning for Vehicle Routing in Supply Chain Management With Human Resource Management and Low-Carbon Emission in IIoT	114
Joint Sensing and Communication for mmWave VR in Metaverse: A Meta-Learning Approach	114
VibMilk: Nonintrusive Milk Spoilage Detection via Smartphone Vibration	112
Smart Grid Meets URLLC: A Federated Orchestration With Improved Communication for Efficient Energy Resources Management	111
STAR-RIS-Empowered Heterogeneous Federated Edge Learning With Flexible Aggregation	111
VSAFL: Verifiable and Secure Aggregation With (Poly) Logarithmic Overhead in Federated Learning	110
Digital-Twin-Based Satellite Orbit Prediction for Internet of Things Systems	110
Energy Minimization of RIS-Assisted Cooperative UAV–USV MEC Network	109
Next-Generation Internet of Things in Fintech Ecosystem	109
A Low-Cost Low-Power LoRa Mesh Network for Large-Scale Environmental Sensing	108
Uncertainty-Aware Incremental Automatic Modulation Classification With Bayesian Neural Network	108
Learning-Aided Joint Beam Divergence Angle and Power Optimization for Seamless and Energy-Efficient Underwater Optical Communication	107
EdgeCrypt Tracker: Object Tracking With Differential Encryption for IoAAV Surveillance	107
Secure and Efficient Bloom-Filter-Based Image Search in Cloud-Based Internet of Things	107
An Efficient Aggregate Signature Scheme With Designated Verifier Based on the Schnorr Signature in Healthcare Wireless Sensor Networks	106
GRNN-Based Detection of Eavesdropping Attacks in SWIPT-Enabled Smart Grid Wireless Sensor Networks	106
3-D Indoor Positioning Based on Passive Radio Frequency Signal Strength Distribution	105
RIS-Assisted Integration of Communications and Security: Protocol, Prototyping, and Field Trials	105
Q-Learning-Based Routing Optimization Algorithm for Underwater Sensor Networks	105
Noise-Aware Ensemble Learning for Efficient Radar Modulation Recognition	104
A Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Multiobjective Charging Scheduling Method for Electric Vehicle Charging Station	104
EAPDS: Efficient Auditable and Privacy-Preservation Data-Sharing Scheme Based on Attribute-Based Encryption for IoMT	104
Universal Programmable Transfer Function Modeling Circuit Based on Memristors for PID Simulation Application	103
On-Demand Model and Client Deployment in Federated Learning With Deep Reinforcement Learning	103
Federated Graph Learning via Constructing and Sharing Feature Spaces for Cross-Domain IoT	103
Joint Device Selection and Power Control for Energy Sustainable RIS-NOMA-Enhanced Wireless IoT Networks	103
WiWalk: Gait-Based Dual-User Identification Using WiFi Device	102
Multiresolution Fusion Convolutional Network for Open Set Human Activity Recognition	102
Watermarking for Stable Diffusion Models	102
Interference Cancelation for Coexistence of LoRaWAN With Wireless Power Transfer	102
Graph-Based Denoising for Respiration and Heart Rate Estimation During Sleep in Thermal Video	102
Topology-Driven Attribute Recovery for Attribute Missing Graph Learning in Social Internet of Things	102
Fault-Tolerant Mechanism for Edge-Based IoT Networks With Demand Uncertainty	101
CyTFS: Cyber-Twin Fog System for Delay-Efficient Task Offloading in 6G Mobile Networks	101
Blockchain-Aided Anonymous Traceable and Revocable Access Control Scheme With Dynamic Policy Updating for the Cloud IoT	101
Dynamics in Coded Edge Computing for IoT: A Fractional Evolutionary Game Approach	101
POMDP-Based Contention Resolution for Framed Slotted-ALOHA Protocol in Machine-Type Communications	101
Modeling and Analysis of Stochastic Mobile-Edge Computing Wireless Networks	100
Enhancing Cybersecurity for Industrial Control Systems: Innovations in Protecting PLC-Dependent Industrial Infrastructures	100
