Psychology of Religion and Spirituality

Article	Citations
Of Christians, Jews, and Muslims: When gender is unspecified, the default is men.	47
Seeing god in this place: God concepts are associated with impressions of religious places.	37
How do religious congregations affect congregants’ attitudes toward lesbian women and gay men?	23
Supplemental Material for Karma and God: Convergent and Divergent Mental Representations of Supernatural Norm Enforcement	22
Acknowledgment	22
Supplemental Material for Religion as an Embodied Practice: Documenting the Various Forms, Meanings, and Associated Experience of Christian Prayer Postures	22
Supplemental Material for To Believe or Not to Believe: Stereotypes About Agnostics	20
Supplemental Material for “Jesus Was a White Man Too!”: The Relationship Between Beliefs About Jesus’s Race, Racial Attitudes, and Ideologies That Maintain Racial Hierarchies	19
Supplemental Material for The RSS-14: Development and Preliminary Validation of a 14-item Form of the Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale	17
Supplemental Material for Beyond Beliefs: Multidimensional Aspects of Religion and Spirituality in Language	17
Supplemental Material for What Do Nonreligious Nonbelievers Believe in? Secular Worldviews Around the World	16
Afterlife beliefs among evangelical and mainline protestant children, adolescents, and adults: A cultural–developmental study in the U.S.	15
On nudges from the unseen: Attributions to God and Satan for major historical events.	15
The correlates and effectiveness of partner-focused prayer: A meta-analysis of relational health.	14
Poker-faced and godless: Expressive suppression and atheism.	13
The minds of God, mortals, and in-betweens: Children’s developing understanding of extraordinary and ordinary minds across four countries.	13
Faith development as change in religious types: Results from three-wave longitudinal data with faith development interviews.	13
Is there any hemispheric asymmetry difference for processing religious stimuli in people with high and low religious attitude?	13
Recycling, relatedness, and reincarnation: Religious beliefs about nature and the afterlife as predictors of sustainability practices.	12
Religiosity, spirituality, national narcissism, and prejudice toward refugees and sexual minorities in Poland.	12
Disbelief, disengagement, discontinuance, and disaffiliation: An integrative framework for the study of religious deidentification.	12
Spirituality, quality of life and frailty in community-dwelling adults ≥ 50 years.	12
Differentiating personified, supernatural, and abstract views of God across three cognitive domains.	12
Do peers mediate the association between religiosity and the alcohol use of Indonesian Muslim adolescents?	11
Religious/spiritual struggles and suicidal ideation in the COVID-19 era: Does the belief in divine control and religious attendance matter?	11

“At its core, Islam is about standing with the oppressed”: Exploring transgender Muslims’ religious resilience.	11
Supernatural operating rules: How people envision and experience God, the devil, ghosts/spirits, fate/destiny, karma, and luck.	11
Beyond sectarian boundaries: Dimensions of Muslim Canadian religiosity and the prediction of sociocultural attitudes.	11
Religious meaning system and sense of self-dignity in the second half of life: The mediating role of wisdom.	11
Sanctification of diverse aspects of life and psychosocial functioning: A meta-analysis of studies from 1999 to 2019.	10
Religious identity and intersectional privilege: (A)symmetric biases in Christians and atheists are unaffected by prompts to consider religious and racial privilege.	10
Supplemental Material for The Questionnaire God Representations for Clinical and Scientific Use in the Context of Mental Health Care (QGR-17)	10
Religious and spiritual struggles around the 2016 and 2020 U.S. presidential elections.	10
Determinants of serving a mission: Senior volunteering among Latter-Day Saints.	10
Supplemental Material for Are Agnostics Associated With Immorality to the Same Degree as Atheists?	9
The role of karmic beliefs in immanent justice reasoning.	9
Supplemental Material for Analytic Thinking, Religiosity, and Defensiveness Against Secularism: Absence of Causality	9
Religiosity and volunteering over time: Religious service attendance is associated with the likelihood of volunteering, and religious importance with time spent volunteering.	9
Karma and God: Convergent and divergent mental representations of supernatural norm enforcement.	9
Supplemental Material for Self-Symbolization Across Identity Goals: Polish Catholics Creating a National Poster and Lighting Votive Candles	9
