Cryosphere

Article	Citations
ISMIP6 Antarctica: a multi-model ensemble of the Antarctic ice sheet evolution over the 21st century	191
The future sea-level contribution of the Greenland ice sheet: a multi-model ensemble study of ISMIP6	142
First evidence of microplastics in Antarctic snow	122
Historical Northern Hemisphere snow cover trends and projected changes in the CMIP6 multi-model ensemble	113
Review article: How does glacier discharge affect marine biogeochemistry and primary production in the Arctic?	107
GrSMBMIP: intercomparison of the modelled 1980–2012 surface mass balance over the Greenland Ice Sheet	104
Unprecedented atmospheric conditions (1948–2019) drive the 2019 exceptional melting season over the Greenland ice sheet	102
An enhancement to sea ice motion and age products at the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC)	95
Observed snow depth trends in the European Alps: 1971 to 2019	88
The ERA5-Land soil temperature bias in permafrost regions	84
Evaluating permafrost physics in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) models and their sensitivity to climate change	76
Evaluation of long-term Northern Hemisphere snow water equivalent products	75
Experimental protocol for sea level projections from ISMIP6 stand-alone ice sheet models	72
Review article: Earth's ice imbalance	72
Diverging future surface mass balance between the Antarctic ice shelves and grounded ice sheet	66
Sudden large-volume detachments of low-angle mountain glaciers – more frequent than thought?	61
The MOSAiC ice floe: sediment-laden survivor from the Siberian shelf	57
What is the surface mass balance of Antarctica? An intercomparison of regional climate model estimates	54
Results of the third Marine Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project (MISMIP+)	53
The catastrophic thermokarst lake drainage events of 2018 in northwestern Alaska: fast-forward into the future	51
Improving sub-canopy snow depth mapping with unmanned aerial vehicles: lidar versus structure-from-motion techniques	51
A protocol for calculating basal melt rates in the ISMIP6 Antarctic ice sheet projections	49
Snow depth mapping from stereo satellite imagery in mountainous terrain: evaluation using airborne laser-scanning data	49
Classification of sea ice types in Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar images	48
The Copernicus Polar Ice and Snow Topography Altimeter (CRISTAL) high-priority candidate mission	47

MOSAiC drift expedition from October 2019 to July 2020: sea ice conditions from space and comparison with previous years	46
Sentinel-1 snow depth retrieval at sub-kilometer resolution over the European Alps	43
Consequences of permafrost degradation for Arctic infrastructure – bridging the model gap between regional and engineering scales	42
Glacier runoff variations since 1955 in the Maipo River basin, in the semiarid Andes of central Chile	41
The tipping points and early warning indicators for Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica	40
The Antarctic sea ice cover from ICESat-2 and CryoSat-2: freeboard, snow depth, and ice thickness	39
A model for interaction between conduits and surrounding hydraulically connected distributed drainage based on geomorphological evidence from Keewatin, Canada	39
An inter-comparison of the mass budget of the Arctic sea ice in CMIP6 models	39
The 2020 glacial lake outburst flood at Jinwuco, Tibet: causes, impacts, and implications for hazard and risk assessment	38
Calving Front Machine (CALFIN): glacial termini dataset and automated deep learning extraction method for Greenland, 1972–2019	38
Satellite passive microwave sea-ice concentration data set inter-comparison for Arctic summer conditions	38
Thaw-driven mass wasting couples slopes with downstream systems, and effects propagate through Arctic drainage networks	36
Rapid fragmentation of Thwaites Eastern Ice Shelf	36
Getz Ice Shelf melt enhanced by freshwater discharge from beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet	36
Review article: Geothermal heat flow in Antarctica: current and future directions	35
The firn meltwater Retention Model Intercomparison Project (RetMIP): evaluation of nine firn models at four weather station sites on the Greenland ice sheet	34
Ice content and interannual water storage changes of an active rock glacier in the dry Andes of Argentina	34
On the attribution of industrial-era glacier mass loss to anthropogenic climate change	34
Spectral albedo measurements over snow-covered slopes: theory and slope effect corrections	33
Drivers of Pine Island Glacier speed-up between 1996 and 2016	33
