Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials

Article	Citations
Effect of different lithological stone powders on properties of alkali-activated slag	39
Durability assessment of blended slag-fly ash geopolymer concrete in field conditions after 5 years	27
Tension stiffening behaviors of reinforced ultra-high performance concrete	27
Utilization of high-volume phosphogypsum in artificial aggregate by compaction granulation: effects of muck on physical properties, strength and leaching stability	25
Review of active water: applications and impacts on concrete	23
The effect of organic admixtures on the early nucleation of calcium silicate hydrate: non-classical nucleation mechanism	23
Optimized grinding of coal-based bottom ash for outperforming cementitious reaction	21
Mechanism of SCMs on the hydration, pore structure, and durability of UHPFRC	19
Experimental and simulation-based assessment of zeolite aggregate mortars for building thermal and energy performance in cold climates	18
Effect of superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) and fly ash on mechanical properties and microstructure of mortar	17
Valorization of de-oiled sesame and sunflower seed residues as sustainable alternatives to limestone and supplementary cementitious materials in cement matrices	17
Optimization and characterization of pine needle fiber-reinforced and metakaolin-enhanced ultra-lightweight foam concrete for sustainable construction	17
Expansion in low calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete: chemical factors influenced by silica fume and NaOH concentration	16
A self-healing method for concrete cracks based on microbial-induced carbonate precipitation: bacteria, immobilization, characterization, and application	16
Effects of NaHCO 3 as the activator and the in-situ carbonate seeding on the properties of high-dosage Ca(OH) 2	15
Biochar and recycled gypsum drywall in concrete: role and effects on compressive behavior, microstructure, and carbon footprint	15
Synergistic regulation of workability, mechanical properties, and thermal-shrinkage behavior of C60 self-compacting concrete with ultra-fine mineral admixtures	15
Engineering properties and applicability of a novel alkali-activated industrial waste-based backfilling grouts in shield tunnels	15
Printability and pore structure of 3D printing low carbon concrete using recycled clay brick powder with various particle features	14
Self-healing by biocomposite containing metakaolin immobilized bacterial spores in concrete using low-cost corn steep liquor media	14
Assessment of the performance of alkali-activated slag/fly ash using liquid and solid activators: early-age properties and efflorescence	13
Impact of pre-curing time, water-to-cement ratio, SCMs, and antifreeze on the freezing point of mortars: an electrical testing approach	13
Stress-strain behavior of sustainable geopolymer-based marine concrete for offshore infrastructure construction: effective utilization of sea-sand and coral wastes	13
Application and development of reverse osmosis brine in building materials: high-volume slag cement	11
Carbonation curing effect on belite-rich cement paste with sugar or salt additive as a set controller	11

Correction	11
Sulfate transport assessment of cementitious materials-solidified saline soil	11
Development and characterization of volume-stabilized grouts used for borehole heat exchangers	10
Development of a green ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) based on carbonated recycled aggregate with different strengths	10
Fresh and hardened properties of cement paste blended with iron-rich calcined vanadium tailings containing kaolinitic clay	9
Correction	9
Effect of nano-TiO 2 and polypropylene fiber on the performance of alkali-activated slag-fly ash geopolymer mortar under −10 °C curing	9
Study of 3D printed concrete with low-carbon cementitious materials based on its rheological properties and mechanical performances	8
Resistance to acid, alkali, chloride, and carbonation in ternary blended high-volume mineral admixed concrete	8
MgO/fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) ash blends for 3D printing on vertical surfaces	8
Thermic enhancement of pozzolanic reactivity of ground coal-based bottom ash as cement substitute	8
Investigation on the reinforcing of cementitious materials by nano-hydroxyapatites	8
Linking microstructure and macroscopic mechanical behavior of cemented granular materials using X-ray CT and uniaxial compressive test	8
Homogenization method for water permeability coefficient of concrete considering swelling effect of CSH	8
Valorization of bulk molding compound (BMC) waste in alkali-activated materials (AAMs) for paving applications: technical validation and life cycle assessment	7
Application of low drying shrinkage ECC in the protection layer of thermal insulation wall	7