A mixed-methods study of communing with and complaining to the divine: Imagined conversations with god among undergraduates reporting religious and spiritual struggles.	8
The factor structure of the Duke University Religion Index: Continuing the conversation.	8
Effects of prayer frequency and orientations on distress and well-being: Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence from Indonesian adults.	8
In the valley of the shadow of death: The existential benefits of imbuing life and death with meaning.	8
Religious stewardship and pro-environmental action: The mediating roles of environmental guilt and anger.	8
Fundamentalism as dogmatic belief, moral rigorism, and strong groupness across cultures: Dimensionality, underlying components, and related interreligious prejudice.	8
Individual-level trajectories of religiosity during adolescence and their implications for purpose.	7
The impact of diagnosis and religious orientation on mental illness stigma.	7
Call and response: A six-wave study of bidirectional links between religiosity and spirituality among Pakistani Muslims during Ramadan.	7
Conversion motifs among Muslim converts in the United States.	7
Beyond beliefs: Multidimensional aspects of religion and spirituality in language.	7
Supplemental Material for Religious Contingent Self-Worth in U.S. Christians: A Latent Profile Analysis	6
Supplemental Material for Recycling, Relatedness, and Reincarnation: Religious Beliefs About Nature and the Afterlife as Predictors of Sustainability Practices	6
Looks like it is not causal: Effects of activation of religiosity and spirituality on the contaminated mindware.	6
Supplemental Material for Perceptions of Psychedelic Use by Adults in the United States: Perceived Psychospiritual Benefits and Risks, Including Spiritual Struggles	6
Stressful events, stress level, and psychological distress: A moderated mediation model with secure attachment to god as moderator.	6
Supplemental Material for Plastic Piety: A Mixed-Methods Study of the Connection Between Religiosity, Cosmetic Surgery, and Body Image	6
Self-symbolization across identity goals: Polish Catholics creating a national poster and lighting votive candles.	6
Perceptions of psychedelic use by adults in the United States: Perceived psychospiritual benefits and risks, including spiritual struggles.	6
Supplemental Material for Is Belief Priming Associated With Prosocial Intentions? Experimental Evidence From Turkey	6
The language of religious and secular practices: A mixed method analysis.	6
Spiritual struggles and suicidal ideation in veterans seeking outpatient treatment: The mediating role of perceived burdensomeness.	6
Parent religiosity as a protective and promotive factor in reducing future arrest in youth with antisocial and conventional peers.	6
The temporal relationship between religious motivations and purpose: A cross-lagged panel model approach.	6
Drawn to the light: Predicting religiosity using “God is light” metaphor.	6
Supplemental Material for Religion and Well-Being: What Is the Magnitude and the Practical Significance of the Relationship?	6
Supplemental Material for Differentiating Personified, Supernatural, and Abstract Views of God Across Three Cognitive Domains	6
To hell with the devil:Lingering negative religious beliefs among religious dones.	5
Religious/spiritual struggles and life satisfaction among sexual minorities.	5
The Communion With God Scale: Shifting from an etic to emic perspective to assess fellowshipping with the Triune God.	5
Confirmatory factor analysis and gender invariance of the Four Basic Dimensions of Religiousness Scale in India.	5
Superstition makes you less deontological: Explaining the moral function of superstition by compensatory control theory.	5
Supplemental Material for In the Wake of Religious Conversions: Differences in Cognition and Emotion Across Three Religious Communities of an Indigenous Tribe in Malaysia	5
Ours is not to reason why: Information seeking across domains.	5
Meaning behind the movement: Attributing sacred meaning to fluid and nonfluid arm movements increases self-transcendent positive emotions and buffers the effects of nonfluidity on positive emotions.	5

Reducing hostility, increasing warmth: Varying ways religion relates to parenting.	5
Finances, religion, and the FAAR model: How religion exacerbates and alleviates financial stress.	5
Investigating the relationship between spiritual transcendence, personal religiosity, and mental health in Roman Catholic clergy and nuns.	5
The experience of sacred moments and mental health benefits over time.	5
The relationship between religious practices and beliefs and suicidal thoughts and behaviors among transgender and gender diverse adults.	5
