Crop Journal

Article	Citations
The Magnaporthe oryzae effector Avr-PikD suppresses rice immunity by inhibiting an LSD1-like transcriptional activator	214
MePHD1.2 affects the synthesis of cyanogenic glycosides by regulating transcription of MeCYP79D2 in cassava	187
Mutations in the WUSCHEL-related homeobox1 gene cause an increased leaflet number in soybean	118
QTL mapping for grain number per spikelet in wheat using a high-density genetic map	94
Development of mutants with varying flowering times by targeted editing of multiple SVP gene copies in Brassica napus L.	84
Unraveling the regulatory network of flower coloration in soybean: Insights into roles of GmMYBA3 and GmMYBR1	81
A natural allele of TAW1 contributes to high grain number and grain yield in rice	72
Constructing the maize inflorescence regulatory network by using efficient tsCUT&Tag assay	72
GmNLP7a inhibits soybean nodulation by interacting with GmNIN1a	67
The rice OsCBL3-OsCIPK31 module regulates root development via abscisic acid and auxin signaling pathways	66
The continuous wavelet projections algorithm: A practical spectral-feature-mining approach for crop detection	63
QTL mapping and transcriptome analysis identify candidate genes influencing water–nitrogen interaction in maize	57
Sustainable transition for cereal-based agri-food systems in China: Prospective advantages of whole-grain adoption	56
Haploids can be induced in knockout mutants of OsPLA1, but not OsDMP3 or OsDMP6, in rice	55
Modulation of rice grain shape and appearance by the GS10-encoded long coiled-coil protein	54
Artificial intelligence redefines agricultural genetics by unlocking the enigma of genomic complexity	51
Single-cell nuclear transcriptomics reveal root tip adaptations to nitrogen scarcity in wheat	48
Detection of new candidate genes controlling seed weight by integrating gene coexpression analysis and QTL mapping in Brassica napus L.	48
MIR1868 negatively regulates rice cold tolerance at both the seedling and booting stages	47
Wheat MADS-box gene TaSEP3-D1 negatively regulates heading date	47
Quantifying the effects of stripe rust disease on wheat canopy spectrum based on eliminating non-physiological stresses	47
The soybean GmPUB21-interacting protein GmDi19-5 responds to drought and salinity stresses via an ABA-dependent pathway	46
Single-cell transcriptome sequencing reveals the mechanism regulating rice plumule development	45
A polygalacturonase gene OsPG1 modulates water homeostasis in rice	45
Mutation of the PHYTOENE DESATURASE 3 gene causes yellowish-white petals in Brassica napus	45

Mapping of powdery mildew resistance genes transferred to common wheat from wild emmer wheat revealed three functional Pm60 haplotypes	45
Regulation of tiller angle by gravity-sensing genes in rice	43
Chromosome 5P of Agropyron cristatum induces chromosomal translocation by disturbing homologous chromosome pairing in a common wheat background	42
Decoding the inconsistency of six cropland maps in China	42
Field estimation of maize plant height at jointing stage using an RGB-D camera	41
Maize response to nitrogen and phosphorus starter fertilisation in mineral-fertilised or manured systems	41
Isolating QTL controlling sugarcane leaf blight resistance using a two-way pseudo-testcross strategy	40
Co-overexpression of genes for nitrogen transport, assimilation, and utilization boosts rice grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency	39
SsdchA is a novel secretory cellobiohydrolase driving pathogenicity in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum	39
Identification of no pollen 1 provides a candidate gene for heterosis utilization in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.)	39
TaIAA10-6D orchestrates processing quality and grain yield by modulating glutenin/gliadin ratio and plant morphogenesis in wheat	39
Flowering-time regulation by the circadian clock: From Arabidopsis to crops	39
Optimizing maize growth and N dynamics in Northeast China by combining dairy cattle slurry and synthetic fertilizer	38
Estimation of spectral responses and chlorophyll based on growth stage effects explored by machine learning methods	37
Straw mulch-based no-tillage improves tillering capability of dryland wheat by reducing asymmetric competition between main stem and tillers	37
OsADR3 increases drought stress tolerance by inducing antioxidant defense mechanisms and regulating OsGPX1 in rice (Oryza sativa L.)	37
Editorial Board	36
Genome-wide prediction for hybrids between parents with distinguished difference on exotic introgressions in Brassica napus	36
