Mucosal Immunology

Article	Citations
Editorial Board	266
Editorial Board	223
Memorial for Nils Lycke	206
TL1A priming induces a multi-cytokine Th9 cell phenotype that promotes robust allergic inflammation in murine models of asthma	147
Macrophages and glia are the dominant P2X7-expressing cell types in the gut nervous system—No evidence for the role of neuronal P2X7 receptors in colitis	121
Dysregulated NOX1-NOS2 activity as hallmark of ileitis in mice	114
Formyl peptide receptor 1 mitigates colon inflammation and maintains mucosal homeostasis through the inhibition of CREB-C/EBPβ-S100a8 signaling	110
Mycobacterium tuberculosis preferentially infects specific macrophage subsets in primate granulomas during the early stages of tuberculosis	107
Enteric glial cells favor accumulation of anti-inflammatory macrophages during the resolution of muscularis inflammation	85
S100A4 exerts robust mucosal adjuvant activity for co-administered antigens in mice	82
Role of the humoral immune response during COVID-19: guilty or not guilty?	69
Respiratory tract Moraxella catarrhalis and Klebsiella pneumoniae can promote pathogenicity of myelin-reactive Th17 cells	68
Tissue-resident natural killer cells derived from conventional natural killer cells are regulated by progesterone in the uterus	53
Interleukin-10 production by innate lymphoid cells restricts intestinal inflammation in mice	52
Chemokine receptor CCR9 suppresses the differentiation of CD4+CD8αα+ intraepithelial T cells in the gut	48
Intestinal immunological events of acute and resolved SARS-CoV-2 infection in non-human primates	48
“Every cell is an immune cell; contributions of non-hematopoietic cells to anti-helminth immunity”	48
The IL-17A-neutrophil axis promotes epithelial cell IL-33 production during nematode lung migration	47
Butyrate regulates neutrophil homeostasis and impairs early antimicrobial activity in the lung	46
Microbial regulation of intestinal motility provides resistance against helminth infection	46
Fibroblasts sense commensal-derived metabolites and regulate group 2 innate lymphoid cells-dependent defense in the stomach	45
Differential effects of SARS-CoV-2-targeted infection of ATII, club cells, and macrophages on lung immunopathology and antiviral responses	45
The neuroendocrine peptide catestatin promotes clearance of cutaneous Staphylococcus aureus through mast cell Mrgpr activation	44
Epithelial barrier DUOX2 serves as early immune defense in intestinal pathogen control	43
Dysregulated myeloid differentiation in colitis is induced by inflammatory osteoclasts in a TNFα-dependent manner	42

Early postnatal eosinophil expansion associates with gut microbial-metabolic features and type 2 immunity in preterm infants	42
Trained immunity of alveolar macrophages requires metabolic rewiring and type 1 interferon signaling	41
Inhaled Acinetobacter lwoffii exposure promotes lung PD-L1+ neutrophils and dampens viral-induced type 2 immunity	39
Mucosal viral infection induces a regulatory T cell activation phenotype distinct from tissue residency in mouse and human tissues	39
Immunometabolism and microbial metabolites at the gut barrier: Lessons for therapeutic intervention in inflammatory bowel disease	37
NOD1 signaling regulates early tissue inflammation during helminth infection	36
Conventional type I migratory CD103+ dendritic cells are required for corneal allograft survival	35
Organismal mucosal immunology: A perspective through the eyes of game theory	35
Mast cells disrupt the function of the esophageal epithelial barrier	34
Microbial antigen in human milk: a natural vaccine?	34
Peyer’s patch phagocytes acquire specific transcriptional programs that influence their maturation and activation profiles	33
Gut segmented filamentous Bacteria impedes growth of B16F10 subcutaneous tumors via modulating T cell function	33
HIV infection impairs the host response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by altering surfactant protein D function in the human lung alveolar mucosa	32
IgA facilitates the persistence of the mucosal pathogen Helicobacter pylori	32
Impaired neutrophil migration underpins host susceptibility to infectious colitis	32
Chronological maturation of the skin immune barrier is topographically different	32
Airway macrophage glycolysis controls lung homeostasis and responses to aeroallergen	32
PD-1 regulates ILC3-driven intestinal immunity and homeostasis	31