Establishing the temporal relationship between religious commitment, sexual identity struggles, and religious struggles among sexual minorities.	5
Religion and well-being: What is the magnitude and the practical significance of the relationship?	5
Is the psychology of religiousness and spirituality a science? Yes.	5
“Jesus was a White man too!”: The relationship between beliefs about Jesus’s race, racial attitudes, and ideologies that maintain racial hierarchies.	5
Uniting and dividing influences of religion on parent–child relationships in highly religious families.	5
Supplemental Material for Spirituality and Meaning-Making Across Contexts: Structural Topic Modeling of the Fetzer Spirituality Study in the United States	5
Religious coping with interpersonal hurts: Psychosocial correlates of the brief RCOPE in four non-Western countries.	4
Perceived parental religiosity as a predictor of depression and substance use among LGBTQ+ individuals: The mediating role of perceived familial stigma.	4
Are agnostics associated with immorality to the same degree as atheists?	4
To believe or not to believe: Stereotypes about agnostics.	4
Supplemental Material for Multidimensional Religious Identity Predicts Muslim American Adolescent Mental Health, Well-Being, and Purpose	4
Initial psychometric properties of the Spiritual Bypass Scale in an Indian college student sample.	4
Divine forgiveness and interpersonal forgiveness: Which comes first?	4
Religiosity, spirituality, and obsessive-compulsive disorder-related symptoms in clinical and nonclinical samples.	4
Perceptions of divine grace among members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.	4
Caring to a fault: Perceived moral difference between the self and Muslim “others” as a predictor of Islamophobia.	4
Supplemental Material for The Temporal Relationship Between Religious Motivations and Purpose: A Cross-Lagged Panel Model Approach	4
The link between religiousness and prejudice: Testing competing explanations in an adolescent sample.	4
Supplemental Material for Religious Coping With Interpersonal Hurts: Psychosocial Correlates of the Brief RCOPE in Four Non-Western Countries	4
Moral stereotypes, moral self-image, and religiosity.	4
The effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on spiritual well-being and hope in patients with breast cancer: A randomized controlled trial.	4
Effects of devotional prayer and secular meditation on cardiovascular response to a faith challenge among Christians.	4
Internalized model minority myth, God representations, and mental health among Christian Asian Americans.	4
Why do the devout remain devoted? Exploring religious expectations and relational compensators.	4
Supplemental Material for Do You Need Religion to Enjoy the Benefits of Church Services? Social Bonding, Morality and Quality of Life Among Religious and Secular Congregations	4
The RSS-14: Development and preliminary validation of a 14-item form of the Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale.	3
Meaning making enhances gratitude to God: The importance of spiritual appraisals.	3
Relationship between numinous constructs and values.	3
Dimensionality of scrupulosity and its associations with obsessive-compulsive symptomatology in a nonclinical sample: A network approach.	3
Supplemental Material for Of Christians, Jews, and Muslims: When Gender Is Unspecified, the Default Is Men	3
Religiosity as a predictor of worry during stressful periods of uncertainty.	3
Acknowledgment	3
Supplemental Material for Transcendent Indebtedness to God: A New Construct in the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality	3
Pure in heart: Perceived virtue states uniquely predict prosocial processes, spirituality, and well-being.	3
Conflict between religious/spiritual and LGB identities in Portugal: How is it related to coming out experiences, LGB identity dimensions and well-being?	3
Religiousness is associated with higher empathic concern—Evidence from self- and other-ratings.	3
Measuring interfaith spirituality: Initial validation and psychometrics.	3
Correction to “The effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on spiritual well-being and hope in patients with breast cancer: A randomized controlled trial” by Wang et al. (2024).	3
Spiritual transcendence and helping behavior: Helping toward ingroups and outgroups.	3
Christian religious affiliation is associated with less posttraumatic stress symptoms through forgiveness but not search for meaning after hurricane Irma and Maria.	3
Supplemental Material for Religious Identity and Intersectional Privilege: (A)Symmetric Biases in Christians and Atheists Are Unaffected by Prompts to Consider Religious and Racial Privilege	3