Past and recent advances in sugarcane cytogenetics	35
Towards cultivar-oriented gene discovery for better crops	35
Vitamin and zeatin treatments promote colchicine-induced haploid chromosome doubling in maize	35
Reduction of uncertainties in rice yield response to elevated CO2 by experiment-model integration: A case study in East China	35
GmSTF accumulation mediated by DELLA protein GmRGAs contributes to coordinating light and gibberellin signaling to reduce plant height in soybean	35
ZmMs33 promotes anther elongation via modulating cell elongation regulators, metabolic homeostasis, and cell wall remodeling in maize	35
Editorial Board	35
A single-nucleus transcriptomic atlas of peanut seedlings unveils gene regulatory dynamics governing hypocotyl development	34
BEAR1, a bHLH transcription factor, controls seedling growth by regulating gibberellins biosynthesis in rice	34
Integrated multi-omics reveals contrasting epigenetic patterns in leaf and root morphogenesis in Aegilops speltoides	33
Natural and artificial evolution of acetolactate synthase for crop breeding	33
Barley FASCIATED EAR genes determine inflorescence meristem size and yield traits	33
Comparative DNA-methylome and transcriptome analysis reveals heterosis- and polyploidy-associated epigenetic changes in rice	33
ABA-activated subclass III SnRK2s control kernel maturation in maize	33
Calmodulins and calmodulin-like proteins-mediated plant organellar calcium signaling networks under abiotic stress	32
Enemies at peace: Recent progress in Agrobacterium-mediated cereal transformation	32
Fine-mapping and candidate gene identification for QPtn.sau-4B showing potential in increasing productive tiller number and yield in wheat	32
The regulatory network behind maize seed germination: Effects of temperature, water, phytohormones, and nutrients	32
Genetic gains with genomic versus phenotypic selection for drought and waterlogging tolerance in tropical maize (Zea mays L.)	31
The prevalence of deleterious mutations during the domestication and improvement of soybean	31
Rice transcription factors OsLBD37/38/39 regulate nitrate uptake by repressing OsNRT2.1/2.2/2.3 under high-nitrogen conditions	31
Fine mapping and validation of a stable QTL for thousand-kernel weight in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)	31
J-family genes redundantly regulate flowering time and increase yield in soybean	30
Cloning of a new allele of ZmAMP1 and evaluation of its breeding value in hybrid maize	29
Profiling seed soluble sugar compositions in 1164 Chinese soybean accessions from major growing ecoregions	29
Long-term straw incorporation increases rice yield stability under high fertilization level conditions in the rice–wheat system	29
Calcium/calmodulin modulates salt responses by binding a novel interacting protein SAMS1 in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)	28
Genetic dissection and validation of a new dominant QTL associated with chlorophyll content and its regulatory networks analysis in soybean	28
A high-resolution 20K SNP array for comprehensive genotyping and genetic mapping in Nicotiana tabacum L.	28
Identification of a locus associated with genic male sterility in maize via EMS mutagenesis and bulked-segregant RNA-seq	28
OsNPF3.1, a member of the NRT1/PTR family, increases nitrogen use efficiency and biomass production in rice	28
Haplotype variation and KASP markers for SiPSY1 – A key gene controlling yellow kernel pigmentation in foxtail millet	28

Development of a target capture sequencing SNP genotyping platform for genetic analysis and genomic breeding in rapeseed	27
Assembly and phylogenomic analysis of cotton mitochondrial genomes provide insights into the history of cotton evolution	27
A gain-of-function mutation of OsMAPK6 leads to long grain in rice	27
The cotton mitochondrial chimeric gene orf610a causes male sterility by disturbing the dynamic balance of ATP synthesis and ROS burst	26
Bn.YCO affects chloroplast development in Brassica napus L.	26
Elite, transformable haploid inducers in maize	26
Effects of dense planting patterns on photosynthetic traits of different vertical layers and yield of wheat under different nitrogen rates	26
Chloride-dependent plasma membrane hyperpolarization confers superior salinity tissue tolerance in wild rice Oryza coarctata	26
Genomic prediction of yield performance among single-cross maize hybrids using a partial diallel cross design	26
Molecular cytogenetic analyses of two new wheat-rye 6RL translocation lines with resistance to wheat powdery mildew	25