Spatially and temporally resolved ice loss in High Mountain Asia and the Gulf of Alaska observed by CryoSat-2 swath altimetry between 2010 and 2019	33
Invited perspective: What lies beneath a changing Arctic?	32
A regionally resolved inventory of High Mountain Asia surge-type glaciers, derived from a multi-factor remote sensing approach	32
Towards understanding the pattern of glacier mass balances in High Mountain Asia using regional climatic modelling	32
Distribution and seasonal evolution of supraglacial lakes on Shackleton Ice Shelf, East Antarctica	32
The 32-year record-high surface melt in 2019/2020 on the northern George VI Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula	32
Snow Ensemble Uncertainty Project (SEUP): quantification of snow water equivalent uncertainty across North America via ensemble land surface modeling	31
Inventory and changes of rock glacier creep speeds in Ile Alatau and Kungöy Ala-Too, northern Tien Shan, since the 1950s	31
Debris cover and the thinning of Kennicott Glacier, Alaska: in situ measurements, automated ice cliff delineation and distributed melt estimates	30
Frazil ice growth and production during katabatic wind events in the Ross Sea, Antarctica	30
Snow depth estimation and historical data reconstruction over China based on a random forest machine learning approach	30
Changes of the Arctic marginal ice zone during the satellite era	29
Brief communication: A roadmap towards credible projections of ice sheet contribution to sea level	29
Snow depth mapping with unpiloted aerial system lidar observations: a case study in Durham, New Hampshire, United States	29
Surface melting over the Greenland ice sheet derived from enhanced resolution passive microwave brightness temperatures (1979–2019)	28
Brief communication: Evaluating Antarctic precipitation in ERA5 and CMIP6 against CloudSat observations	28
Eighteen-year record of circum-Antarctic landfast-sea-ice distribution allows detailed baseline characterisation and reveals trends and variability	28
Contrasting surface velocities between lake- and land-terminating glaciers in the Himalayan region	28
Ground subsidence and heave over permafrost: hourly time series reveal interannual, seasonal and shorter-term movement caused by freezing, thawing and water movement	28
InSAR time series analysis of seasonal surface displacement dynamics on the Tibetan Plateau	28
Intercomparison of photogrammetric platforms for spatially continuous snow depth mapping	27
Multi-scale snowdrift-permitting modelling of mountain snowpack	27
Quantification of seasonal and diurnal dynamics of subglacial channels using seismic observations on an Alpine glacier	26
Revealing the former bed of Thwaites Glacier using sea-floor bathymetry: implications for warm-water routing and bed controls on ice flow and buttressing	26
Local-scale variability of snow density on Arctic sea ice	26
Top-of-permafrost ground ice indicated by remotely sensed late-season subsidence	26
CryoSat Ice Baseline-D validation and evolutions	26
A pilot study about microplastics and mesoplastics in an Antarctic glacier	25
A 14.5-million-year record of East Antarctic Ice Sheet fluctuations from the central Transantarctic Mountains, constrained with cosmogenic <sup>3</sup>He, <sup&g	25
Quantification of the radiative impact of light-absorbing particles during two contrasted snow seasons at Col du Lautaret (2058 m a.s.l., French Alps)	25

New gravity-derived bathymetry for the Thwaites, Crosson, and Dotson ice shelves revealing two ice shelf populations	25
Lateral meltwater transfer across an Antarctic ice shelf	25
Faster decline and higher variability in the sea ice thickness of the marginal Arctic seas when accounting for dynamic snow cover	24
Satellite-observed monthly glacier and snow mass changes in southeast Tibet: implication for substantial meltwater contribution to the Brahmaputra	24
Tree canopy and snow depth relationships at fine scales with terrestrial laser scanning	24
The influence of water percolation through crevasses on the thermal regime of a Himalayan mountain glacier	23
Review article: Global monitoring of snow water equivalent using high-frequency radar remote sensing	23
Surface velocity of the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream (NEGIS): assessment of interior velocities derived from satellite data by GPS	22
Recent degradation of interior Alaska permafrost mapped with ground surveys, geophysics, deep drilling, and repeat airborne lidar	22
Two decades of dynamic change and progressive destabilization on the Thwaites Eastern Ice Shelf	22
Modeling the annual cycle of daily Antarctic sea ice extent	22