Utilization of ground granulated blast-furnace slag and electrolytic manganese residue as a low-carbon cementitious material	7
Development of a large-scale torsional split Hopkinson tube for dynamic shear test of mortar material	7
Assessment of a novel rapid-hardening mortar incorporating waste basic oxygen furnace slag: mechanical behavior, durability, and environmental impact	7
Limestone calcined clay cement: mechanical properties, crystallography, and microstructure development	7
Assessment of self-healing behavior of polypropylene fiber-reinforced cement mortar with crystalline admixture: the effects of crack widths, cracking ages, and external conditions	7
Research on the complementary mechanisms and properties of blast furnace slag, coal gangue, and fly ash ternary alkali-activated materials	7
An experimental study on geopolymer mortars based on copper slag, metakaolin and ground granulated blast furnace slag: mechanical and durability perspective	7
Developing a comprehensive prediction model for the compressive strength of slag-based alkali-activated concrete	7
Rheological investigations of fresh fiber-reinforced cementitious composites using hydrophobic/hydrophilic UHMWPE fibers for 3D concrete printing evaluation	7
The microstructural characterization of alkali-activated binders incorporating waste clay brick powder with fly ash and GGBFS	7
Bio-carbonation of reactive magnesia cement in geotechnical engineering practice: a state-of-the-art review	6
Effect of recycled brick powder on the hydration process of cement paste	6
Artificial neural network-based prediction of compressive strength in sustainable one-part GGBS/POFA-based geopolymer mortar with synthesized sodium silicates	6
Effect of recycled tyre steel fiber on flexural toughness, residual strength, and chloride permeability of high-performance concrete (HPC)	6
Optimizing nutmeg shell biochar production temperature for enhanced cement composite performance	6
Investigation on the microstructure of a 3D-printed mortar through a novel leaching-subsidiary tomography	6
Estimation of rapid chloride permeability of SCC using hyperparameters optimized random forest models	6
Carbon sequestration and life cycle assessment of an industrial waste-derived carbon sink binder under saline water utilization	6
Adsorption capacity and mechanism of citric acid-modified chitosan on the cement particle surface	6
Correlation between microstructure characteristics and macroscopic behaviors of alkali residue-based foamed concrete	6
Strength development and durability requirement in recycled aggregate concrete: effect of drying and post curing	6
Study on early-age cracking resistance of multi-scale polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete in restrained ring tests	6
Low carbon technology roadmap of China cement industry	6
Exploring the potential and strength characteristics of waste sodium silicate-bonded sand for sustainable application in alkali-activated slag concrete	6
Synergistic effect of physical modification and accelerated carbonation curing on the cementitious properties and carbon sequestration potential of biochar cement composites	6
Preparation and mechanical properties of Portland cement composites filled with bamboo fibres modified by acetic acid and fermentation treatment	5
Digital foam index for evaluating fly ash air entrainer interactions	5
Early-age autogenous shrinkage and tensile creep of concrete reinforced with polypropylene macro fiber	5
Effect of superabsorbent polymer internal curing on the performance of recycled aggregate concrete	5
Fatigue performance of ballastless track manufactured sand concrete: the influence of manufactured sand lithology and stone powder content	5
Physicochemical properties of cement waste-derived portlandite-substituted limestone calcined clay cement (LC 3 ) binders	5
Comparative study of an improved prediction model and machine learning methods in predicting the compressive creep of self-compacting concrete	5
Early hydration of hot-stuffy steel slag-cement composite pastes: isothermal calorimetry and phase evolution	5
Phase quantification analysis in cement-blended slag system with the PONKCS method	5

A review on design and performance regulation of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC)	5
Improved thermoelectric properties of graphene reinforced multiphase cement composites: experiments and modeling	5
Microstructure-based three-dimensional study of sulfate deterioration in variably saturated concrete	5
Assessment of mechanical properties of steel fiber reinforced mortar mixtures containing lightweight aggregates improved by bacteria	5
Influence of particle packing on the properties of multi-component cementitious systems	5
Development of eco-hydrophobic composite concrete: a multi-scale investigation of strength, durability, and sustainability metrics	5
Visible light antibacterial potential of graphene-TiO2 cementitious composites for self-sterilization surface	5