Development and identification of wheat–Psathyrostachys huashanica 7NsS small segment translocation lines with early heading date gene Ehd-7Ns	25
Dynamic patterns of the translatome in a hybrid triplet show translational fractionation of the maize subgenomes	25
TaMADS2-3D, a MADS transcription factor gene, regulates phosphate starvation responses in plants	25
Efficient genetic transformation and gene editing in Erigeron breviscapus using developmental regulators	25
Remote sensing of quality traits in cereal and arable production systems: A review	25
Ectopic expression of OsNF-YA8, an endosperm-specific nuclear factor Y transcription-factor gene, causes vegetative and reproductive development defects in rice	25
Editorial Board	25
Rice Glucose 6-Phosphate/Phosphate Translocator 1 is required for tapetum function and pollen development	24
Host-induced gene silencing of multiple pathogenic factors of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum confers resistance to Sclerotinia rot in Brassica napus	24
Leveraging the potential of big genomic and phenotypic data for genome-wide association mapping in wheat	24
Editorial Board	24
Research progress on the divergence and genetic basis of agronomic traits in xian and geng rice	24
Synergistic effects of planting density and nitrogen fertilization on chlorophyll degradation and leaf senescence after silking in maize	24
Camellia sinensis CsMYB4a participates in regulation of stamen growth by interaction with auxin signaling transduction repressor CsAUX/IAA4	24
Inheritance of marsh spot disease resistance in cranberry common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)	23
Fine mapping and candidate gene analysis of qHD1b, a QTL that promotes flowering in common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon) by up-regulating Ehd1	23
The plasmodesmata-associated β-1,3-glucanase gene GhPdBG regulates fiber development in cotton	23
OsSPL10 controls trichome development by interacting with OsWOX3B at both transcription and protein levels in rice (Oryza sativa L.)	23
Influence of seven levels of chemical/biostimulator protection on amino acid profile and yield traits in wheat	23
Effects of water deficit and high N fertilization on wheat storage protein synthesis, gluten secondary structure, and breadmaking quality	23
Development of diagnostic markers for a wheat leaf rust resistance gene Lr42 using RNA-sequencing	23
Pm67, a new powdery mildew resistance gene transferred from Dasypyrum villosum chromosome 1V to common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)	23
Editorial Board	23
A 9.5-kb deletion in the 1st intron of OsMADS51 enhances temperature sensitivity in rice	23
Rice AGL1 determines grain size and sterile lemma identity	23
Genome-wide analysis of soybean DnaJA-family genes and functional characterization of GmDnaJA6 responses to saline and alkaline stress	23
Transcription factor BnaA1.WRKY53 is involved in regulation of auxin-induced leaf curling under boron deficiency in Brassica napus	23
Editorial Board	23
Development of a wheat material with improved bread-making quality by overexpressing HMW-GS 1Sx2.3* from Aegilops longissima	22
Integrated linkage mapping and genome-wide association study to dissect the genetic basis of zinc deficiency tolerance in maize at seedling stage	22
Editorial Board	22
Changes in the epigenome and transcriptome of rice in response to Magnaporthe oryzae infection	22
The transcriptional landscape of the developmental switch from regular pollen maturation towards microspore-derived plant regeneration in barley	22
Editorial Board	22
Genetic basis of the mucilage secretion ability associated with nitrogen fixation from aerial roots of maize inbred lines under low nitrogen conditions	22
The BEL1-like transcription factor GhBLH5-A05 participates in cotton response to drought stress	22
Natural variation of ClCCT promoter promotes flowering and dwarfing in adlay (Coix lacryma-jobi L.)	21
Improving maize growth and development simulation by integrating temperature compensatory effect under plastic film mulching into the AquaCrop model	21
Two types of cinnamoyl-CoA reductase function divergently in accumulation of lignins, flavonoids and glucosinolates and enhance lodging resistance in Brassica napus	21
Genetic dissection of yield-related traits in response to drought stress in common bean	21
Establishment of a novel engineering breeding technology for cytoplasmic male sterility	21
Seedling defoliation of cereal crops increases peanut growth and yield in an intercropping system	21