Epithelial dysfunction is prevented by IL-22 treatment in a Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis model that shares similarities with inflammatory bowel disease	30
Clostridioides difficile toxin A and toxin B inhibit toxin-specific adaptive immune responses through glucosyltransferase-dependent activity	30
Learning immunology from mothers and babies	29
ADP-ribosylation factor 1 sustains regulatory T cell function and mucosal immune homeostasis in ulcerative colitis	29
The gut-liver axis modulates intestinal immune homeostasis	28
Lifelong partners: Gut microbiota-immune cell interactions from infancy to old age	28
Single-cell analysis of human nasal mucosal IgE antibody secreting cells reveals a newly minted phenotype	28
Airway epithelial cells as drivers of severe asthma pathogenesis	28
A multi-omics microbiome signature is associated with the benefits of gastric bypass surgery and is differentiated from diet induced weight loss through 2 years of follow-up	27
Editorial Board	27
Single cell atlas of lung-resident innate lymphoid cells shows impact of age and dysbiosis on epigenetic and transcriptomic programming	26
Role of IL-10 signaling in the circadian control of host response to influenza infection	26
Pregnancy stages differentially impact maternal alveolar macrophages' function and immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection	25
Ileal mucus viscoelastic properties differ in Crohn’s disease	25
Neuronal VIP wires the intestinal epithelial cell function	25
Microbial remodeling of gut tryptophan metabolism and indole-3-lactate production regulate epithelial barrier repair and viral suppression in human and simian immunodeficiency virus infections	24
Optimized hookworm-derived biologic, AIP-2NTQ48 restores mucosal tolerance and down-regulates colon cancer-associated gene expression in TNBS-induced colitis	24
Metabolic regulation of macrophage-tissue interactions in the lung	24
Triggering mouth-resident antiviral CD8+ T cells potentiates experimental periodontitis	24
Migratory CD103+CD11b+ cDC2s in Peyer’s patches are critical for gut IgA responses following oral immunization	23
TRIM33 prevents the exacerbation of allergic asthma by restricting the overactivation of alveolar macrophages	23
Protective mucosal SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the majority of the general population in the Netherlands	23
A bifurcated role for c-Maf in Th2 and Tfh2 cells during helminth infection	22
Protection against reinfection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis extends across heterologous Mtb lineages	22
MAdCAM-1 co-stimulation combined with retinoic acid and TGF-β induces blood CD8+ T cells to adopt a gut CD101+ TRM phenotype	22
Intestinal damage is required for the pro-inflammatory differentiation of commensal CBir1-specific T cells	22
Breast milk delivery of an engineered dimeric IgA protects neonates against rotavirus	21
Mucosal IL-36 is a defining feature of severe paediatric bronchiolitis	20
Inflammation of the nasal mucosa is associated with susceptibility to experimental pneumococcal challenge in older adults	20
Distal airway epithelial progenitors mediate TGF-β release to drive lung CD8+ TRM induction following mucosal BCG vaccination	20
Dynamics of virus-specific CD8+ T cells in the human nasal cavity	20
Notch-activated basophils support intestinal CD4+ T cell fate and function during Trichuris muris infection	20

Seminal fluid expands the uterine gamma/delta T cell pool during early pregnancy in mice	19
Molecular alterations in human milk in simulated maternal nasal mucosal infection with live attenuated influenza vaccination	19
Sialylation shapes mucus architecture inhibiting bacterial invasion in the colon	19
Acrylamide, an air pollutant, enhances allergen-induced eosinophilic lung inflammation via group 2 innate lymphoid cells	19
M2 macrophage-derived Apolipoprotein E promotes fibroblast MMPs expression via LRP1-ERK signaling in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps	19
Moving beyond descriptive studies: harnessing metabolomics to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underpinning host-microbiome phenotypes	19
4-1BBL on monocyte lineage cells rather than on classical dendritic cells drives CD8+ T cell accumulation in the respiratory tract and protects from severe respiratory influenza infection	18
Neutrophil-chemoattractant CXCL5 increases lung barrier permeability in acute lung injury	18