Energy-Constrained Safe Path Planning for UAV-Assisted Data Collection of Mobile IoT Devices	99
Securing Distributed Network Digital Twin Systems Against Model Poisoning Attacks	98
Enhanced mmWave Radar Sound Sensing: A Passive Relay for Long-Range, Source-Independent Sound Acquisition	98
Mixture Survival Classification Neural Network for Power Failure Risk Prediction in Two-Wheel Shared Mobility	98
Joint Uplink-and-Downlink Optimization of 3-D UAV Swarm Deployment for Wireless-Powered IoT Networks	98
Massive Unsourced Random Access Over Rician Fading Channels: Design, Analysis, and Optimization	98
Learning-Based Resource Allocation in Heterogeneous Ultradense Network	97
Machine-Learning-Based Performance Prediction for CDN Cache Groups in Meta Computing	97
Computed Tomography and 3-D Face Scan Fusion for IoT-Based Diagnostic Solutions	97
Enabling Lightweight Device Authentication in Message Queuing Telemetry Transport Protocol	96
Identification of Cellular Signal Measurements Using Extreme Learning Machine	96
Toward Secure Localization in Randomly Deployed Wireless Networks	96
Design of Noncoherent and Coherent Receivers for Chirp Spread Spectrum Systems	96
Through Diverse Lenses: Multimodal Collaborative Perception for Indoor Scenes in Smart Home Systems	95
Fine-Grained Personalized Hierarchical Federated Learning Toward Heterogeneous Internet of Vehicles	95
Joint Optimization of Signal Scheme and Vehicle Trajectories Based on Vehicular Delay Estimation Model	94
Tree Proof-of-Position Algorithms	94
A Mutation Particle Swarm Optimization Method for Task Scheduling in Seismic Edge Networks	94
An M-Ary Concentration-Shift Keying With Common Detection Thresholds for Multitransmitter Molecular Communication	93
A Novel High-Precision and Low-Latency Abandoned Object Detection Method Under the Hybrid Cloud-Fog Computing Architecture	93

Training Optimization for Subarray-Based IRS-Assisted MIMO Communications	93
A PUF-Enhanced Fog-Enabled Hierarchical Authentication Protocol for Internet of Vehicles	93
VirtElect: A Peer-to-Peer Trading Platform for Local Energy Transactions	93
Effective Chirp Modulation Communication System Design for LEO Satellite IoT	93
Satellite Payload Non-Cooperative Tactical Communication Signal Monitoring: Dataset and IoT Edge Computing Method	93
Codesigned Communication and Data Analytics for Condition-Based Maintenance in Smart Buildings	93
Resource Allocation in UAV-Enabled Wireless-Powered MEC Networks With Hybrid Passive and Active Communications	92
Toward Context-Aware Federated Learning Assessment: A Reality Check	92
PCHGCN: Physically Constrained Higher-Order Graph Convolutional Network for Pedestrian Trajectory Prediction	91
Joint Quantum Reinforcement Learning and Neural Myerson Auction for High-Quality Digital-Twin Services in Multitier Networks	91
SeqBalance: Congestion-Aware Load Balancing With No Reordering in Data Center Networks	91
A Novel-Deep-Neural-Network-Architecture-Based GAN-DRANet for DOA Sensing With an Enhanced Performance in Low SNR	91
Timeliness of CSMA/CA-Based Wireless Networks With HARQ in the FBL Regime: Explicit Age Characterizations and Resource Allocation	91
MRDT: An Enhanced Multireceiver Secure Data Transmission Protocol for WBANs	91
Countering Large-Scale Malicious Multiagent Systems by Consensus Breakdown Based on Critical Node Identification	91
A Real-Time Bearing Fault Diagnosis Model Based on Siamese Convolutional Autoencoder in Industrial Internet of Things	90
CAED: A Comprehensive Android Emulator Detection Framework With Data Augmentation	90
Nonuniform-Array-Based Integrated MIMO Communication and Positioning in Wireless Local Area Networks	90
ZkRep: A Privacy-Preserving Scheme for Reputation-Based Blockchain System	90
A Multilevel TDMA Approach for IoT Applications With WuR Support	90