PDIL2-3 encoding a protein disulfide isomerase-like enzyme is essential for grain yield and appearance quality in rice (Oryza sativa L.)	21
Genome-wide investigation of defensin genes in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) reveals AhDef2.2 conferring resistance to bacterial wilt	21
Arginine promotes seed energy metabolism, increasing wheat seed germination at low temperature	21
Synthetic metabolic engineering of functional crops: Boosting nutrition and human health	21
Origin of the presence/absence variation of the LTIA1/LTIA2 mini-ribonuclease III genes required for low-temperature growth in rice	20
R3-MYB proteins OsTCL1 and OsTCL2 modulate seed germination via dual pathways in rice	20
Plant aquaporins: Their roles beyond water transport	20
CRISPR–Cas9-mediated promoter editing of FERONIA-Like receptor 13 increases plant growth and disease resistance in rice	20
qLTS5/OsALA4 encodes a P4-ATPase that positively regulates cold tolerance in rice seedlings	20
Glucosylceramides containing very long-acyl-chain fatty acid are critical for cotton fiber elongation by influencing brassinosteroid synthesis and signaling	20
Genes controlling grain chalkiness in rice	20
The dual role of casein kinase 1, DTG1, in regulating tillering and grain size in rice	19
DCL2-dependent regulation of sRNA biogenesis and translocation in soybean	19
A differentially methylated region of the ZmCCT10 promoter affects flowering time in hybrid maize	19
Fiber-specific increase of carotenoid content promotes cotton fiber elongation by increasing abscisic acid and ethylene biosynthesis	19
Micro-ridge-furrow planting increases rapeseed yield and resource utilization efficiency through optimizing field microenvironment and light-nitrogen matching	19
Integrated genomic and transcriptomic analysis reveals genes associated with plant height of foxtail millet	19
A new strategy of molecular breeding for optimal heading date and grain yield in rice by modulating elite allelic combinations of Ghd7, Hd3a, RFT1 and Gn1a	19
Rice melatonin deficiency causes premature leaf senescence via DNA methylation regulation	19
Contrasting patterns of accumulation, partitioning, and remobilization of biomass and phosphorus in a maize cultivar	19
OsDA1 positively regulates grain width in rice	19
Corrigendum to “GmTOC1b negatively regulates resistance to Soybean mosaic virus”. [Crop J. 11 (2023) 1762–1773]	19
Copy number variation of B1 controls awn length in wheat	19
Comparative transcriptome analyses reveal that the MsNST1 gene affects lignin synthesis in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)	19
RNAi technologies for insect control in crop protection	19
Identification of candidate genes for aphid resistance in upland cotton by QTL mapping and expression analysis	18
A growth-regulating factor 7 (GRF7)-mediated gene regulatory network promotes leaf growth and expansion in sugarcane	18
Estimating wheat spike-leaf composite indicator (SLI) dynamics by coupling spectral indices and machine learning	18

Development of a high-density SSR genetic linkage map in sweet potato	18
Omics big data for crop improvement: Opportunities and challenges	18
DaMYB75 and DaMYB56 antagonistically regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis by binding to the DaANS promoter in Dioscorea alata	18
Low N apparent surplus with higher rice yield under long-term fertilizer postponing in the rice–wheat cropping system	18
Editorial Board	18
Three co-located resistance genes confer resistance to leaf rust and stripe rust in wheat variety Borlaug 100	18
A novel genomic prediction method combining randomized Haseman-Elston regression with a modified algorithm for Proven and Young for large genomic data	18
Functional characterization of the effects of gene TaPLT8 on iron distribution in different wheat organs	18
Advances in deciphering salt tolerance mechanism in maize	18
CNGC20 plays dual roles in regulating plant growth and immunity in Brassica napus	18
Phosphorylation regulation of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium uptake systems in plants	18
Genetic dissection of drought resistance for trait improvement in crops	18
Phytoene synthase gene GbDYA modulates carotenoids accumulation and confers yellow anther and pollen antioxidant activity in cotton	18
The pentatricopeptide repeat protein AL5 modulates early chloroplast development in rice	17
Fine mapping of a major QTL qHYF_B06 for peanut yield	17
Multi-omics analysis reveals the pivotal role of phytohormone homeostasis in regulating maize grain water content	17
Time-resolved multiomics analysis of the genetic regulation of maize kernel moisture	17