Environmental drivers of circum-Antarctic glacier and ice shelf front retreat over the last two decades	22
Mapping avalanches with satellites – evaluation of performance and completeness	22
Inter-comparison of snow depth over Arctic sea ice from reanalysis reconstructions and satellite retrieval	22
Spectral characterization, radiative forcing and pigment content of coastal Antarctic snow algae: approaches to spectrally discriminate red and green communities and their impact on snowmelt	22
Large and irreversible future decline of the Greenland ice sheet	22
Interannual variability in Transpolar Drift summer sea ice thickness and potential impact of Atlantification	21
Weakening of the pinning point buttressing Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica	21
Impact of dynamic snow density on GlobSnow snow water equivalent retrieval accuracy	21
Temperature and strain controls on ice deformation mechanisms: insights from the microstructures of samples deformed to progressively higher strains at −10, −20 and −30 °C	21
Impact of West Antarctic ice shelf melting on Southern Ocean hydrography	21
Surface emergence of glacial plumes determined by fjord stratification	21
Atmospheric extremes caused high oceanward sea surface slope triggering the biggest calving event in more than 50 years at the Amery Ice Shelf	20
A quasi-annual record of time-transgressive esker formation: implications for ice-sheet reconstruction and subglacial hydrology	20
Spatiotemporal distribution of seasonal snow water equivalent in High Mountain Asia from an 18-year Landsat–MODIS era snow reanalysis dataset	20
Estimating surface mass balance patterns from unoccupied aerial vehicle measurements in the ablation area of the Morteratsch–Pers glacier complex (Switzerland)	20
Glacier Image Velocimetry: an open-source toolbox for easy and rapid calculation of high-resolution glacier velocity fields	20
The RHOSSA campaign: multi-resolution monitoring of the seasonal evolution of the structure and mechanical stability of an alpine snowpack	20
An empirical algorithm to map perennial firn aquifers and ice slabs within the Greenland Ice Sheet using satellite L-band microwave radiometry	20
Climate change and Northern Hemisphere lake and river ice phenology from 1931–2005	20
Future surface mass balance and surface melt in the Amundsen sector of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet	20
On the Green's function emergence from interferometry of seismic wave fields generated in high-melt glaciers: implications for passive imaging and monitoring	20
Full crystallographic orientation (<i>c</i> and <i>a</i> axes) of warm, coarse-grained ice in a shear-dominated setting: a case study, Storglaci	20
Snow albedo sensitivity to macroscopic surface roughness using a new ray-tracing model	20
Surface-based Ku- and Ka-band polarimetric radar for sea ice studies	19
The role of electrical conductivity in radar wave reflection from glacier beds	19
Clouds damp the radiative impacts of polar sea ice loss	19
Southern Ocean polynyas in CMIP6 models	19
Experimental evidence for a universal threshold characterizing wave-induced sea ice break-up	19
Satellite-retrieved sea ice concentration uncertainty and its effect on modelling wave evolution in marginal ice zones	19
Physics-based SNOWPACK model improves representation of near-surface Antarctic snow and firn density	19
Perspectives on future sea ice and navigability in the Arctic	19
Surface energy fluxes on Chilean glaciers: measurements and models	19
Image classification of marine-terminating outlet glaciers in Greenland using deep learning methods	19
Sub-permafrost methane seepage from open-system pingos in Svalbard	18
Assessment of ICESat-2 ice surface elevations over the Chinese Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE) route, East Antarctica, based on coordinated multi-sensor observations	18
Monitoring the seasonal changes of an englacial conduit network using repeated ground-penetrating radar measurements	18
Towards ice-thickness inversion: an evaluation of global digital elevation models (DEMs) in the glacierized Tibetan Plateau	18
Advances in altimetric snow depth estimates using bi-frequency SARAL and CryoSat-2 Ka–Ku measurements	17
Basal traction mainly dictated by hard-bed physics over grounded regions of Greenland	17
Brief communication: New radar constraints support presence of ice older than 1.5 Myr at Little Dome C	17
The cryostratigraphy of the Yedoma cliff of Sobo-Sise Island (Lena delta) reveals permafrost dynamics in the central Laptev Sea coastal region during the last 52 kyr	17
