Lithosphere

Article	Citations
Geological Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Deep Shale Gas Enrichment of the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in the Southern Sichuan Basin, China	67
Research on Theory and Technology of Floor Heave Control in Semicoal Rock Roadway: Taking Longhu Coal Mine in Qitaihe Mining Area as an Example	65
Influence of Shear Displacement on Fluid Flow and Solute Transport in a 3D Rough Fracture	56
Study on Three-Dimensional Dynamic Stability of Open-Pit High Slope under Blasting Vibration	50
Complicated Fault Characterization and Its Influence on Shale Gas Preservation in the Southern Margin of the Sichuan Basin, China	44
Experimental Study on Failure Model of Tailing Dam Overtopping under Heavy Rainfall	41
Crack Coalescence Behavior of Rock-Like Specimens Containing Two Circular Embedded Flaws	37
Mechanism Study of Hydrocarbon Differential Distribution Controlled by the Activity of Growing Faults in Faulted Basins: Case Study of Paleogene in the Wang Guantun Area, Bohai Bay Basin, China	33
Influence of High-Temperature Treatment on Strength and Failure Behaviors of a Quartz-Rich Sandstone under True Triaxial Condition	32
Influence of Layer Transition Zone on Rainfall-Induced Instability of Multilayered Slope	30
A Case Study on Integrated Modeling of Spatial Information of a Complex Geological Body	29
Insights into Controlling Factors of Pore Structure and Hydraulic Properties of Broken Rock Mass in a Geothermal Reservoir	29
Geological Characteristics of Deep Shale Gas and Their Effects on Shale Fracability in the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formations of the Southern Sichuan Basin, China	27
Research on the Macro-Mesoscopic Response Mechanism of Multisphere Approximated Heteromorphic Tailing Particles	27
Intelligently Predict the Rock Joint Shear Strength Using the Support Vector Regression and Firefly Algorithm	27
Quantitative Threshold of Energy Fractal Dimension for Immediate Rock Burst Warning in Deep Tunnel: A Case Study	24
High-Detail Fault Segmentation: Deep Insight into the Anatomy of the 1983 Borah Peak Earthquake Rupture Zone (Mw 6.9, Idaho, USA)	24
A New Rock Brittleness Evaluation Method Based on the Complete Stress-Strain Curve	23
Prediction of Sandstone Dilatancy Point in Different Water Contents Using Infrared Radiation Characteristic: Experimental and Machine Learning Approaches	21
Characteristics and Dominant Factors for Natural Fractures in Deep Shale Gas Reservoirs: A Case Study of the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formations in Luzhou Block, Southern China	21
The Borborema Strike-Slip Shear Zone System (NE Brazil): Large-Scale Intracontinental Strain Localization in a Heterogeneous Plate	21
Interpretation of Magnetic Anomalies over 2D Fault and Sheet-Type Mineralized Structures Using Very Fast Simulated Annealing Global Optimization: An Understanding of Uncertainty and Geological Implica	19
Multiscale Sensitivity Analysis of Hydraulic Fracturing Parameters Based on Dimensionless Analysis Method	19
Deformation Stability Response of Adjacent Subway Tunnels considering Excavation and Support of Foundation Pit	18
Rapid Eocene Exhumation of the West Qinling Belt: Implications for the Growth of the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau	17

The Carboniferous Arc of the North Pamir	17
Multiscale Intelligent Inversion of Water-Conducting Fractured Zone in Coal Mine Based on Elastic Modulus Calibration Rate Response and Its Application: A Case Study of Ningdong Mining Area	15
Geological and Geochemical Characteristics of the Geothermal Resources in Rucheng, China	15
Morphostructural Setting and Tectonic Evolution of the Central Part of the Sicilian Channel (Central Mediterranean)	15
Failure of Rock Slopes with Intermittent Joints: Failure Process and Stability Calculation Models	15
Heat Generation and Accumulation for Hot Dry Rock Resources in the Igneous Rock Distribution Areas of Southeastern China	14