Systemic IgE promotes allergic rhinitis by licensing Th2-to-Tfh conversion and local IgE production	18
MicroRNA-142 regulates gut associated lymphoid tissues and group 3 innate lymphoid cells	17
Circadian clock component PER2 negatively regulates CD4+ T cell IFN-γ production in ulcerative colitis	17
Deciphering the therapeutic potential of Myeloid-Specific JAK2 inhibition in acute respiratory distress syndrome	17
Tofacitinib ameliorates Campylobacter-induced intestinal pathology by suppressing IFNγ producing ILCs and T cells	17
The IL-25-dependent tuft cell circuit driven by intestinal helminths requires macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)	17
ETS translocation variant 5 (ETV5) promotes CD4+ T cell–mediated intestinal inflammation and fibrosis in inflammatory bowel diseases	17
Neutrophil ADAM10 promotes migration and inflammation in ARDS by modulating adhesion and chemokine signaling	16
From the gut to the lung: microbiota-associated metabolites as regulators of respiratory immunometabolism	16
Trained ILC2 prevent IL-17-associated lung injury during helminth infection through a serotonin-dependent mechanism	16
PD-1 signaling in neonates restrains CD8+ T cell function and protects against respiratory viral immunopathology	15
Homeostatic and inflammatory functions of pulmonary GM-CSF	15
Fibrinogen and lipopolysaccharide promote TLR4-dependent glucocorticoid resistance in airway mycosis-driven allergic airway disease	15
Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals intrinsic and microbiota-associated sex differences in murine lung	15
Necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants—A defect in the brakes? Evidence from clinical and animal studies	15
Integrin β7 sustains ileal humoral immunity and microbial biogeography during chronic TNF-driven ileitis	15
Enteric glial adenosine 2B receptor signaling mediates persistent epithelial barrier dysfunction following acute DSS colitis	15
A bacterial vesicle-based pneumococcal vaccine against influenza-mediated secondary Streptococcus pneumoniae pulmonary infection	15
Long-distance relationships - regulation of systemic host defense against infections by the gut microbiota	15
Editorial Board	14
Sublingual allergen immunotherapy prevents house dust mite inhalant type 2 immunity through dendritic cell-mediated induction of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells	14
Early life microbiota colonization programs nociceptor sensitivity by regulating NGF production in mast cells	14
The C-type lectin receptor MINCLE interferes with eosinophil function and protective intestinal immunity in Strongyloides ratti-infected mice	14
Distinct phenotypes and repertoires of bronchoalveolar and airway mucosal T cells in health and allergic asthma	14
Shining the spotlight on urinary tract immunology	14
Gut microbiota regulates intestinal goblet cell response and mucin production by influencing the TLR2-SPDEF axis in an enteric parasitic infection	14
Hematopoietic MyD88 orchestrates the control of gut colonization by segmented filamentous bacteria	14
The club cell circadian clock regulates temporal patterns in leukocyte trafficking in chronic allergic airways disease	14
Opposing roles of resident and infiltrating immune cells in the defense against Legionella longbeachae via IL-18R/IFN-γ/ROS axis in mice	14
Antigen-specific memory Th17 cells promote cross-protection against nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae after mild influenza A virus infection	14
Beyond pathogen recognition: C-type lectin receptors in microbiota regulation	14
Exploring the oral-gut linkage: Interrelationship between oral and systemic diseases	14
CD38 and extracellular NAD+ regulate the development and maintenance of Hp vaccine‐induced CD4+ TRM in the gastric epithelium	13
Viral destruction of the olfactory mucosa elicits immune residence, bone metaplasia, and long-term smell loss	13
CD39 regulates P2RX7-mediated lung necrotic lesions in severe experimental tuberculosis	13
Itaconate suppresses house dust mite-induced allergic airways disease and Th2 cell differentiation	13
Short-course intranasal LAT9997 therapy limits post-influenza bacterial pneumonia by recalibrating lung immunity	13
Spike-specific T cells are enriched in breastmilk following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination	13
A pro-inflammatory gut mucosal cytokine response is associated with mild COVID-19 disease and superior induction of serum antibodies	13
