Journal of Surgical Education

Article	Citations
Conflict Competence Among Resident Physicians: Knowledge and Perception	69
Advancing Resident Training: Embracing Robotic Surgery in Emergency General Surgery	62
Masthead	51
Profiling and Predicting Faculty Assessment Behavior in Surgical Education	46
“A Different World”: A Qualitative Exploration of the Learning Environment for Residents on Pediatric Surgery Rotations	42
Development of a Tool to Assess Surgical Resident Competence On-Call: The Western University Call Assessment Tool (WUCAT)	41
The Surgical Trainer	35
Patient Perceptions of Resident Involvement in Surgery: A Qualitative Study Using Surgical Video	35
Masthead	34
Table of Contents	32
Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Plastic Surgery: Where Do We Stand? Highlighting Overlooked Issues in Efforts to Improve Representation	31
Do Interns Learn On-The-Job How to Obtain Proper Informed Consent for Surgical Procedures?	29
Subject Index	28
Impact of Question Bank Use for In-Training Examination Preparation by OBGYN Residents – A Multicenter Study	27
Progression of Academic Surgical Residents to Higher Academic Training and Associations With Protected Characteristics: A UK Cohort Study	27
Kar Seva	26
Competency in Robotic Surgery: Standard Setting for Robotic Suturing Using Objective Assessment and Expert Evaluation	25
The Right Way to Teach Lefties – Exploring the Experiences of Left-Handed Trainees and Surgeons	25
How I Do It: Video-Based Self-Assessment as a Method of Open Surgical Education for Vascular Surgery Trainees	25
Development and Validation of a Machine Learning Tool for Plastic Surgery Residency Application Screening	25
Evaluating the Impact of Supervision on Surgical Trainees Stress Response During Simulated Surgical Procedures; A Crossover Randomized Trial	24
Rethinking Global Orthopedic Education: Centering Needs, Fostering Collaboration, and Building Networks	24
Analyzing Diversity Elements on Otolaryngology Residency Program Websites	24
Mental 3D Visualization: Building Surgical Resilience for Performing High-Risk Procedures	24
Factors Associated With Resident Research Success: An Analysis of Canadian General Surgery Trainees	24