Evapotranspiration partitioning and crop water productivity under varying planting densities of maize in north China	17
New transcriptomic insights in two RNAi wheat lines with the gliadins strongly down-regulated by two endosperm specific promoters	17
Key genes and mechanisms underlying natural variation of silique length in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) germplasm	17
Poor development of spike differentiation triggered by lower photosynthesis and carbon partitioning reduces summer maize yield after waterlogging	17
Development of a single transcript CRISPR/Cas9 toolkit for efficient genome editing in autotetraploid alfalfa	17
TaARPC5 is required for wheat defense signaling in response to infection by the stripe rust fungus	17
Disruption of LEAF LESION MIMIC 4 affects ABA synthesis and ROS accumulation in rice	17
Cob color, an indicator of grain dehydration and agronomic traits in maize hybrids	17
Rice3K56 is a high-quality SNP array for genome-based genetic studies and breeding in rice (Oryza sativa L.)	17
ABA biosynthesis rather than ABA catabolism is induced by low temperature and inhibits seed germination by activating OsTPP3	16
A rare natural variation in TaFT-D2 underlies QTss.cas-3D associated with increased total spikelet number per spike in wheat	16
Dynamic and adaptive membrane lipid remodeling in leaves of sorghum under salt stress	16
Integration of meta-QTL discovery with omics: Towards a molecular breeding platform for improving wheat resistance to Fusarium head blight	16
The rice miR171b–SCL6-IIs module controls blast resistance, grain yield, and flowering	16
Recent omics progress in nanobiotechnology for plant abiotic stress tolerance improvement	16
Genetic improvement of legume roots for adaption to acid soils	16
LociScan, a tool for screening genetic marker combinations for plant variety discrimination	16
Production, characterization, and potential utility of a newly synthesized allohexaploid wheat Triticum kiharae	16
Nitrogen sources and sinks – Understanding the fate of nitrogen fertiliser when applied at various times and quantifying internally remobilised nitrogen in cotton	16
CRISPR/Cas9-engineered mutation to identify the roles of phytochromes in regulating photomorphogenesis and flowering time in soybean	16
Mechanisms of autophagy function and regulation in plant growth, development, and response to abiotic stress	16
Male sterility in crops: Application of human intelligence to natural variation	16
Development of plant cytosine base editors with the Cas12a system	16
Characterization of adult plant leaf rust resistance loci in an international wheat collection using a re-sequencing genotyping system	16
The ABA synthesis enzyme allele OsNCED2 promotes dryland adaptation in upland rice	16
Increasing Fusarium verticillioides resistance in maize by genomics-assisted breeding: Methods, progress, and prospects	16
Exploiting phKL-mediated homoeologous recombinants to map stripe rust resistance gene YrAev from Aegilops variabilis	15
Filtering for SNPs with high selective constraint augments mid-parent heterosis predictions in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)	15
Chalcone isomerase gene (OsCHI3) increases rice drought tolerance by scavenging ROS via flavonoid and ABA metabolic pathways	15
Interplay of light and nitrogen for plant growth and development	15
High-throughput phenotyping of plant leaf morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits on multiple scales using optical sensing	15
Editorial Board	15
Late spring cold reduces grain number at various spike positions by regulating spike growth and assimilate distribution in winter wheat	15
Rice ONAC005-OsMADS50-OsMADS56 interaction downregulates OsLFL1 in promoting long-day-dependent flowering	15
Functional conservation and divergence of miR156 and miR529 during rice development	15
Differing responses of root morphology and physiology to nitrogen application rates and their relationships with grain yield in rice	15
Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on protein synthesis, accumulation, and physicochemical properties in common buckwheat	15
Dissection of environmental and physiological effects on the temperature difference between superior and inferior spikelets within a rice panicle	15
Detecting winter canola (Brassica napus) phenological stages using an improved shape-model method based on time-series UAV spectral data	15
Genetic architecture of embryo size and related traits in maize	14
QTG-LGBM: A method of prioritizing causal genes in quantitative trait loci in maize	14