Repeated enema administration in rhesus macaques is not sufficient to promote bacterial dysbiosis or gastrointestinal dysfunction	13
ILC3s mediate intestinal immune-epithelial interactions via TGF-β1 activation	12
Single cell map of the adult female mouse urethra reveals epithelial and stromal macrophages with distinct functional identities	12
Tissue-specific immunity in helminth infections	12
Editorial Board	12
Temporal Dissection of TGF-β signaling reveals differential impact during female reproductive mucosal CD8 resident memory T cell differentiation	12
Innate immunity of the gut epithelium: Blowing in the WNT?	12
Fibroblast-derived CSF1 maintains colonization of gut mucosal macrophage to resist bacterial infection	12
Single-cell landscape reveals the epithelial cell-centric pro-inflammatory immune microenvironment in dry eye development	12
The impact of biological sex on diseases of the urinary tract	12
Cytokine networks driving eosinophil functional heterogeneity	12
Sensory neuroimmune interactions at the barrier	12
Epithelial regulation of microbiota-immune cell dynamics	12
How the early life microbiome shapes immune programming in childhood asthma and allergies	12
Autoantibodies induced by Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection underlie the severity of acute lung injury in children	12
Sialidase fusion protein protects against influenza infection in a cigarette smoke-induced model of COPD	12
Female sex hormones and the oral contraceptive pill modulate asthma severity through GLUT-1	11
Editorial Board	11
IL-6 mediates defense against influenza virus by promoting protective antibody responses but not innate inflammation	11
IL-5 antagonism reverses priming and activation of eosinophils in severe eosinophilic asthma	11
Cytochrome P450 Cyp2s1 regulation of the intestinal metabolome and microbiome	11
Long-term alterations in lung epithelial cells after EL-RSV infection exacerbate allergic responses through IL-1β-induced pathways	11
Accumulation of mucosal and lymphoid hypo-functional granzyme K producing CD8+ effector memory T cells in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis	11
Editorial Board	11
Immune crosstalk between respiratory and intestinal mucosal tissues in respiratory infections	11
ILC2s govern imprinting of alveolar macrophage-mediated immune responses upon secondary helminth infection in the lung	11
Dietary fiber promotes antigen presentation on intestinal epithelial cells and development of small intestinal CD4+CD8αα+ intraepithelial T cells	11
Virus-specific resident memory T cell networks sustain immunity in human oral mucosa	11
Heterogeneous Tfh cell populations that develop during enteric helminth infection predict the quality of type 2 protective response	10
Neuromedin U promotes human type 2 immune responses	10
Gut-derived short-chain fatty acids modulate skin barrier integrity by promoting keratinocyte metabolism and differentiation	10
TIFA renders intestinal epithelial cells responsive to microbial ADP-heptose and drives colonic inflammation in mice	10
Editorial Board	10

IFN-γ- GranzymeB + Natural killer cells are induced by IV BCG vaccination and associated with protection against tuberculosis in rhesus macaques	10
Exposure to bacterial PAMPs before RSV infection exacerbates innate inflammation and disease via IL-1α and TNF-α	10
Interleukin-9 promotes mast cell progenitor proliferation and CCR2-dependent mast cell migration in allergic airway inflammation	10
Wnt/β-catenin maintains epithelial IL-33 in the colonic stem and progenitor cell niche and drives its induction in colitis	10
Obesity-induced hyperglycemia impairs oral tolerance induction and aggravates food allergy	10
Wheat fiber-induced peripheral regulatory T-cells suppress development of colitis	10
GPR15-GPR15L axis controls colon natural TCRαβ cells residency and enteroendocrine cell homeostasis to calibrate metabolism	10
Impact of smoking on gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids in human and mice: Implications for COPD	10
T-cell immunity against influenza virus does not require Th1 or Th17 master regulator transcription factors	10
Herpes stromal keratitis erodes the establishment of tissue-resident memory T cell pool in HSV-1 infected corneas	10
Resistance is futile? Mucosal immune mechanisms in the context of microbial ecology and evolution	10
CD8 tissue-resident memory T cells bridge the gap between humoral and cell-mediated immunity	10
