ERJ Open Research

Papers
(The TQCC of ERJ Open Research is 5. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2021-09-01 to 2025-09-01.)
ArticleCitations
The long-term effects of insulin use in incident cystic fibrosis-related diabetes: a target trial emulated using longitudinal national registry data182
BreathEase: rationale, design and recruitment of a randomised trial and embedded mixed-methods study of a multiprofessional breathlessness service in early palliative care84
Comparison of different sets of immunological tests to identify treatable immunodeficiencies in adult bronchiectasis patients66
Dysglycaemia among tuberculosis patients without known diabetes in a low-endemic setting53
A survey of UK respiratory specialists’ opinion on the management of chronic cough52
Dual CFTR modulator therapy efficacy in the real world: lessons for the future51
Long-term incident severe outcomes in a prospective cohort of non-obese obstructive sleep apnoea patients free of comorbidities at inclusion43
Comparison of two scores for short-term outcomes in patients with COPD exacerbation in the emergency department: the Ottawa COPD Risk Scale and the DECAF score43
Supplementary oxygen efficacy for chronic pulmonary disorders and exertion desaturation42
Period and cohort effects: consequences on spirometric lung function in Norway during the 20th century40
Williams–Campbell syndrome case series and discordant twins40
Extracellular iron and the lung microbiome in smoking and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease39
Diagnostic delay in bronchiectasis: an Italian perspective38
Targeted DNase treatment of obstructive lung disease: a pilot randomised controlled trial34
“Patients at risk of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease who need testing evaluated using a modified Delphi process by European experts.” Michael R. Loebinger, Stefano Aliberti, Charles Haw33
The noninvasive ventilation outcomes score in patients requiring NIV for COPD exacerbation without prior evidence of airflow obstruction30
The impact of personal and outdoor temperature exposure during cold and warm seasons on lung function and respiratory symptoms in COPD29
Global survey of physician testing practices for nontuberculous mycobacteria29
ROHHAD syndrome in an adult: presence of ZSCAN1 antibodies28
Myostatin/Smad2/Smad3 pathway define a differential clinical phenotype in COPD-associated sarcopenia28
The Role of Clamping Before Removal of a Chest Tube in Post-Surgical and Pneumothorax Patients Using Digital Drainage Systems: A Non-inferiority Randomized Trial28
Managing breathlessness for people with advanced respiratory disease27
The NEUROCOUGH Chronic Cough Registry: A protocol for a pan-European observational study27
Predicting clinical exacerbations using respiratory oscillometry during home telemonitoring of patients taking medium/high dose asthma treatment27
Increased delay to lung transplantation for women candidates: gender-based disparity matters in the lung transplant trajectory27
Dendritic cells in the lung cavities of XDR-TB patients exhibit altered frequency and phenotype27
Achieving adherence to positive airway pressure in commercial drivers using an employer-mandated remote management programme26
Prevalence and consequences of patient-ventilator interactions in a cohort of home ventilated restrictive and neuromuscular patients. A multicenter study26
Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in patients with haemoptysis: the POPEIHE study26
Triple therapy in COPD: understanding the data25
Corticosteroid therapy in fibrotic interstitial lung disease: a modified Delphi survey25
A comprehensive evaluation of murine and humanex vivocultured alveolar macrophages25
Antitrypsin deficiency: still more to learn about the lung after 60 years25
Influence of sex, season and environmental air quality on experimental human pneumococcal carriage acquisition: a retrospective cohort analysis25
A double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial investigating the effects of lesogaberan on the objective cough frequency and capsaicin-evoked coughs in patients with refractory chronic cough24
Proteins associated with preserved ratio impaired spirometry24
Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the right primary somatosensory cortex increases cough reflex sensitivity: a pilot randomised controlled crossover trial24
High-frequency percussive ventilation in acute respiratory failure24
Spirometry at different Latin American altitudes: a Global Lung Function Initiative project23
Shape of the association between endotoxin in school dust and children's lung-function23
Increased loop gain and upper airway collapsibility among smoking patients with obstructive sleep apnoea23