On the statistical properties of sea-ice lead fraction and heat fluxes in the Arctic	17
Drifting-snow statistics from multiple-year autonomous measurements in Adélie Land, East Antarctica	17
Investigating the internal structure of the Antarctic ice sheet: the utility of isochrones for spatiotemporal ice-sheet model calibration	17
How much snow falls in the world's mountains? A first look at mountain snowfall estimates in A-train observations and reanalyses	17
How useful is snow accumulation in reconstructing surface air temperature in Antarctica? A study combining ice core records and climate models	17
Snowfall and snow accumulation during the MOSAiC winter and spring seasons	17
Multidecadal Arctic sea ice thickness and volume derived from ice age	17
Using ICESat-2 and Operation IceBridge altimetry for supraglacial lake depth retrievals	17
Ice shelf rift propagation: stability, three-dimensional effects, and the role of marginal weakening	17
InSAR-based characterization of rock glacier movement in the Uinta Mountains, Utah, USA	17
Distributed summer air temperatures across mountain glaciers in the south-east Tibetan Plateau: temperature sensitivity and comparison with existing glacier datasets	17
Using a composite flow law to model deformation in the NEEM deep ice core, Greenland – Part 2: The role of grain size and premelting on ice deformation at high homologous temperature	17
The distribution and evolution of supraglacial lakes on 79° N Glacier (north-eastern Greenland) and interannual climatic controls	17
Brief communication: Detection of glacier surge activity using cloud computing of Sentinel-1 radar data	16
Refining the sea surface identification approach for determining freeboards in the ICESat-2 sea ice products	16
The role of history and strength of the oceanic forcing in sea level projections from Antarctica with the Parallel Ice Sheet Model	16
Brief communication: An approximately 50 Mm<sup>3</sup> ice-rock avalanche on 22 March 2021 in the Sedongpu valley, southeastern Tibetan Plateau	16
Synoptic conditions and atmospheric moisture pathways associated with virga and precipitation over coastal Adélie Land in Antarctica	16
Understanding monsoon controls on the energy and mass balance of glaciers in the Central and Eastern Himalaya	16
Geothermal heat flux from measured temperature profiles in deep ice boreholes in Antarctica	16
Impact of coastal East Antarctic ice rises on surface mass balance: insights from observations and modeling	16
Geodetic point surface mass balances: a new approach to determine point surface mass balances on glaciers from remote sensing measurements	16
Effects of multi-scale heterogeneity on the simulated evolution of ice-rich permafrost lowlands under a warming climate	16
Elevation-dependent trends in extreme snowfall in the French Alps from 1959 to 2019	16
Insights into a remote cryosphere: a multi-method approach to assess permafrost occurrence at the Qugaqie basin, western Nyainqêntanglha Range, Tibetan Plateau	16
Linking sea ice deformation to ice thickness redistribution using high-resolution satellite and airborne observations	16
Observing traveling waves in glaciers with remote sensing: new flexible time series methods and application to Sermeq Kujalleq (Jakobshavn Isbræ), Greenland	16
Wave–sea-ice interactions in a brittle rheological framework	16

On the importance of snowpack stability, the frequency distribution of snowpack stability, and avalanche size in assessing the avalanche danger level	16
Satellite-based sea ice thickness changes in the Laptev Sea from 2002 to 2017: comparison to mooring observations	16
The 2020 Larsen C Ice Shelf surface melt is a 40-year record high	16
Simulations of firn processes over the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets: 1980–2021	16
Evaluation of Arctic sea ice drift and its dependency on near-surface wind and sea ice conditions in the coupled regional climate model HIRHAM–NAOSIM	16
Review article: Existing and potential evidence for Holocene grounding line retreat and readvance in Antarctica	16
Physically based model of the contribution of red snow algal cells to temporal changes in albedo in northwest Greenland	16
Brief communication: Mapping Greenland's perennial firn aquifers using enhanced-resolution L-band brightness temperature image time series	15
Trends and spatial variation in rain-on-snow events over the Arctic Ocean during the early melt season	15
Glacier and rock glacier changes since the 1950s in the La Laguna catchment, Chile	15
Wave dispersion and dissipation in landfast ice: comparison of observations against models	15