The influence and mechanism of retarder on the performance of sulfoaluminate cement grouting material with secondary aluminum ash sintered slag grinding powder	5
Study on dynamic impact properties of hybrid PVA-steel fiber reinforced geopolymer mortar	5
Effects of treated miscanthus on performance of bio-based cement mortar	5
Experimental and numerical studies on the chloride diffusion coefficient of calcium silicate hydrate gel	5
Synthesis, structure, and hydration of stoichiometric ye’elimite and iron-bearing ye’elimite	5
Synergistic hydration behavior of seawater geopolymer incorporating multiple solid waste precursors	4
Substitution of cement by marine clay in spray-based 3D concrete printing	4
Impact of groove-and-tongue parameters on the bonding behavior between 3d-printed UHP-SHCC and cast normal concrete	4
A systematic review on properties of magnesium phosphate cement modified by mineral admixtures	4
Exploring novel aspects of designed macromolecular structures on their interactions with cement and nano/microsilica particles and rheological properties	4
Microbial self-healing concrete: computational approaches and material advancements	4
Back-propagation neural network model enhanced by transfer learning for the prediction method of compressive strength of alkali residue-based foamed concrete	4
Effectiveness of rice husk ash-derived alkali activator in fresh, mechanical, and microstructure properties of geopolymer mortar at ambient temperature curing	4
Performance and microstructure evaluation of self-compacting UHPC containing silica fume and fly ash	4
Comparative effects of limestone and fly ash on hydration, rheology, and strength of blended cements	4
Performance evaluation of fresh-to-fresh cast SCC/ECC and SCC/UHPC composites under the coupling effect of freeze-thaw and deicing solution	4
Improved interlayer bonding of 3D printed fiber reinforced geopolymer by healing agents: properties, mechanism, and environmental impacts	4
Data-driven inverse mix design for sustainable alkali-activated materials	4
The alkali–silica reaction of seawater-mixed mortar	4
A comprehensive review of encapsulation-based self-healing concrete for construction applications	4
Active rheology control of magneto-responsive cementitious materials: review and future perspectives	4
Influence of microencapsulated phase change materials on drying shrinkage, pore structure, and gas permeability of blast-furnace slag and metakaolin-based geopolymers	4
Durability properties of concrete containing copper heap leach residue as aggregates: experimental and analytical assessments	4
Evaluating the performance of internally cured limestone calcined clay concrete mixtures	4
Modification of thermal-activated recycled cement with calcined coal gangue	4
Carbonated recycled concrete paste as an alternative to limestone and its impact on the hydration of ternary cement with metakaolin	4
Evaluation of polycarboxylate ether-based grinding aids on clinker grinding performance: the influence of pH	4
Effect of early CO 2 curing on the chloride induced steel bars corrosion in cement mortars	4
Influence of unenriched and plant extract-enriched concrete pore solution on the survival and activity of ureolytic bacteria in bioconcrete	4
Effect of pore structure characteristics on the properties of red mud-based alkali-activated cementitious materials	4
A feasibility study on improving the crack resistance of thin-walled UHPC members by reinforcement with Fe-SMA wires	4
Sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate resistances of mortar with multi-binder systems of calcined kaolinite clay, fly ash, and limestone powder	3
Elucidating the role of particle packing on drying shrinkage behavior of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC)	3
A critical review of 100 years of permeability tests for the sustainability of concrete structures	3
Synergistic effects of graphene nanoplatelets and para-wood ash on the mechanical behavior of recycled aggregate concrete	3
Synergistic self-healing effect and mechanism of fiber and biological capsule on mortar cracks	3
Volcanic tuff ash as quartz replacement in autoclaved aerated concrete: microstructure modification and performance enhancement	3
Synthesis and properties of belite-ye’elimite-ternesite cement clinker at 1200 °C	3
Durability of eco-friendly blended cements incorporating ceramic waste from different sources	3
Correction	3
Experimental study on macro–micro-structural properties and strength prediction model of wastewater concrete	3
Uncovering the role of hydrophobic silica fume (HPS) in rheology, hydration, and microstructure of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC)	3
Morphological control and acid dissolution mechanism of struvite crystals	3
Investigation on the mechanical and durability performance of high-strength concrete utilizing high molarity internal curing compounds	3