Inhaled corticosteroids and COVID-19 outcomes in asthma: the Israeli experience23
Reflecting real-world patients with mesothelioma in research: an interim report of baseline characteristics from the ASSESS-meso cohort22
Prevalence and types of treatable traits in bronchiectasis: a multicentre, cross-sectional study22
An observational study ofPseudomonas aeruginosain adult long-term ventilation21
Clinical impact of routine sleep assessment by peripheral arterial tonometry in patients with COPD21
Differential cardiopulmonary haemodynamic phenotypes in PASC-related exercise intolerance21
Utility of rehabilitation prior to bronchoscopic lung volume reduction:post hocanalysis of the VENT trial21
ERS International Congress 2022: highlights from the Basic and Translational Science Assembly21
Association of patient-reported outcome measures with lung function and mortality in fibrotic interstitial lung disease: a prospective cohort study20
Moderate-to-severe ARDS: COVID-19 patients compared to influenza patients for ventilator parameters and mortality20
Role of bronchoscopy for respiratory involvement in granulomatosis with polyangiitis and microscopic polyangiitis20
Artificial intelligence augmentation raises questions about the future of bronchoscopy20
Increasing airway obstruction through life following bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a meta-analysis20
To burn or not to burn: similar effects of different types of prenatal tobacco exposure on infant lung function19
Respiratory infections after elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor treatment in people with cystic fibrosis: analysis of the European Cystic Fibrosis Society Patient Registry19
Effects of seasonality and treatment on COPD clinical outcomes: IMPACTpost hocanalysis19
Uncontrolled asthma from childhood to young adulthood associates with airflow obstruction19
Navigating family dynamics and ethical considerations in genetic diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension: insights from in-depth semi-structured interviews19
Prednisolone for COPD exacerbations: time for a rethink19
Chaotic breathing in post-COVID-19 breathlessness: a key feature of dysfunctional breathing can be characterised objectively by approximate entropy18
Still no room to breathe: insights on supine lung mechanics from oscillometry in COPD18
Alpha-1-Antitrypsin deficiency and increased risk of atrial fibrillation in two large population-based cohorts18
Association of DPP-4 inhibitors with respiratory and cardiovascular complications in patients with COPD: a nationwide cohort study18
Developing a self-management package for pulmonary fibrosis: an international Delphi study18
Clinical assessment of balance and functional impairments in people with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis18
Should all patients with COPD be treated with inhaled triple therapy?18
Associations of physical activity and quality of life in parapneumonic effusion patients18
Time to negative conversion and cardiopulmonary performance in athletes with COVID-1918
Impact of targeted pulmonary arterial hypertension therapies in severe pulmonary hypertension in chronic lung diseases18
Evaluation of a screening protocol for telomere biology disorders in individuals with interstitial lung disease undergoing lung transplant evaluation17
Interstitial lung abnormalities: do symptoms matter?17
Changes in fatigue symptoms following an exercise-based rehabilitation programme for patients with long COVID17
A robust web-based tool to predict viral shedding in patients with Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants17
Right ventricular–pulmonary arterial coupling predicts mortality in precapillary pulmonary hypertension17
Oxygen saturation targets for children with respiratory distress: a systematic review17
Detection of pulmonary hypertension in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis using random forest models and automated measures of central CT structures17
Optimal treatment of the underlying aetiology is the most effective antimicrobial stewardship for chronic respiratory disease: a lesson learned from cystic fibrosis17
Long-term follow-up after bronchoscopic lung volume reduction valve treatment for emphysema17
Home sleep studies in children with neurodisabilities: success rates and parental perception17
Mepolizumab has clinical benefits including oral corticosteroid sparing irrespective of baseline EGPA characteristics16
A worldwide look into long COVID-19 management: an END-COVID survey16
Deleterious effect ofPseudomonas aeruginosaon F508del-CFTR rescued by elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor is clinical strain-dependent in patient-derived nasal cells16