Colonic macrophage heterogeneity revealed by CD11c and CD163	10
Iron-Dependent allergenicity of Alt a 1: A link between fungal nutritional immunity and allergic sensitization	9
Antibiotic-induced dysbiosis of the ocular microbiome affects corneal circadian rhythmic activity in mice	9
Interaction of microbiota, mucosal malignancies, and immunotherapy—Mechanistic insights	9
Vaccine protection by Cryptococcus neoformans Δsgl1 is mediated by γδ T cells via TLR2 signaling	9
Interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) determines intestinal epithelial cell development and immunity	9
Tear duct M cells exacerbate allergic conjunctivitis by facilitating germinal-center reactions	9
Alpha-tocopherylquinone-mediated activation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor regulates the production of inflammation-inducing cytokines and ameliorates intestinal inflammation	9
Combined plasma protein and memory T cell profiling discern IBD-patient-immunotypes related to intestinal disease and treatment outcomes	9
IL-18 is required for the TH1-adaptation of TREG cells and the selective suppression of TH17 responses in acute and chronic infections	9
Dysregulated MUC5B and MUC5AC impair epithelial barrier function and alter granulocyte frequency and activation in the lung and distal sites	9
Allergic lung inflammation can be modulated by niacin and drives the development of glycolytic eosinophils	9
Type-I interferons in Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: Mechanism of epithelial early defense and immune regulation against Candida albicans	9
Inflammatory monocyte-derived amphiregulin mediates intestinal fibrosis in Crohn’s disease by activating PI3K/AKT	9
Adaptive immune responses against Lachnospiraceae-derived flagellins and their role in inflammatory bowel disease	9
Living on the edge: Mucus-associated microbes in the colon	9
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 regulates cell permissivity to astrovirus infection	8
Type I IFN signaling in the absence of IRGM1 promotes M. tuberculosis replication in immune cells by suppressing T cell responses	8
Alveolar macrophages shape tuberculosis susceptibility by delaying protective immunity	8
Ocular microbiota promotes pathological angiogenesis and inflammation in sterile injury-driven corneal neovascularization	8
Correction to: Trained immunity in type 2 immune responses	8
Distinct airway epithelial immune responses after infection with SARS-CoV-2 compared to H1N1	8
MDA5-MAVS and interferon-lambda signaling in the intestinal epithelium limit murine astrovirus infection	8
CCR2-driven monocyte recruitment is protective against radiotherapy-induced intestinal toxicity	8
CTL lymph node entrapment drives lymphopenia in severe influenza infection	8
Distinct olfactory mucosal macrophage populations mediate neuronal maintenance and pathogen defense	8
Mechanotransduction-induced interplay between phospholamban and yes-activated protein induces smooth muscle cell hypertrophy	8
Metabolic fitness of IgA+ plasma cells in the gut requires DOCK8	8
Pantothenic acid alleviates endometrial injury induced by vagotomy in mice	8
Cannabidiol prevents mucosal HIV-1 transmission by targeting Langerhans cells, dendritic cells, macrophages and T-cells	8
Specialized pro-resolving mediators regulate in vitro human airway epithelial resistance to Aspergillus fumigatus	8
T follicular helper cells drive functionally distinct lymphoid and lung resident germinal centres and limit allergic airway disease	8
IL-17-driven induction of Paneth cell antimicrobial functions protects the host from microbiota dysbiosis and inflammation in the ileum	8
Eomes fate-labeling reveals a subset of Eomeslo NK cells that exhibits an ILC1-like phenotype	7
MHC class II antigen presentation by intestinal epithelial cells fine-tunes bacteria-reactive CD4 T-cell responses	7
Comparison of Omicron breakthrough infection versus monovalent SARS-CoV-2 intramuscular booster reveals differences in mucosal and systemic humoral immunity	7
From germ-free to wild: modulating microbiome complexity to understand mucosal immunology	7
Stem cell factor inhibition reduces Th2 inflammation and cellular infiltration in a mouse model of eosinophilic esophagitis	7
PAD4 inhibition impacts immune responses in SARS-CoV-2 infection	7
A reappraisal of IL-9 in inflammation and cancer	7
MZB1-mediated IgA secretion suppresses the development and progression of colorectal cancer triggered by gut inflammation	7