Study on the Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Metamorphic Limestone under Impact Loading	13
Neodymium Isotope Constraints on the Origin of TTGs and High-K Granitoids in the Bundelkhand Craton, Central India: Implications for Archaean Crustal Evolution	13
Triassic-Jurassic Granitoids and Pegmatites from Western Kunlun-Pamir Syntax: Implications for the Paleo-Tethys Evolution at the Northern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau	13
Geophysical Characterization of Mining-Induced Complex Geological Deformations in a Deep Coalmine	13
Deterioration Characteristic and Constitutive Model of Red-Bed Argillaceous Siltstone Subjected to Drying-Wetting Cycles	13
U-Pb and Hf Analyses of Detrital Zircons from Paleozoic and Cretaceous Strata on Vancouver Island, British Columbia: Constraints on the Paleozoic Tectonic Evolution of Southern Wrangellia	12
Elastic-Electrical Rock-Physics Template for the Characterization of Tight-Oil Reservoir Rocks	12
Latest Quaternary Active Faulting and Paleoearthquakes on the Southern Segment of the Xiaojiang Fault Zone, SE Tibetan Plateau	11
Late Cretaceous Granitoids along the Northern Kuching Zone: Implications for the Paleo-Pacific Subduction in Borneo	11
Detrital Zircons in Crustal Evolution: A Perspective from the Indian Subcontinent	11
Influence of Temperature on Quantification of Mesocracks: Implications for Physical Properties of Fine-Grained Granite	11
Geothermal Accumulation Constrained by the Tectonic Transformation in the Gonghe Basin, Northeastern Tibetan Plateau	11
Late Quaternary Slip Rate and Kinematics of the Baoertu Fault, Constrained by 10Be Exposure Ages of Displaced Surfaces within Eastern Tian Shan	10
Channel Profile Response to Abrupt Increases in Mountain Uplift Rates: Implications for Late Miocene to Pliocene Acceleration of Intracontinental Extension in the Northern Qinling Range-Weihe Graben,	10
Understanding the Deformation Structures and Tectonics of the Active Orogenic Fold-Thrust Belt: Insights from the Outer Indo-Burman Ranges	10
Geochemical Evidence for Thickening and Thinning of Lower Crust beneath the Jiaodong Peninsula: Implications for Late Mesozoic Destruction of the Eastern North China Craton	10
Vertical Leakage Occurred after an Earthquake: Suggestions for Utilizing the Mixed Flow Model	10
Rock Unloading Failure Precursor Based on Acoustic Emission Parametric Fractal Characteristics	10
Experimental Investigation on the Initiation of Hydraulic Fractures from a Simulated Wellbore in Laminated Shale	10
Evaluation of Different Machine Learning Frameworks to Estimate CO2 Solubility in NaCl Brines: Implications for CO2 Injection into Low-Salinity Formations	10
Elucidating the Pollution Sources and Groundwater Evolution in Typical Seawater Intrusion Areas Using Hydrochemical and Environmental Stable Isotope Technique: A Case Study for Shandong Province, Chin	10
Cause of the Baige Landslides: Long-Term Cumulative Coupled Effect of Tectonic Action and Surface Erosion	10
Eustatic, Climatic, and Oceanographic Influences on Geomorphology and Architecture of Isolated Carbonate Platforms: Miocene, Northwest Shelf, Australia	10
Strain Partitioning along Terrane Bounding and Intraterrane Shear Zones: Constraints from a Long-Lived Transpressional System in West Gondwana (Ribeira Belt, Brazil)	9
Precursor Information Recognition of Rockburst in the Coal-Rock Mass of Meizoseismal Area Based on Multiplex Microseismic Information Fusion and Its Application: A Case Study of Wudong Coal Mine	9
Hydrogeochemical and Isotopic Analyses of Deep Geothermal Fluids in the Wumishan Formation in Xiong’an New Area, China	9
Experimental Study on the EOR Performance of Imbibition and Huff and Puff in Fractured Tight Oil Reservoirs	9
Study on Multisize Effect of Mining Influence of Advance Speed in Steeply Inclined Extrathick Coal Seam	9
Modification and Application of Limestone HJC Constitutive Model under the Impact Load	9
Coexistence of Hainan Plume and Stagnant Slab in the Mantle Transition Zone beneath the South China Sea Spreading Ridge: Constraints from Volcanic Glasses and Seismic Tomography	9