Causal AI-Powered Event Interpretation: A Cause-and-Effect Discovery for Indoor Thermal Comfort Measurements	90
Analytical Modeling of Location and Contention Randomness for Node-Assisted WiFi Backscatter Communication	90
Enhancing Malicious Activity Detection in IoT-Enabled Network and IoMT Systems Through Meta-Heuristic Optimization and Machine Learning	90
EarPrint: Earphone-Based Implicit User Authentication With Behavioral and Physiological Acoustics	89
MRFE: A Deep-Learning-Based Multidimensional Radio Frequency Fingerprinting Enhancement Approach for IoT Device Identification	89
FedCos: A Scene-Adaptive Enhancement for Federated Learning	88
A Lightweight ECC-Compatible End-to-End Security Protocol Using CRP-PUF and TRNG for IoT Devices	88
Deep-Reinforcement-Learning-Assisted Client Selection in Nonorthogonal-Multiple-Access-Based Federated Learning	87
Advancements in RIS-Assisted UAV for Empowering Multiaccess Edge Computing: A Survey	87
Quantum Secure Authentication Scheme for Internet of Medical Things Using Blockchain	86
Robust Finite-Time Formation Tracking Control of Multiple Nonholonomic Mobile Robots With Constraints on Velocities and Control Torques	86
Incentive-Driven Task Allocation for Collaborative Edge Computing in Industrial Internet of Things	86
A Multilevel Biosensor-Based Epidemic Simulation Model for COVID-19	86
Graph-Enhanced Low-Resource ECG Representation Learning for Emotion Recognition Based on Wearable Internet of Things	86
UAV Dynamic Service Function Chains Deployment Based on Security Considerations: A Reinforcement Learning Method	85
Dual-Band MIMO Antenna Data Telemetry for Dual-Chamber Leadless Cardiac Pacing on Internet of Things Environment	85
Distributed TDMA for Mobile UWB Network Localization	85
Bifurcation Dynamics, Amplitude–Frequency Characteristics of Hopfield Neural Network and Its Application	85
Distributed Adaptive Bipartite Containment Control for Nonlinear Multiagent Systems under Deception Attacks and Actuator Faults	84
Energy Efficient Hybrid On-off Beamforming Coordination for Multi-Cell MISO Symbiotic IoT System by Exploiting Deep Reinforcement Learning	84
MitM Attack to Electric Vehicle AC Chargers	83
Outsourced Secure Cross-Modal Retrieval Based on Secret Sharing for Lightweight Clients	83
Cell-Free Optimization Method for Downlink Integrated Satellite-Ground Netoworks	82
Enhancing Performance in Worst-Case Scenarios of BLE Periodic Advertising for Dense IoT Networks	82
Toward Communication-Efficient Over-the-Air Federated Learning: Synergistic Compression for Uplink and Downlink Transmission	82
Multihop Routing for IoT-Based Digital Twin: Novel Metaheuristic Approaches	82
Global Microservice Autoscaling Over Heterogeneous Edge Environments for Internet Applications: A Reinforcement Learning Approach	82
EESyn-CTP: Edge–End Collaboration for Patient-Friendly CTP Image Synthesis	82
Specific Task-Guided Collaborative Domain Generalization Network for Intelligent Fault Diagnosis Under Unseen Conditions	82
Blockchain-Based Anonymous Data Sharing With Accountability for Internet of Things	81
Protecting IoT-Enabled Healthcare Data at the Edge: Integrating Blockchain, AES, and Off-Chain Decentralized Storage	81
Multiple Access via Curriculum Multitask HAPPO Based on Dynamic Heterogeneous Wireless Network	81
LEMDA: A Novel Feature Engineering Method for Intrusion Detection in IoT Systems	81
Privacy-Preserving Intelligent Intent-Based Network Slicing for IoT Systems	81
Privacy-Preserving Multimodal Sentiment Analysis	81
Performance Evaluation of UAV-Aided Radio Frequency-UAC Relaying Systems	81
Priority-Based Load Balancing With Multiagent Deep Reinforcement Learning for Space–Air–Ground Integrated Network Slicing	80
Robust RF Fingerprint Extraction Based on Cyclic Shift Characteristic	80