Sleep and cardiometabolic comorbidities in the obstructive sleep apnoea–COPD overlap syndrome: data from the European Sleep Apnoea Database16
Plasma sphingolipids, lung function and COPD: the Cardiovascular Health Study16
Modifiable lifestyle risk factors for sarcoidosis: a nested case–control study16
Risk factors, molecular analysis and treatment outcomes of amikacin-resistant Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease15
The impact of anti-eosinophilic therapy on exercise capacity and inspiratory muscle strength in patients with severe asthma15
Pulmonary artery wedge pressure and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure during exercise in patients with dyspnoea15
An adjudication algorithm for respiratory-related hospitalisation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis15
Comorbidities reduce survival and quality of life in COPD with severe lung hyperinflation15
“You can do it yourself and you can do it at your convenience”: internet accessibility and willingness of people with chronic breathlessness to use an internet-based breathlessness self-management int15
Is overreliance on short-acting β2-agonists associated with health risks in the older asthma population?15
Hospitalisation outcomes in pneumococcal-vaccinatedversus-unvaccinated patients with exacerbation of COPD: results from the HOPE COPD Study15
How to distinguish PPI-refractory from PPI-responsive patients in gastro-oesophageal reflux-induced chronic cough: post-reflux swallow induced peristaltic wave index and mean nocturnal baseline impeda15
Effect of water- and land-based exercise on lung function in children with post-COVID-19 condition: secondary results from a randomised controlled trial15
Intimal granulomatous angiitis in sarcoid pulmonary vasculitis: worth remembering14
Phase I dose-escalation study to assess the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an inhaled recombinant human ACE214
Safety and feasibility of ultrathin probe transbronchial lung cryobiopsy without balloon blockerviarobotic bronchoscopy in the evaluation of peripheral lung lesions: a retrospective pilot study14
Epidemiology of interstitial lung diseases and their progressive-fibrosing behaviour in six European countries14
Persistent tachypnoea of infancy and neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy: from systematic review to future directions14
Persistence of a SARS-CoV-2 T-cell response in patients with long COVID and lung sequelae after COVID-1914
Arterial remodelling in smokers and in patients with small airway disease and COPD: implications for lung physiology and early origins of pulmonary hypertension14
Increased bronchiectasis risk and related risk factors in inflammatory bowel disease: a 10-year Korean national cohort study14
Biomarkers of chronic airflow limitation and COPD identified by mass spectrometry14
Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with α1-antitrypsin deficiency genotypes PI*ZZ and PI*SZ in the Spanish registry of EARCO14
Pulmonary fibrosis in patients with autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: a retrospective nationwide cohort study14
External validation of the OPALS prediction model for in-hospital mortality in patients with acute decompensated pulmonary hypertension14
Breathing pattern and muscle activity using different inspiratory resistance devices in children with mouth breathing syndrome14
Real-world characteristics of “super-responders” to mepolizumab and benralizumab in severe eosinophilic asthma and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis14
Sputum microbiome α-diversity is a key feature of the COPD frequent exacerbator phenotype14
Dupilumab-associated hypereosinophilia in severe asthma14
“Influence of physical activity on the prognosis of COPD patients: the HADO.2 score – health, activity, dyspnoea and obstruction”. Cristóbal Esteban, Nere Larrea, Amaia Aramburu, Javier Moraza, Leyre 13
It is time to end our love affair with short-acting β2-agonists in asthma? Yes13
Reply: Key role of dysregulated airway epithelium in response to respiratory viral infections in asthma13
Next-generation sequencing reveals genetic heterogeneity and resistance mechanisms in patients withEGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer treated with afatinib13
Priming mucosal pathogen-agnostic innate immunity with an intranasal TLR2/6 agonist in an aged population13
ERS Congress 2024: highlights from the Basic and Translational Sciences Assembly13
Circulating biomarkers and progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: data from the INMARK trial13
Shared genetic risk factors: implications for treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and systemic hypertension13
Infant lung function: criteria for selecting tidal flow–volume loops13