Sedimentary Evolution Characteristics of Fine-Grained Lithofacies under the High-Resolution Isochronous Shelf System: Insights from the Wufeng-Longmaxi Shales in the Sichuan Basin	9
Effect of Cyclic Thermal Shock on Granite Pore Permeability	9
Application and Optimization for Network-Fracture Deep Acidizing Technique of Fractured Carbonate Reservoirs	9
Late Cretaceous Nature of SW Borneo and Paleo-Pacific Subduction: New Insights from the Granitoids in the Schwaner Mountains	9
Classification and Evaluation on Shale Gas Reservoir for Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in Chuannan Area, Sichuan Basin	9
Physical Modeling of the Controlled Water-Flowing Fracture Development during Short-Wall Block Backfill Mining	8
Structural Anatomy of the Intraterrane Shear Zones in the Archean Bundelkhand Craton, North-Central India and Its Possible Linkage to Supercontinent Assembly: Insights from Field- and AMS-Based Kinema	8
Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Loading and Unloading on Coal Permeability with Different Sediment Beddings	8
Mechanical Properties and Damage Characteristics of Coal Samples under Water Immersion Pressure	8
FirstIn SituTerrestrial Osbornite (TiN) in the Pyrometamorphic Hatrurim Complex, Israel	8
Pressure Relief and Permeability Enhancement with Carbon Dioxide Phase Transition Blasting: Fracture, Seepage, and Practice	8
Provenance of the Incipient Passive Margin of NW Laurentia (Neoproterozoic): Detrital Zircon from Continental Slope and Basin Floor Deposits of the Windermere Supergroup, Southern Canadian Cordillera	8
Dynamic Material Balance Method for Estimating Gas in Place of Abnormally High-Pressure Gas Reservoirs	8
A Rockburst Proneness Evaluation Method Based on Multidimensional Cloud Model Improved by Control Variable Method and Rockburst Database	8

3D Numerical Simulation-Based Targeting of Skarn Type Mineralization within the Xuancheng-Magushan Orefield, Middle-Lower Yangtze Metallogenic Belt, China	8
The Eureka Valley Landslide: Evidence of a Dual Failure Mechanism for a Long-Runout Landslide	8
Research on Structural Evolution and Microseismic Response Characteristics of Overlying Strata during Repeated Mining of Steeply Inclined and Extra Thick Coal Seams	7
Surface Slip Distribution and Earthquake Rupture Model of the Fuyun Fault, China, Based on High-Resolution Topographic Data	7
Reorganization of Northern Peri-Gondwanan Terranes at Cambrian–Ordovician Times: Insights from the Detrital Zircon Record of the Ossa-Morena Zone (SW Iberian Massif)	7
Quantifying Normal Fault Evolution from River Profile Analysis in the Northern Basin and Range Province, Southwest Montana, USA	7
Late Quaternary Tectonics along the Peri-Adriatic Sector of the Apenninic Chain (Central-Southern Italy): Inspecting Active Shortening through Topographic Relief and Fluvial Network Analyses	7
Micromechanical Behavior of Granular Soils Characterized by Acoustic Emission	7
Investigation on Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Hole-Joint Contained Granite under a Compressive Disturbance: Experimental Insights	7
The Influence of Pore Structure of the Core-Scale Fracture-Controlled Matrix Unit on Imbibition: Model Construction and Definition of the Fractal Coefficient	7
Evaluation Approach of Rock Brittleness Index for Fracturing Acidizing Based on Energy Evolution Theory and Damage Constitutive Relation	7
Study of Interactions between Induced and Natural Fracture Effects on Hydraulic Fracture Propagation Using a Discrete Approach	7
Structure Partition and Reasonable Width Determination of Waterproof Coal Pillar in Strip Mining	7
Refertilization of Mantle Peridotites from the Central Indian Ridge: Response to a Geodynamic Transition	7
Initial Cenozoic Exhumation of the Northern Chinese Tian Shan Deduced from Apatite (U-Th)/He Thermochronological Data	7
Surface Rupture and Slip Distribution along the Zheduotang Fault in the Kangding Section of the Xianshuihe Fault Zone	7