Identification of new cotton fiber-quality QTL by multiple genomic analyses and development of markers for genomic breeding	14
The R2R3-MYB transcription factor GaPC controls petal coloration in cotton	14
Genome-wide association mapping and genomic prediction of stalk rot in two mid-altitude tropical maize populations	14
Far-red light: A regulator of plant morphology and photosynthetic capacity	14
Introgression of chromosome 6PL terminal segment from Agropyron cristatum to increase both grain number and grain weight in wheat	14
Multiple omics datasets reveal significant physical and physiological dormancy in alfalfa hard seeds identified by multispectral imaging analysis	14
Increased sugar content impairs pollen fertility and reduces seed-setting in high-photosynthetic-efficiency rice	14
PlantGaussian: Exploring 3D Gaussian splatting for cross-time, cross-scene, and realistic 3D plant visualization and beyond	13
MORF1 regulates the editing of orf224 transcript to modulate fertility in the polima cytoplasmic male sterility system of Brassica napus L.	13
Characterization and distribution of novel alleles of the vernalization gene Vrn-A1 in Chinese wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars	13
BnbHLH92a negatively regulates anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in Brassica napus	13
Advances in the functional study of glutamine synthetase in plant abiotic stress tolerance response	13
Fine mapping of two recessive genes TaFLA1 and TaSPL8 controlling flag leaf angle in bread wheat	13
Selenium–nitrogen-co-doped carbon dots increase rice seedling growth and salt resistance	13
Revisiting the role of delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase in drought-tolerant crop breeding	13
Genetic architecture of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for FHB resistance and agronomic traits in a hard winter wheat population	13
In silico curation of QTL-rich clusters and candidate gene identification for plant height of bread wheat	13
Genome-wide recombination variation in biparental segregating and reciprocal backcross populations provides information for introgression breeding in Brassica napus	13
Development and identification of two novel wheat-rye 6R derivative lines with adult-plant resistance to powdery mildew and high-yielding potential	13
Harnessing metabolomics for enhanced crop drought tolerance	13
SPM-IS: An auto-algorithm to acquire a mature soybean phenotype based on instance segmentation	13
Multi-environment BSA-seq using large F3 populations is able to achieve reliable QTL mapping with high power and resolution: An experimental demonstration in rice	13
BnaC03.BIN2 regulates plant height by affecting the main inflorescence length and first effective branch height in Brassica napus L.	13
Safener-mediated increase in yield components of common buckwheat	13
Genetic analysis of GEFs and GDIs in rice reveals the roles of OsGEF5, OsGDI1, and OsGEF3 in the regulation of grain size and plant height	13
Multiplex CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of soybean LNK2 advances flowering time	13
High-throughput phenotyping discovers new stable loci controlling senescence rate in bread wheat	13
Ethylene accelerates maize leaf senescence in response to nitrogen deficiency by regulating chlorophyll metabolism and autophagy	13
How to select favorable and promising alleles and genotypes for breeding: A case study of rice blast resistance genes in Southern and Northeastern China	13
One-time application of controlled-release blended fertilizer increases rice yield and nitrogen utilization by optimizing root morphological trait distribution and nitrogen uptake	12
Fine-mapping and characterisation of genes on barley (Hordeum vulgare) chromosome 2H for salinity stress tolerance during germination	12
GhIQD10 interacts with GhCaM7 to control cotton fiber elongation via calcium signaling	12
Co-planted barnyardgrass reduces rice yield by inhibiting plant above- and belowground-growth during post-heading stages	12
Effects of increasing panicle-stage N on yield and N use efficiency of indica rice and its relationship with soil fertility	12
Comparative microRNA profiling reveals microRNAs involved in rice resistant response to bacterial blight	12
OsMYB84, a transcriptional regulator of OsCOPT2 and OsHMA5, modulates copper uptake and transport and yield production in rice	12
Pyramiding of multiple genes generates rapeseed introgression lines with clubroot and herbicide resistance, high oleic acid content, and early maturity	12