Untargeted metabolomic analysis reveals different metabolites associated with response to mepolizumab and omalizumab in asthma13
Predictors of mortality and hospitalised exacerbations in obstructive airway diseases13
Benefit−risk assessment of brensocatib for treatment of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis13
COVID-19 in patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: a European multicentre study13
Possible overdiagnosis of early-stage lung adenocarcinoma among never-smokers in Taiwan13
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pleural infection incidence: a UK multicentre retrospective analysis13
Patients at risk of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease who need testing evaluated using a modified Delphi process by European experts13
De-labelling severe asthma diagnosis: the challenge of DIPNECH13
Compartment-specific protein interactions in beryllium lung disease13
A systematic review with meta-analysis of biomarkers for detection of pulmonary arterial hypertension12
The feasibility of implementing clinical decision support system software in the outpatient assessment of breathlessness: Cardio-LungHealth and Everton in the Community12
Cardiac dysfunction during exercise in young adults with bronchopulmonary dysplasia12
A focus group study about healthcare professionals’ perspectives on patient education in pulmonary rehabilitation12
Communicating with patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: can we do it better?12
Biomarkers of type 2 inflammation as predictors of response to biologics for severe eosinophilic asthma12
No effect of danazol treatment in patients with advanced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis12
Effects of exercise and a lifestyle app on sleep disordered breathing, physical health and quality of life12
Rapid real-world implementation of pulmonary telerehabilitation: good fortune or COVID-19 luck?12
Shorter walk test durations to detect ambulatory oxygen desaturation in interstitial lung disease: an observational cohort study12
Acute effects of low dose bisoprolol on lung function and blood pressure in COPD patients12
Evaluation of spirometry-gated computed tomography to measure lung volumes in emphysema patients12
Upper-lobe CT imaging features improve prediction of lung function decline in COPD12
Lung cancer in patients with fibrosing interstitial lung diseases: an overview of current knowledge and challenges12
Acknowledging the syndemic: A real-life cohort study on major adverse cardiovascular events in COPD12
Severe pulmonary hypertension–interstitial lung disease presenting as right ventricular failure: stabilisation with intravenous prostacyclin and maintenance with inhaled prostacyclin12
Exercise responses and mental health symptoms in COVID-19 survivors with dyspnoea11
Current and novel treatment options for obstructive sleep apnoea11
“A pulmonary rehabilitation shared decision-making intervention for patients living with COPD: PReSent: protocol for a feasibility study”. Amy C. Barradell, Linzy Houchen-Wolloff, Noelle Robertson, Hi11
Natural variability of lung function in primary ciliary dyskinesia: longitudinal analysis from the PROVALF-PCD cohort11
Gene expression profile of epithelial–mesenchymal transition in tumours of patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer: the influence of COPD11
The effect of exacerbations on lung density in α1-antitrypsin deficiency11
Efficacy of interventions to alter measures of fat-free mass in people with COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis11
Longitudinal change in ultrasound-derived rectus femoris cross-sectional area in COPD11
Immunoprofiling bronchoalveolar lavage cells reveals multifaceted smoking-associated immune dysfunction11
ERS Congress 2024: highlights from the Clinical Techniques, Imaging and Endoscopy Assembly11
Lower airway clinical outcome measures for use in primary ciliary dyskinesia research: a scoping review11
Early benefit of mepolizumab on small airways in severe asthma: insights from the IMPOSE study11
An exploration of clinically meaningful definitions of cough bouts11
Lung disease in never smokers with severe alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: The EARCO Registry11
The association of weather conditions with day-to-day variability in physical activity in patients with COPD11
Diffuse panniculitis in a teenage male with ZZ α1-antitrypsin deficiency11
Upper-limb intervalversusconstant-load exercise in patients with COPD: a physiological crossover study11
Telemonitoring for the follow-up of home noninvasive ventilation: a promising future with ongoing challenges11
Predictors of invasive mechanical ventilation use in patients with acute decompensated pulmonary hypertension admitted to the intensive care unit11