Investigation on Hydraulic Fracturing and Cutting Roof Pressure Relief Technology for Underground Mines: A Case Study	7
Effect of Vugs on Hydraulic Fracture Propagation with Phase Field Method	7
Hydrochemical Characteristics and Quality Assessment of Groundwater under the Impact of Seawater Intrusion and Anthropogenic Activity in the Coastal Areas of Zhejiang and Fujian Provinces, China	7
Fracturing Productivity Prediction Model and Optimization of the Operation Parameters of Shale Gas Well Based on Machine Learning	7
Study on Mechanism of Rock Burst in Horizontal Section Mining of a Steeply Inclined Extra-Thick Coal Seam	6
Metamorphic Temperatures and Pressures across the Eastern Franciscan: Implications for Underplating and Exhumation	6
Facies and Petrophysical Modeling of Triassic Chang 6 Tight Sandstone Reservoir, Heshui Oil Field, Ordos Basin, China	6
Landslide Susceptibility Mapping along the Anninghe Fault Zone in China using SVM and ACO-PSO-SVM Models	6
Research on Roof Structure and Determination of Working Resistance of Shallow Buried Single Key Stratum Based on Grid Drillhole Field Method	6
Geochemical Properties and Pore Structure Control on Oil Extraction of Shale	6
A State of the Art Review on the Wellbore Blockage of Condensate Gas Wells: Towards Understanding the Blockage Type, Mechanism, and Treatment	6
Revised Maximum Depositional Age for the Ediacaran Browns Hole Formation: Implications for Western Laurentia Neoproterozoic Stratigraphy	6
Multistage Fractional Crystallization in the Continental Arc Magmatic System: Constraints from the Appinites in Tengchong Block, Southeastern Extension of Tibet	6
Hydromechanical-Coupled Cohesive Interface Simulation of Complex Fracture Network Induced by Hydrofracturing with Low-Viscosity Supercritical CO2	6
Molecular Simulation Analysis of Methane Adsorption Micromechanisms and the Impact of Water Saturation on Methane Adsorption in Transitional Shale	6
Paleoenvironmental Evolution of a Forearc in Response to Forcings by Drainage, Climate, Volcanism, and Tectonics: The Quillagua Depocenter, Chile	6
Tunnel Concealed Karst Cave Joint Detection by Tunnel Seismic and Transient Electromagnetic	6
Failure Characteristics of Rock Sample during Penetration Tests with the Assistance of Different Free Surface Combinations	6
Research Advance on Prediction and Optimization for Fracture Propagation in Stimulated Unconventional Reservoirs	6
Water Abundance Comprehensive Evaluation of Coal Mine Aquifer Based on Projection Pursuit Model	6
Synthesis, Characterization, and Performance Evaluation of Starch-Based Degradable Temporary Plugging Agent for Environmentally Friendly Drilling Fluid	6
New Method for Characterizing Internal Structure of Fault-Karst Reservoirs and Analysis on Acidizing Fracturing Effect: A Case Study in HLHT Oilfield, Tarim Basin, NW China	6
Late Miocene to Quaternary Development of the Jiujing Basin, Southern Beishan Block, China: Implications for the Kinematics and Timing of Crustal Reactivation North of Tibet	6
Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Coupling Processes in Carbonate Geothermal Reservoirs and Their Numerical Simulation	6
Kinematics and Geochronology of Late Paleozoic–Early Mesozoic Ductile Deformation in the Alxa Block, NW China: New Constraints on the Evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt	6
Documenting Exhumation in the Central and Northern Menderes Massif (Western Turkey): New Insights from Garnet-Based P-T Estimates and K-Feldspar 40Ar/39Ar Geochronology	6
Forearc Crustal Structure of Ecuador Revealed by Gravity and Aeromagnetic Anomalies and Their Geodynamic Implications	6
Modelling of the Phase-Partitioning Behaviors for CO2-Brine System at Geological Conditions	5
Research on Mechanical Properties of U-Shaped Retractable Gangue Prevention Structure of Gob-Side Entry by Roof Cutting and Pressure Releasing in Deep Mining	5
Eocene–Oligocene Crustal Thickening-Collapse of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau: Evidence from the Potassic Granitoids in SW China	5