Online Identification and Temperature Tracking Control for Furnace System With a Single Slab and a Single Heater Over the Wirelessly Connected IoT Controller	80
Multi-TDOA Estimation and Source Direct Position Determination Based on Parallel Factor Analysis	80
Two-Stage Neural Network-Enabled Missing Data Replenishment for Accurate Brain Imaging With Electrical Impedance Tomography	79
Movable-Element STARS-Assisted Near-Field Wideband Communications	79
Foundation Model-Based Federated Learning for Intrusion Detection in Drone-Aided Industrial IoT	79
Echelon-based Collaborative Resource Allocation for Platoon Communication in C-V2X Networks	79
Indoor 3-D Localization Based on Heterogeneous Sensing Data Fusion	79
Joint Channel Estimation for RIS-Aided mmWave MIMO Wireless Communication Systems With Mixed-Resolution Quantization Schemes	78
A Root Cause Analysis Framework for IoT Based on Dynamic Causal Graphs Assisted by LLMs	78
Paired Swarm Optimized Relational Vector Learning for FDI Attack Detection in IoT-Aided Smart Grid	77
UAV-Assisted Active Sparse Crowdsensing for Ground Signal Map Construction Based on 3-D Spatial–Temporal Correlation	77
IoT-to-the-Rescue: A Survey of IoT Solutions for COVID-19-Like Pandemics	77
Automatic Image Annotation for Human–Machine Interaction in Industrial IoT Flexible Manufacturing	77
GSAN: Graph Self-Attention Network for Learning Spatial–Temporal Interaction Representation in Autonomous Driving	77
Adaptive Performance Modeling Framework for QoS-Aware Offloading in MEC-Based IIoT Systems	77
Multiagent Best Routing in High-Mobility Digital-Twin-Driven Internet of Vehicles (IoV)	77
Is It Instrumentation? Evaluation of Validity Constraints in Smart Homes	77
RSS-Based Visible Light Positioning Using Nonlinear Optimization	77
An Optimized Privacy-Utility Tradeoff Framework for Differentially Private Data Sharing in Blockchain-Based Internet of Things	77
Modulation Classification of Active Attacks in Internet of Things: Lightweight MCBLDN With Spatial Transformer Network	77
Charging Cost-Aware Fleet Management for Shared On-Demand Green Logistic System	76
Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces Assisted 6G Communications for Internet of Everything	76
Collaborative Intrusion Detection Approach Based on Blockchain in Internet of Vehicles	76
EAGCN: An Efficient Adaptive Graph Convolutional Network for Item Recommendation in Social Internet of Things	76
Information-Entropy-Based Trajectory Planning for AUV-Aided Network Localization: A Reinforcement Learning Approach	76
Hybrid NOMA-OMA Transmission Scheduling for Production Efficiency Maximization in Industrial Edge Computing Networks	76
Multiobjective Optimized Deployment of Edge-Enabled Wireless Visual Sensor Networks for Target Coverage	76
Certificateless Anonymous Signcryption Scheme With Provable Security in the Standard Model Suitable for Healthcare Wireless Sensor Networks	76
A Semantic Communication Approach for Multiscene Target Detection in Intelligent Vehicle Networks	76
Tree-Based Personalized Clustered Federated Learning: A Driver Stress Monitoring Through Physiological Data Case Study	75
Practical Privacy-Preserving Scheme With Fault Tolerance for Smart Grids	75
Distributed Feature Selection Considering Data Pricing Based on Edge Computing in Electricity Spot Markets	75
A Joint Global–Local Network for Human Pose Estimation With Millimeter Wave Radar	75
A Time-Efficient Protocol for Unknown Tag Identification in Large-Scale RFID Systems	75
Toward Privacy-Preserving Healthcare Monitoring Based on Time-Series Activities Over Cloud	75
Delay Minimization for NOMA-mmW Scheme-Based MEC Offloading	75
Toward Data Collection and Transmission in 6G Space–Air–Ground Integrated Networks: Cooperative HAP and LEO Satellite Schemes	74