Insights from the INSIGHTS-ILD Registry: real-world heterogeneity in treatment patterns for patients with fibrotic interstitial lung disease11
Risk factors and interventions for developing recurrent pneumonia in older adults11
Age and body mass index affect fit of spirometry Global Lung Function Initiative references in schoolchildren11
Home is where spirometry should be; enhancing care for individuals with pulmonary fibrosis11
ERS International Congress 2022: highlights from the Interstitial Lung Diseases Assembly11
OSA symptom subtypes and hypoxic burden independently predict distinct cardiovascular outcomes10
Factors most strongly associated with breathlessness in a population aged 50–64 years10
High-flow oxygen therapyversusnoninvasive ventilation: a randomised physiological crossover study of alveolar recruitment in acute respiratory failure10
Laboratory and free-living gait performance in adults with COPD and healthy controls10
Response to endobronchial valve treatment: it's all about the target lobe10
Circadian variability in breath volatiles is affected by the timing of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma10
Systemic pro-inflammatory response following bronchoscopic lung volume reduction using endobronchial valves10
Influence of age in the assessment of therapeutic response in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension10
Feasibility of using continuous positive airway pressureviathe LeVe CPAP System among children with acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure at Mengo Hospital, Kampala, Uganda: a mixed-methods stud10
Noninvasive diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension with hyperpolarised129Xe magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy10
Locus of control and breathlessness: a cross-sectional analysis of 28 730 people10
Measuring spirometry in a lung cancer screening cohort highlights possible underdiagnosis and misdiagnosis of COPD10
Obstructive sleep apnoea-related respiratory events and desaturation severity are associated with the cardiac response10
Suppression of epithelial abnormalities by nintedanib in induced-rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease mouse model10
Normal values of respiratory oscillometry in South African children and adolescents10
Pulmonary Hypertension and Measurement of Exercise Capacity Remotely: Evaluation of the 1-min Sit-to-Stand Test (PERSPIRE) – a cohort study10
Ciliary dyskinesia in severe asthma is not affected by chronic mucus hypersecretion10
Living with chronic cough: experiences, burden and management in interstitial lung disease – a mixed methods study10
Inhaled nitric oxide for the treatment of COVID-19: an open-label, parallel, randomised controlled trial10
Symptomatic smokers without COPD have physiological changes heralding the development of COPD10
Novel CFTR modulator combinations maximise rescue of G85E and N1303K in rectal organoids10
Hypercoagulation in COPD: the clot thickens10
Respiratory symptoms and their determinants in the general Spanish population: changes over 20 years10
Activation of STAT3 in the COPD airway epithelium10
The Palestinian primary ciliary dyskinesia population: first results of the diagnostic and genetic spectrum10
Artificial intelligence improves bronchoscopy performance: a randomised crossover trial10
The role of theADRB2Thr164Ile variant in lung function determination, plasma proteome variability and other phenotypes in UK Biobank10
Physical capacity and inactivity in obstructive airway diseases: a “can do, do do” analysis10
Post-viral lung diseases: the microbiota as a key player9
The effects of dual IQOS and cigarette smoke exposure on airway epithelial cells: implications for lung health and respiratory disease pathogenesis9
Exercise intolerance in post-coronavirus disease 2019 survivors after hospitalisation9
Exhaled volatile organic compounds associated with risk factors for obstructive pulmonary diseases: a systematic review9
Past asthma exacerbation in children predicting future exacerbation: a systematic review9
Identification of Two Distinct Molecular Endotypes in Cough Variant Asthma Based on Sputum Transcriptomics and Clinical Pathophysiological Features9
ERS International Congress 2023: highlights from the Respiratory Intensive Care Assembly9
Post-pandemic seasonal dynamics of hospitalised COPD exacerbations and aetiologies in the COPD population9
Endobronchial cryobiopsy may shorten the time to cancer diagnosis: a retrospective study9
Hypercapnia is not excluded by normoxia in neuromuscular disease patients: implications for oximetry9
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and pulmonary outcome in people with cystic fibrosis: a European Cystic Fibrosis Patient Registry data analysis9