Brief communication: Reduction in the future Greenland ice sheet surface melt with the help of solar geoengineering	15
Contrasting regional variability of buried meltwater extent over 2 years across the Greenland Ice Sheet	15
Annual and inter-annual variability and trends of albedo of Icelandic glaciers	15
ISMIP6-based projections of ocean-forced Antarctic Ice Sheet evolution using the Community Ice Sheet Model	15
Modelling steady states and the transient response of debris-covered glaciers	15
A distributed temperature profiling system for vertically and laterally dense acquisition of soil and snow temperature	15
Satellite observations of unprecedented phytoplankton blooms in the Maud Rise polynya, Southern Ocean	15
DeepBedMap: a deep neural network for resolving the bed topography of Antarctica	15
Brief Communication: Mesoscale and submesoscale dynamics in the marginal ice zone from sequential synthetic aperture radar observations	15
Formation of ribbed bedforms below shear margins and lobes of palaeo-ice streams	15
Persistent, extensive channelized drainage modeled beneath Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica	14
Accuracy and inter-analyst agreement of visually estimated sea ice concentrations in Canadian Ice Service ice charts using single-polarization RADARSAT-2	14
Evidence of elevation-dependent warming from the Chinese Tian Shan	14
Did Holocene climate changes drive West Antarctic grounding line retreat and readvance?	14
Long-term surface energy balance of the western Greenland Ice Sheet and the role of large-scale circulation variability	14
The Antarctic contribution to 21st-century sea-level rise predicted by the UK Earth System Model with an interactive ice sheet	14
Dam type and lake location characterize ice-marginal lake area change in Alaska and NW Canada between 1984 and 2019	14
Record summer rains in 2019 led to massive loss of surface and cave ice in SE Europe	14
Snow conditions in northern Europe: the dynamics of interannual variability versus projected long-term change	14
Inferring the basal sliding coefficient field for the Stokes ice sheet model under rheological uncertainty	14
Using a composite flow law to model deformation in the NEEM deep ice core, Greenland – Part 1: The role of grain size and grain size distribution on deformation of the upper 2207 m	14
Estimating statistical errors in retrievals of ice velocity and deformation parameters from satellite images and buoy arrays	14
Seasonal and interannual variability of melt-season albedo at Haig Glacier, Canadian Rocky Mountains	14
The instantaneous impact of calving and thinning on the Larsen C Ice Shelf	14
Recent acceleration of Denman Glacier (1972–2017), East Antarctica, driven by grounding line retreat and changes in ice tongue configuration	14
The effect of changing sea ice on wave climate trends along Alaska's central Beaufort Sea coast	14
Effect of small-scale snow surface roughness on snow albedo and reflectance	14
Estimating fractional snow cover from passive microwave brightness temperature data using MODIS snow cover product over North America	14
The mechanical origin of snow avalanche dynamics and flow regime transitions	14
TanDEM-X PolarDEM 90 m of Antarctica: generation and error characterization	14
Deciphering the evolution of the Bleis Marscha rock glacier (Val d'Err, eastern Switzerland) with cosmogenic nuclide exposure dating, aerial image correlation, and finite element modeling	13
The role of sublimation as a driver of climate signals in the water isotope content of surface snow: laboratory and field experimental results	13
Ground-penetrating radar imaging reveals glacier's drainage network in 3D	13
New insights into radiative transfer within sea ice derived from autonomous optical propagation measurements	13
Measurements and modeling of snow albedo at Alerce Glacier, Argentina: effects of volcanic ash, snow grain size, and cloudiness	13
Penetration of interferometric radar signals in Antarctic snow	13
Meltwater sources and sinks for multiyear Arctic sea ice in summer	13
Detecting seasonal ice dynamics in satellite images	13
Applying artificial snowfall to reduce the melting of the Muz Taw Glacier, Sawir Mountains	13
The influence of föhn winds on annual and seasonal surface melt on the Larsen C Ice Shelf, Antarctica	13
Incorporating moisture content in surface energy balance modeling of a debris-covered glacier	13
An X-ray micro-tomographic study of the pore space, permeability and percolation threshold of young sea ice	13
Snow cover duration trends observed at sites and predicted by multiple models	13