When catholic and polish identity goals meet: Goal overlap via a sense of belonging.	3
Supplemental Material for Time-Varying and Gender Differences in Religious Socialization and Associations With Muslim American Adolescents’ Religious Identity	3
(Ir)reconcilable identities: Stories of religion and faith for sexual and gender minority refugees who fled from the Middle East, North Africa, and Asia to the European Union.	3
Refining research on the intersection between sexual orientation, suicide, and religiosity.	3
Analytic thinking, religiosity, and defensiveness against secularism: Absence of causality.	3
Spirituality and meaning-making across contexts: Structural topic modeling of the Fetzer spirituality study in the United States.	3
Being agnostic, not atheist: Personality, cognitive, and ideological differences.	3
Supplemental Material for Nuanced Associations of Maternal Religious Beliefs and Patriarchal Values With Children’s Academic Achievement	3
Supplemental Material for Religious Head Versus Heart Beliefs: Measurement Development and Validation	3
Supplemental Material for Sixty Years of Studying the Sacred: Auditing and Advancing the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality	3
Religion as an embodied practice: Documenting the various forms, meanings, and associated experience of Christian prayer postures.	3
The Assessment of Spirituality and Religious Sentiments (ASPIRES) scale: Examining a spiritual transcendence nomological net in Polish context.	2
The lived religion of grace: Exploring diverse Christian narratives.	2
Hostile and prosocial reactions to Christian privilege in the United States: A registered report.	2
A relational model of state of forgiveness and spirituality and their influence on well-being: A two-wave longitudinal study of women with a sexual assault history.	2
Transcendent indebtedness to God: A new construct in the psychology of religion and spirituality.	2
Self-referencing affects perceptions of workplace discrimination against atheists.	2
Metaphors for god: God is high, bright, and human in implicit tasks.	2
Green as the gospel: The power of stewardship messages to improve climate change attitudes.	2
Theistic relational spirituality: Development, dynamics, health, and transformation.	2
Multidimensional religious identity predicts Muslim American adolescent mental health, well-being, and purpose.	2
Revisiting feeling of threat and agency detection: A preregistered virtual reality study.	2
The feeling is not mutual: Religious belief predicts compatibility between science and religion, but scientific belief predicts conflict.	2
Supplemental Material for The Feeling Is Not Mutual: Religious Belief Predicts Compatibility Between Science and Religion, but Scientific Belief Predicts Conflict	2
Values congruence and organizational commitment in churches: When do shared values matter?	2
Supplemental Material for The Social Pain of Religious Deidentification: Religious Dones Conceal Their Identity and Feel Less Belonging in Religious Cultures	2
(Life) satisfaction guaranteed? Subjective well-being attenuates religious attendance–life satisfaction association.	2
Approach, disengagement, protest, and suppression: Four behaviors toward God in the context of religious/spiritual struggle.	2
Measuring Muslim religiosity and spirituality: Measurement invariance of Muslim attitudes toward religion and Muslim experiential religiousness scales across China, Iran, Malaysia, and Pakistan.	2
The association of religious drinking norms and college student drinking behaviors: Which ties bind the most?	2
What are the core features and dimensions of “spirituality”? Applying a partial prototype analysis to understand how laypeople mentally represent spirituality as a concept.	2
The conditionality of divine forgiveness: Assessment and initial findings.	2
Religiousness and homonegativity in congregations: The role of individual, congregational, and clergy characteristics.	2
Examining the relationship between awe, spirituality, and religiosity.	2

Religiosity and mistreatment among Christian and Muslim Arab Americans.	2
Supplemental Material for Effects of Prayer Frequency and Orientations on Distress and Well-Being: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Evidence From Indonesian Adults	2
“Prayer is universal”: How integrative faith practices enable Indigenous peoples’ persistence and resistance to transcend historical oppression.	2
Black–white biracial Christians, discrimination, and mental health: A moderated mediation model of church support and religious coping.	2
A camel through the eye of a needle: The influence of the prosperity gospel on financial risk-taking, optimistic bias, and positive emotion.	2