Source Analysis and Countermeasure Research of Sand Production after Hydraulic Fracturing in Tight Sandstone Gas Reservoir	5
Removal of the Northern Paleo-Teton Range along the Yellowstone Hotspot Track	5
Study on Fracture Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Tight Sandstone Reservoir: A Case Study on the Huagang Formation in the Xihu Depression, East China Sea Shelf Basin, China	5
Crustal Density and Susceptibility Structure beneath Achankovil Shear Zone, India	5
The Effect of Roughness on the Nonlinear Flow in a Single Fracture with Sudden Aperture Change	5
Investigation on the Expression Ability of a Developed Constitutive Model for Rocks Based on Statistical Damage Theory	5
Early Paleozoic Continental Arc Mafic Magmatism in the North Qaidam Tectonic Belt: Implications for Subduction of the Proto-Tethyan Oceanic Lithosphere	5
Seawater Intrusion-Retreat Processes and Groundwater Evolution in Intruded Coastal Aquifers with Land Reclamation: A Case Study of Eastern Jiangsu, China	5
Fractional Catastrophe Model considering the Rheological Properties of Slope Faults	5
Earthquake-Induced Stress Amplification and Rock Fragmentation within a Deep-Seated Bedding Fault: Case Study of the Daguangbao Landslide Triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake (Ms=8.0)	5
Development Characteristics and Quantitative Prediction of Multiperiod Fractures in Superdeep Thrust-Fold Belt	5
Study on Dynamic Response of Blocking Structure and Debris Flow Impulsive Force considering Material Source Erosion	5
Early Neoproterozoic Tectonics in the Godhra–Chhota Udepur Sector: Evidence for Two-Stage Accretion in the Great Indian Proterozoic Fold Belt	5
Research on Rock Crack Classification Based on Acoustic Emission Waveform Feature Extraction Technology	5
Exhumation of Metamorphic Core Complexes through Progressive Subhorizontal Shearing, Doming, and Detachment Faulting: Insights from the Cretaceous Liaonan Metamorphic Core Complex, Eastern North China	5
Calibration of Complex Discrete Fracture Network Using Microseismic Events and Fracture Propagation Modelling with Seamless Reservoir Production Simulation	5
Evolution of Fault-Zone Hydromechanical Properties in Response to Different Cementation Processes	5
Fracture Initiation Mechanisms of Multibranched Radial-Drilling Fracturing	5
Lithospheric Deformation and Active Tectonics of the NW Himalayas, Hindukush, and Tibet	5
A Hybrid Model for Simulating Fracturing Fluid Flowback in Tight Sandstone Gas Wells considering a Three-Dimensional Discrete Fracture	5
A Comparison of Geological Characteristics of the Main Continental Shale Oil in China and the U.S.	5
Influence of Pore Throat Structure and the Multiphases Fluid Seepage on Mobility of Tight Oil Reservoir	5
Effects of Contact Area and Contact Shape on Nonlinear Fluid Flow Properties of Fractures by Solving Navier-Stokes Equations	5
Fold-Related Fracture Distribution in Neogene, Triassic, and Jurassic Sandstone Outcrops, Northern Margin of the Tarim Basin, China: Guides to Deformation in Ultradeep Tight Sandstone Reservoirs	4
Risk Assessment of Water Inrush in Coal Mine through Fault Based on Forchheimer and Non-Darcy Flows	4
Posteruptive Thermal History of the Proterozoic Basaltic North Shore Volcanic Group of the Midcontinent Rift: Evidence from K/Ar Data of Celadonite	4
Recurrence and Clustering of Large Earthquakes along the Northern Boundary of Ordos Block: Constraining Paleoearthquakes by an Improved Multiple Trench Constraining Method	4
Quantitative Characterization of Organic Pore Structure from Gas Adsorption in Lower Cretaceous Lacustrine Shales in the Songliao Basin, NE China	4
Influence of Wind-Generated Wave Action on Mountain Reservoir Bank Collapse: A Case Study at the Lancang River, Western China	4
Heat Flow Correction for the High-Permeability Formation: A Case Study for Xiong’an New Area	4
Characteristics of Radiogenic Heat Production of Widely Distributed Granitoids in Western Sichuan, Southeast Tibetan Plateau	4