Optimization design and microstructure analysis of ultra-high performance cement-based composites	3
Preparation of belite–ye’elimite–ferrite (BYF) cement from aluminum residues and steel slag: clinker production and hydration behavior	3
Investigating the effect of carbon fiber dosage on the mechanical and thermoelectric properties of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete	3
A review on the utilization of dredged sludge as a promising low-carbon supplementary cementitious material: activation, properties and microstructure	3
Uniaxial tensile constitutive model of fiber reinforced concrete considering bridging effect and its numerical algorithm	3
Effect of nano-SiO 2 on the hydration products of C 3 S in Portland cement	3
Influence of particle size on the reactivity of chemical modified steel slag powder	3
Effect of elevated temperature on the micro-structure and pore size distribution of sustainable bio-fiber-reinforced ultra-high toughness cementitious composites	3
Sulfate resistance of Portland-Limestone cement mortars cured at 20 °C and 60 °C	3
Hydration characteristics and hydration products of calcium sulfoaluminate cement and fly ash blended pastes	3
Correction	3
Embodied CO2-based optimal design of concrete with fly ash considering stress and carbonation	3
Reaction and microstructure of metakaolin-based geopolymer	3
Accelerated carbonation and stabilization of BOF slag: data fitting relationship between particle size and CO 2 sequestration	3
Influence of the early-age length change of alkali-activated slag mortars on the corrosion of embedded steel	3
Effects of carbonation on the compressive strength of autoclaved aerated concrete with different Ca/Si ratios	3
Effect of loading frequency and water content on the compressive fatigue performance of ECC	3
Carbonation hardening of Portland limestone cement: from laboratory testing to industrial applications	3
Mix design of FA-GGBS based lightweight geopolymer concrete incorporating sintered fly ash aggregate as coarse aggregate	3
Electrochemical dielectric response of steel corrosion induced by chloride in simulated concrete pore solution	3
Incorporation of a high volume of cenosphere particles in low water-to-cement matrix for developing high strength and lightweight cementitious composites	3
Hydration mechanism of anhydrite and calcium sulfoaluminate co-activated slag cement: insights into the role of composition	3
Failure evolution and fiber toughing mechanism of ultra-high performance concrete under uniaxial compression	2
Double-sided tuning effects of lactic acid on the hydration, microstructure and strength of supersulfated cement	2
The influence of additive MgO and its content on the carbonation resistance of alkali-activated slag concrete with different activators	2
Effect of power ultrasound-assisted mixing on the hydration and microstructural development of cement paste	2
Comparison of stearic acid and oleic acid for shrinkage-mitigating of alkali-activated slag composites	2
Understanding the mechanisms behind the effects of limestone powder on microstructure evolution of cement paste	2
Use of nano-silica in cement-based materials – a comprehensive review	2

Mutualism of barnacles and marine concrete: a review of interactions, challenges, and opportunities toward eco-friendly coastal infrastructure	2
Multi-scale characterization of the self-healing behavior of long-term cement-based materials with superabsorbent polymers	2
Effect of cement on carbonation behaviors of argon oxygen decarburization stainless steel slag (AODS)	2
Fracture performance of ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) at different curing ages: experimental investigation and unified formulation	2
Improvement effect of a double-level phase change material on compressive strengths of Portland cementitious materials after elevated temperatures	2
Effect of polycarboxylate-based water-reducing admixture chains length on portland cement-admixture compatibility	2
The compressive strength, reaction kinetics and phases evolution of CO 2 -cured cement pastes at low temperatures	2
Reaction mechanisms of slowly cooled and quickly cooled copper slag in magnesium phosphate cement	2
Comparative analysis of geotechnical and microstructural properties of biocemented coal bottom ash composite enhanced by bacterial bioaugmentation with Sporosarcina pasteurii	2
Theoretical study on the freeze resistance of concrete mixed with superabsorbent polymer (SAP) considering the reabsorption behavior of SAP	2
Editorial	2
Exploring sustainable alternatives: quarry dust and sugar cane bagasse ash in sodium and potassium-based alkali-activated binders for enhanced mechanical and durability properties	2
Influence of curing conditions on microstructural evolution in cement pastes: a comparative study	2
CO 2 sequestration through alkali-activated steel slag: a review	2