Utility of diaphragm dome height as a marker of operational lung volume changes, disease burden and exacerbations in patients with mild-to-moderate COPD: an observational study within the CanCOLD coho9
Variability in P2X receptor composition in human taste nerves: implications for treatment of chronic cough9
Venous thromboembolism associated with severe dyspnoea and asthma in 102 792 adults9
Bronchiectasis: moving from an orphan disease to an unpleasant socioeconomic burden9
Simultaneous measurement of inhaled air and exhaled breath by double multicapillary column ion-mobility spectrometry, a new method for breath analysis: results of a feasibility study9
Delayed airway epithelial repair is correlated with airway obstruction in young adults born very preterm9
Performance of two portable exhaled nitric oxide fraction devices compared to a “gold standard” chemiluminescence device9
Adverse perception of cough in patients with severe asthma: a discrete choice experiment9
Airflow obstruction among young adults in Europe: A Chronic Airway Diseases Early Stratification (CADSET) collaboration with 48 612 individuals across eight population-based cohorts9
Validation and Cross-Cultural Insights of the French Translation of the Severe Asthma Questionnaire9
A cystic and bullous lung disease associated with a PIK3CA-related overgrowth syndrome9
Utility of adding oesophageal to endobronchial endosonography when staging lung cancer: a randomised trial9
Does COVID-19 vaccination increase the risk of interstitial lung disease at a population level?9
Breathomics in controlled asthma: identification of nonanoic and propanoic acids as volatile organic compounds9
Telemedicine and virtual respiratory care in the era of COVID-199
Clinical significance of respiratory bacteria and mycobacteria isolates in adult bronchiectasis in Taiwan9
Chronic noninvasive ventilation in COPD; towards the identification of a responder phenotype9
Assessment of factors and interventions towards therapeutic adherence among persons with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis9
Effects of acetazolamide on sleep disordered breathing in pulmonary vascular disease: a randomised controlled trial9
ERS Congress 2024: highlights from the Respiratory Intensive Care Assembly9
Predicting outcomes after hospitalisation for COPD exacerbation using machine learning9
Poor performance of paired tests of latent tuberculosis in highly immune-compromised individuals exposed to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: time for new diagnostic markers9
Beyond type 2 asthma biomarkers: risk stratification for NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease9
BOS-318 treatment enhances elexacaftor–tezacaftor–ivacaftor-mediated improvements in airway hydration and mucociliary transport9
Peeping at COPD through the keyhole: time to broaden the view to the complexity of the disease by the heterogeneity of symptoms9
Open-source, three-dimensionally printed manifolds for exposure studies using human airway epithelial cells8
COVID-19 and its continuing burden after 12 months: a longitudinal observational prospective multicentre trial8
Real-world comparative effectiveness of biologic therapies in severe asthma: EU-ADVANTAGE8
Endothelial to mesenchymal transition is an active process in smokers and patients with early COPD contributing to pulmonary arterial pathology8
Treatable traits in chronic cough: a prospective evaluation for predicting cough persistence8
NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease: a population study8
Self-help cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety in pulmonary hypertension: pilot randomised controlled trial8
Subcutaneous octreotide as a therapeutic option for refractory chronic cough: subjective response pattern and adverse effects from a retrospective single-centre case series8
ERS International Congress 2022: highlights from the Respiratory Intensive Care Assembly8
Non-pharmacological interventions for inducible laryngeal obstruction: a thematic analysis towards a standardised approach8
Two cases of nintedanib-induced diarrhoea treated using a 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptor antagonist8
European Respiratory Society clinical practice guidelines: methodological guidance8
Anti-IL-4Rα aptamer reduces IL-4 signalling and formation of nasal polyps8
Multiomics links global surfactant dysregulation with airflow obstruction and emphysema in COPD8
The impact of seat height on 1-min sit-to-stand test performance in COPD: a randomised crossover trial8
Severe pulmonary hypertension associated with lung disease is characterised by a loss of small pulmonary vessels on quantitative computed tomography8
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