Multiple Rodingitization Stages in Alkaline, Tholeiitic, and Calc-Alkaline Basaltic Dikes Intruding Exhumed Serpentinized Tethyan Mantle from Evia Island, Greece	4
Variability of the Early Summer Temperature in the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau in Recent Centuries and the Linkage to the Indian Ocean Basin Mode	4
Tectonic-Lithofacies Paleogeography and Sizeable Reservoir Potential in the Early Cambrian Postrift Depressed Carbonate Ramp, Tarim Basin, NW China	4

Origin of the Paleoproterozoic “Giant Quartz Reef” System in the Bundelkhand Craton, India: Constraints from Fluid Inclusion Microthermometry, Raman Spectroscopy, and Geochemical Modelling	4
Recognition of Detrital Carbonaceous Material in the Ryoke Metamorphic Belt by Using Raman Thermometry: Implications for Thermal Structure and Detrital Origin	4
Spatiotemporal Rates of Tectonic Deformation and Landscape Evolution above a Laterally Propagating Thrust Fault: Wheeler Ridge Anticline, California, USA	4
Experimental Evaluation on the Conductivity of Branch Fracture with Low Sand Laying Concentration and Its Influencing Factors in Shale Oil Reservoirs	4
Experimental Study on the Fracture Toughness of Granite Affected by Coupled Mechanical-Thermo	4
Comparative Study on Particle Size Effect of Crushable Granular Soils through DEM Simulations	4
Quantification of Asian Dust Source Variabilities in Silt and Clay Fractions since 10 Ma by Parallel Factor (PARAFAC) Endmember Modeling at IODP Site U1425 in the Japan Sea	4
Investigations on the Directional Propagation of Hydraulic Fracture in Hard Roof of Mine: Utilizing a Set of Fractures and the Stress Disturbance of Hydraulic Fracture	4
A2-Type Granites from the Bastar Craton, South-Central India, and Their Implication in Archean-Paleoproterozoic Tectonics in Indian Peninsula	4
Investigation of Overburden Movement and Ground Stress Behaviour in Multiseam Mining	4
Characteristics of Ground Pressure Disaster and Rockburst Proneness in Deep Gold Mine	4
Semiautomatic Algorithm to Map Tectonic Faults and Measure Scarp Height from Topography Applied to the Volcanic Tablelands and the Hurricane Fault, Western US	4
Topographic Controls on the Distribution of Coseismic Landslides: A Case Study Using the Coefficient of Variation of the 2014 Ludian, Yunnan, China, Ms6.5 Earthquake	4
Investigation on Mechanism of Coal Burst Induced by the Geological Weak Surface Slip in Coal Seam Bifurcation Area: A Case Study in Zhaolou Coal Mine, China	4
Characteristics of In Situ Desorption Gas and their Relations to Shale Components: A Case Study of the Wufeng-Longmaxi Shales in Eastern Sichuan Basin, China	4
Prevention and Control Effect of Rockburst in Superhigh-Water Backfilling Mining under Deep Coal Seam	4
Variation Law of Air Temperature of a High-Geotemperature Tunnel during the Construction	4
An Integration Method of Bursting Strain Energy and Seismic Velocity Tomography for Coal Burst Hazard Assessment	4
Tectono-Thermal History of the Neoarchean Balehonnur Shear Zone, Western Dharwar Craton (Southern India)	4
Cordilleran Subduction Initiation: Retroarc Timing and Basinal Response in the Inyo Mountains, Eastern California	4
Age and Chemostratigraphy of the Finlayson Lake District, Yukon: Implications for Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS) Mineralization and Tectonics along the Western Laurentian Continental Margin	4
Evaluation of the Modification Potential for Carbonate Geothermal Rocks by considering Multiple Mechanics Properties and Acid Dissolution in the Jizhong Depression, China	4
Effect of Cementation Degree on Shear Characteristic and Failure Mechanism of Bimrocks Containing Gravels of Different Sizes	4
Temperature-Dependent Wave Velocities of Heavy Oil-Saturated Rocks	4
Influence of Microcracks on Stress Sensitivity in Tight Sandstone	4
Late Middle Miocene Emergence of the Olympic Peninsula Shown by Sedimentary Provenance	4
Case Study regarding the Stress Distribution and Microseismic Laws of Coal and Rock Underlying the Residual Coal Pillar	4