Carbonation of calcium sulfoaluminate belite binder: mechanism and its implication on properties	2
Rheology of clay-based cement systems – a review	2
Feasibility and carbon footprint assessment of tuff tunnel slag powder as a geopolymer precursor	2
Evaluation of self-cleaning performance of TiO 2 -intermixed and TiO 2 -coated cement mortars under natural sunlight	2
Utilization of sandstone waste in cement mortar for sustainable production of building materials through biomineralization	2
Durability and microscopic mechanisms of coal gangue-calcium carbide residue geopolymer binder material	2
Research on carbonation percentage of carbonated recycled concrete fine aggregate: experimental investigation and machine learning prediction	2
Improvement in mechanical properties and microstructure of electric arc furnace slag bricks by microbial accelerated carbonation	2
Surfactants-styrene butadiene latex synergistic enhancement of bamboo scraps/magnesium oxychloride light composite interface compatibility	2
Comparative study on the enhancement of interfacial strength in carbon fiber reinforced concrete modified by ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer and silane coupling agent	2
Numerical simulation of pressure profile of mining backfill fly-ash slurry in an L-shaped pipe using a validated Herschel-Bulkley model	2
Research on rheology performance and sealing effect of alkali-activated GGBS paste used for tunnel leakage plugging	2
Study on the performance optimization and carbon sequestration effects of carbon dioxide foam cement	2
Post-treatment bacterial self-healing for high-temperature-induced damage in concrete: toward enhanced durability and sustainability	2
Enhanced underwater toughness and tunable setting time of cement-based materials by acrylamide in-situ polymerization	2
Designing fly ash-based engineered geopolymer composites: Mechanical properties, chloride ion resistance, and microstructure	2
Research progress on use of carbon nanotubes in cementitious grouting materials	2
Optimization of ultra high performance concrete with coarse aggregate for enhanced sustainability: a comprehensive assessment of slump flow and mechanical properties	2
Role of minor quantities of NaAlO 2 in carboaluminate cementitious material	2
Improving environmental efficiency of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) through appropriate application of ultrafine quartz powder	2
Effect of novel gram-positive bacteria and fungi on the durability, corrosion resistance performance, and self-healing ability of concrete over various curing conditions	2
Use of C–S–H nano-crystal and waste incineration fly ash in cement-based materials containing coal gangue powder: insight into hydration characteristic	2
Optimization of permeability resistance and micro-mechanism analysis of backfilling grouting materials for shield tunnel based on factorial design	2
Quantitative investigation of the shear bond performance between normal-strength and ultra-high-performance concrete under the influence of surface roughness	2
Assessment of the durability and environmental impact of seawater-activated portlandite-calcined clay binder	2
Reactions involved in carbonation hardening of Portland cement: effect of curing temperature	2
Preparation and properties of calcium aluminum silicate hydrate–polycarboxylate nanocomposites (CASH–PCE)	2
An investigation on the performance enhancement and cost reduction of engineered cementitious composites developed with local PVA and PET fibers	2
Application of electric arc furnace slag as an alternative precursor to blast furnace slag in alkaline cements	2
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate-induced promotion of merwinite carbonation for strength enhancement and efficient CO 2 sequestration	2
Strength, shrinkage, heat evolution, and microstructure of high performance concrete containing high proportions of ground bottom ash blended with fly ash	2
Pore structure characteristics of recycled aggregate concrete damaged by salt frost action and the effects on mass transport properties	2
Effect of Al 2 O 3 content in slag on the relationship between slag reactivity and carbonation resistance	2
Fractal characteristics of particle groups and mechanochemical effects of Yellow River sediment after mechanical grinding	2
Role of ground blast furnace slag (GBFS) as a micro-milling and micro-aggregating agent in reactivated cement fines (RCFs)	2
Nano-modified slag-based cementitious composites reinforced with basalt pellets and polyvinyl alcohol fibers	2
Interfacial interaction between phosphate tailings and cement matrix in foam concrete: enhancing pore structure and mechanical strength	1
Fracture features of calcium carbonate whisker-based composites under freezing and thawing cycles using semi-circular bend test	1
Valorization of engineered biochar to develop ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete with low carbon emission	1