The clinical implications of bacterial pathogenesis and mucosal immunity in chronic urinary tract infection	7
Corrigendum to “iNKT cell-neutrophil crosstalk promotes colorectal cancer pathogenesis” [Mucosal Immunol. 16(3) (2023) 326–340	7
Viral-vectored boosting of OmcB- or CPAF-specific T-cell responses fail to enhance protection from Chlamydia muridarum in infection-immune mice and elicits a non-protective CD8-dominant response in na	7
Human enteric defensin 5 protects intestinal barrier integrity via cell state–dependent P2Y11–FAK–Rac1 signaling	7
Placental intervillous blood harbors NK cells with distinct tissue-resident characteristics	7
Erratum to “Single cell transcriptional analysis of human adenoids identifies molecular features of airway microfold cells”. [Mucosal Immunol. 18(5) (2025) 1199–1217]	7
Activation status of airway immune cells is a defining feature of severe asthma, regardless of fungal sensitisation	7
Single cell transcriptional analysis of human adenoids identifies molecular features of airway microfold cells	6
Parasite and host immune factors that impact the development of a mucosal vaccine for Cryptosporidium	6
S1P/S1PR3 axis drives epithelial dysfunction and type 2 inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps	6
Translocating bacteria in SIV infection are not stochastic and preferentially express cytosine methyltransferases	6
The biliary tree: A new frontier in mucosal immunology?	6
Microbiome-based interventions to modulate gut ecology and the immune system	6
Human alveolar lining fluid from the elderly promotes Mycobacterium tuberculosis intracellular growth and translocation into the cytosol of alveolar epithelial cells	6
CSF1R inhibition by PLX5622 reduces pulmonary fungal infection by depleting MHCIIhi interstitial lung macrophages	6
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 1 causes impaired anti-microbial immunity and inflammation due to dysregulated immunometabolism	6
The Nox2 NADPH oxidase regulates neutrophilic inflammation in the oral cavity	6
A novel link driving immune cell-fibroblast interactions in intestinal fibrosis	6
Indoor rewilding of laboratory mice recalibrates pulmonary mucosal immunity and mechanics	6
STAT4 increases the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of intestinal tissue-resident memory T cells	6
Integrated human and mouse single-cell profiling reveals immune-stromal niche driving silicosis	6
Innate immunity of the lungs in homeostasis and disease	5
Regulation of intestinal immunity by dietary fatty acids	5
Local complement activation and modulation in mucosal immunity	5
Understanding the molecular mechanisms of anti-trafficking therapies and their clinical relevance in inflammatory bowel disease	5
Leukotriene B4 regulates T cell recognition and control of MCMV in mucosal tissues	5
Determination of Tr1 cell populations correlating with distinct activation states in acute IAV infection	5
Mucosal immunization with a delta-inulin adjuvanted recombinant spike vaccine elicits lung-resident immune memory and protects mice against SARS-CoV-2	5
Diabetes impairs IFNγ-dependent antibacterial defense in the lungs	5
Editorial Board	5
Exposure to environmental microbiota may modulate gut microbial ecology and the immune system	5
Lung microbial-host interface through the lens of multi-omics	5
The urothelium: a multi-faceted barrier against a harsh environment	5
High-fat diet-induced resistance to helminth infection via alternative induction of type 2 immunity	5
TRPV1+ sensory nerves modulate corneal inflammation after epithelial abrasion via RAMP1 and SSTR5 signaling	5
Expansion of genital Tregs reduces neutrophil influx and maintains mucosal barrier integrity during inflammatory bacteria challenge	5
Single-cell profiling of BAL in preschool cystic fibrosis reveals macrophage dysregulation and ivacaftor-modified inflammatory programs in the early life lung	5
Atopic dermatitis and food allergy: More than sensitization	5
Mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns: New perspectives for mitochondria and inflammatory bowel diseases	5
Activation of the SST-SSTR5 signaling pathway enhances corneal wound healing in diabetic mice	5
RSV infection in neonatal mice and gastrointestinal microbiome alteration contribute to allergic predisposition	5
Corrigendum to “Distinct cell death pathways induced by granzymes collectively protect against intestinal Salmonella infection” [Mucosal. Immun. 17 (2024) 1242–1255]	5