Thermokarst lake inception and development in syngenetic ice-wedge polygon terrain during a cooling climatic trend, Bylot Island (Nunavut), eastern Canadian Arctic	13
Spatio-temporal flow variations driving heat exchange processes at a mountain glacier	13
Incorporating InSAR kinematics into rock glacier inventories: insights from 11 regions worldwide	13
An exploratory modelling study of perennial firn aquifers in the Antarctic Peninsula for the period 1979–2016	13
TermPicks: a century of Greenland glacier terminus data for use in scientific and machine learning applications	12
A method for solving heat transfer with phase change in ice or soil that allows for large time steps while guaranteeing energy conservation	12
Microstructure, micro-inclusions, and mineralogy along the EGRIP ice core – Part 1: Localisation of inclusions and deformation patterns	12
River ice phenology and thickness from satellite altimetry: potential for ice bridge road operation and climate studies	12
Variability in glacier albedo and links to annual mass balance for the gardens of Eden and Allah, Southern Alps, New Zealand	12
Challenges in predicting Greenland supraglacial lake drainages at the regional scale	12
Multi-decadal (1953–2017) rock glacier kinematics analysed by high-resolution topographic data in the upper Kaunertal, Austria	12
Convective heat transfer of spring meltwater accelerates active layer phase change in Tibet permafrost areas	12
Measuring the state and temporal evolution of glaciers in Alaska and Yukon using synthetic-aperture-radar-derived (SAR-derived) 3D time series of glacier surface flow	12
A new automatic approach for extracting glacier centerlines based on Euclidean allocation	12
Towards a swath-to-swath sea-ice drift product for the Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer mission	12
Assessing volumetric change distributions and scaling relations of retrogressive thaw slumps across the Arctic	12
Towards a webcam-based snow cover monitoring network: methodology and evaluation	12
Brief communication: Heterogenous thinning and subglacial lake activity on Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica	12
Downscaled surface mass balance in Antarctica: impacts of subsurface processes and large-scale atmospheric circulation	12
Strong acceleration of glacier area loss in the Greater Caucasus between 2000 and 2020	12
Arctic sea ice sensitivity to lateral melting representation in a coupled climate model	12
Evaluation of a new snow albedo scheme for the Greenland ice sheet in the Regional Atmospheric Climate Model (RACMO2)	12
Diverging responses of high-latitude CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> emissions in idealized climate change scenarios	12
Upstream flow effects revealed in the EastGRIP ice core using Monte Carlo inversion of a two-dimensional ice-flow model	12
New observations of the distribution, morphology and dissolution dynamics of cryogenic gypsum in the Arctic Ocean	12
Present-day and future Greenland Ice Sheet precipitation frequency from CloudSat observations and the Community Earth System Model	12
Large-scale englacial folding and deep-ice stratigraphy within the West Antarctic Ice Sheet	12
Winter drainage of surface lakes on the Greenland Ice Sheet from Sentinel-1 SAR imagery	12
The transferability of adjoint inversion products between different ice flow models	12
Anthropogenic and internal drivers of wind changes over the Amundsen Sea, West Antarctica, during the 20th and 21st centuries	12
Rain on snow (ROS) understudied in sea ice remote sensing: a multi-sensor analysis of ROS during MOSAiC (Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate)	12
The role of vadose zone physics in the ecohydrological response of a Tibetan meadow to freeze–thaw cycles	12
The current state and 125 kyr history of permafrost on the Kara Sea shelf: modeling constraints	12
Mapping seasonal glacier melt across the Hindu Kush Himalaya with time series synthetic aperture radar (SAR)	12
An assessment of basal melt parameterisations for Antarctic ice shelves	12
Deriving Arctic 2 m air temperatures over snow and ice from satellite surface temperature measurements	11
Representative surface snow density on the East Antarctic Plateau	11
Impact of the melt–albedo feedback on the future evolution of the Greenland Ice Sheet with PISM-dEBM-simple	11
Seasonal land-ice-flow variability in the Antarctic Peninsula	11
Seasonal and interannual variability of landfast sea ice in Atka Bay, Weddell Sea, Antarctica	11
Experimental and model-based investigation of the links between snow bidirectional reflectance and snow microstructure	11