The impact of air entraining on frost endurance in 3D-printed concrete: the function of printing orientation and curing process	1
Synthesizing high-quality C-S-H seeds using the impinging stream precipitation method	1
Alkaline-activated cements synthesized from spent diatomaceous earth and different industrial sludge ashes	1
Influence of waste aggregate type on the mechanical strength and durability of slag–rice husk ash-based geopolymer composites	1
Use of low-grade kaolinite clays in the production of limestone calcined clay cement	1
Self-reducing hexavalent chromium in clinker at high temperature via controlling the surface tension of melts	1
Effect of pre-saturated lightweight sand on material properties of eco-friendly lightweight cementitious composites	1
Prediction and investigation of water repeated absorption and release properties of superabsorbent polymers during the dry-wet cycles in different solutions	1
Pore structure and gas permeability characteristics of unsaturated concrete	1
Towards enhancing the durability of seawater coral aggregate concrete under drying-wetting cycles with slag-based geopolymers	1
Rheological, mechanical and fire resistance performance of waste glass activated geopolymers for concrete 3D printing	1
Roles of carbon black or carbon fibre on improving mechanical and electromagnetic properties of ultra-high performance concrete in K-band frequency range	1
Physicochemical-aware ensemble learning and design of sustainable concrete	1
Enhanced carbonation reactivity of barium-doped rankinite	1
Insight into the performance of composite binder with high-volume steel slag, blast furnace slag and desulfurization gypsum	1
Microbially/CO2-derived CaCO3 cement and its microstructural and mechanical performance	1
Tensile behavior of thin-walled ultra-high performance concrete based on 2D fiber distribution	1
Dynamic flexural behavior of AR-glass textile reinforced concrete under low-velocity impact loading	1
Multiscale numerical-analytical modelling of oxygen diffusivity in partially saturated concrete: Role of interfacial transition zone	1
Compressive strength and microstructure of alkali-activated waste glass-slag cements	1
Mechanical properties and failure modes of polypropylene fiber-reinforced foamed concrete subjected to high strain rates and large compressive deformation: effects of fiber content and length	1
Preparation of green concrete using recycled aggregate in alkali-activated concrete	1
Insights at the neutron irradiation-induced structural homogenization effect of calcium silicate hydrates and degradation mechanism of mechanical properties: a molecular dynamics study	1
Evaluation of action mechanism, mix design and some properties of photocatalytic concrete	1
Prediction of permeability for fully weathered granite amended with fly ash by fractal dimensions	1
Efficiency of hydrothermal nanosilica for Portland cement concrete in comparison with other pozzolanic materials	1
Insight into mechanical properties and microstructure of concrete containing steel slag and ground-granulated blast-furnace slag	1
Effects of graphene oxide on mechanical properties and microstructure of ultra-high-performance lightweight concrete	1
Chemical resistance in acidic environments of alkali-activated lightweight composites based on secondary raw materials	1
Effect of seawater dry-wet cycling on the durability of concrete repair materials	1
Mechanism underlying effects of CaO-MgO combined expansive agent on hydration kinetics of cement-based systems	1
Seawater-mixed alkali-activated materials: a comparative investigation of metal slag suitability	1
Characterization of porosities and optimization of mix design of pervious concrete using image analysis	1
Influence of rheology modifying admixtures on the buildability of 3D printing cement-based mortars	1
Evaluation of aggregates, fibers and voids distribution in 3D printed concrete	1
Application of cellulose fibre in ultra-high-performance concrete to mitigate autogenous shrinkage	1
Optimizing cementitious material properties: an exploration of the sintering mechanism in ternesite–belite systems under metastable conditions	1
Chemical interference between graphene oxide and polycarboxylate superplasticizer, and the resulting impact on the concrete strength, workability, and microstructure	1
Optimizing CO 2 mineralization parameters of steel slag to improve carbonation resistance of concrete: chemical and microstructure effects	1
Enhancing the properties of carbonation cured gamma dicalcium silicates (γ-C 2 S) using biomimetic molecules	1
Limestone powder for the cement reduction – approach for the creditability using k-value concept and decrease of CO 2 emissions	1
Grinding method and sulfate content influence on LC 3 cement production using waste as spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst (FCC) and marble dust	1