Leadership Coaching in Surgical Residency: Reasons for Referral and Topics Addressed to Improve Nontechnical Skill	23
Resident Remediation: A National Survey of Urology Program Directors	23
Effect of Feedback Modality on Simulated Surgical Skills Learning Using Automated Educational Systems– A Four-Arm Randomized Control Trial	23
Experiences of OBGYN Administrative Chief Residents	22
Bias in Surgical Residency Evaluations: A Scoping Review	22
Revisiting Medical Student Expectations on the Surgery Clerkship	22
Grantsmanship Refined: Evaluation and Training of Efficacy in Residents (Greater Study)	22
Orthopaedic Residency Compensation and Cost of Living: Are Orthopaedic Residents Financially Strained?	22
Masthead	21
Inequities at the Transition to Obstetrics and Gynecology Residency	20
The “M” Word: Defining Malignancy in Surgical Residencies	20
How I Do It: Improving Resident Led Medical Student Education With Premade Chalk Talks	20
Misperceptions and Missed Opportunities: A Qualitative Analysis of Barriers to Evaluating Surgical Teachers	19
Developing Neurosurgical Non-Technical Skills: A Tactical Decision Game Approach for Medical Students	19
Investigating Program Differences in ACGME General Surgery Milestone 2.0 Ratings: Medical Knowledge and Practice-Based Learning and Improvement	19
Autonomy Maps: Building a Shared Mental Model for Progressive Resident Operative Autonomy on the Road to Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs)	19
Penny Wise, Pound Foolish: The Troubling Parallels of Corporatization in the Aviation Industry and Academic Surgery	19
Surgeons vs ChatGPT: Assessment and Feedback Performance Based on Real Surgical Scenarios	19
TrustEd: A Tool for Developing Intraoperative Entrustment Skills	18
Improving Patient and Physician Outcomes Through LGBTQ+ Pedagogical Interventions in Surgical Training and Practice	18
Table of Contents	18
Is Online Video-Based Education an Effective Method to Teach Basic Surgical Skills to Students and Surgical Trainees? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis	17
Flexible and Out-of-Programme Training: Differential Attainment in ARCP Outcomes for LTFT and OOP Surgical Trainees in the UK	17
The Film Room: Using Artificial Intelligence to Facilitate Video Review for Urology Trainees	17
The Price of Productivity: Evaluating the Cost of a Research Year	17
Promoting Surgical Resident Well-being Through Therapist-Facilitated Discussion Groups: A Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis	17
Spirituality and Surgical Education: Beliefs and Practices Among General Surgery Program Directors	17
Masthead	17
Trends in Resident Supervision and Patient Outcomes of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomies Within the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System	17
Comparing Behavioral and Neural Activity Changes During Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery Trainings	16
Is Specific Consent for Educational Sensitive Exams on Anesthetized Patients Necessary? Arguments for and Against From Canadian Medical Students	16
“Distanced Traveled” Program Increases Interest in Orthopedics in Title I High School Students	16
Evidence of Skill Transferability From Training in Virtual Reality Robotic Surgery Simulators to Nonvirtual Environments: A Systematic Review	16
Should Robotic Surgery Training Become a General Surgery Residency Requirement? A National Survey of Program Directors in Surgery	16
Out of Touch: A Nationwide Mixed-Methods e-Learning Needs Assessment of General Surgery Residents	16
Getting It Done and Done Well: A Mixed-Methods Analysis of the Pitfalls and Success Factors for Professional Development Experiences During Surgical Residency	16
Essential Competencies for the Success of International Medical Graduates in Surgical Training: A Comparative Study of Trainee and Faculty Perspectives	15
Depression Among Incoming Ophthalmology Trainees	15
Masthead	15
Validation of a High-Fidelity Fracture Fixation Model for Skill Acquisition in Orthopedic Surgery Residents	15
The Versius Variation: A Novel Technique for Robotic Training	15
Operative Performance and Autonomy Across Training Years: Does a Preliminary Year Matter?	15
Underrepresented in Medicine Applicants are Less Likely to Successfully Match into Plastic Surgery	14
Keeping Duty Hours in Hand: Exploiting Texting to Ensure Compliance	14
Simulation as Soothsayer: Simulated Surgical Skills MMIs During Residency Interviews are Associated With First Year Residency Performance	14
Feasibility of Using AI to Evaluate General Surgery Residency Application Personal Statements	14
Table of Contents & Bacode	14
Piloting a National Curricular Resource for the Transition to Surgical Residency: Characteristics of Participating Schools and Their Students	14
A Systematic Review of Simulation-Based Training Tools in Plastic Surgery	14
The Kidney Transplant: Maintaining Excellent Outcomes While Increasing Skills Acquisition	13

Educational Impact of Automated Feedback Systems in Surgical Training: A Systematic Review With Quantitative Synthesis	13
Transforming Perceptions: The Impact of a Formal Parental Leave Policy on Surgical Trainees	13
Enhancing the Value of Surgical Entrustable Professional Activities through Integrative Learning Analytics	13
Artificial Intelligence in Surgical Feedback: A Systematic Scoping Review	13
Guidelines and Checklists for Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Surgical Education Research: A Comprehensive Narrative Review	13
Preparing for the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery Exam: A Survey of Residents in Obstetrics & Gynecology	13
Gender Differences in Self-Description: A Linguistic Analysis of Orthopedic Surgery Residency Application Personal Statements	13
Application of a Validated Assessment Tool to Compare Autonomy and Operative Performance Between Surgical Residency Programs	13
Examining Implicit Bias Differences in Pediatric Surgical Fellowship Letters of Recommendation Using Natural Language Processing	13
The Hidden Burden: Qualitative Differences in How URiM Students Experience the Clinical Microenvironment	13
Future Surgical Leaders: Resident Perception Of Longitudinal Leadership And Non-Technical Skills Curriculum	13
Enhanced Stress Resilience Training for UK Surgical Trainees; Effect and Evolution Evaluated	13
A National Mixed-Methods Evaluation of General Surgery Residency Program Responsiveness and the Association with Resident Wellness	13
A Scoping Review of the Literature on Entrustable Professional Activities in Surgery Residency Programs	13
Masthead	12
Table of Contents & Bacode	12
Adapting to Change: Proposed Next Steps for an Evolving and More Inclusive American Board of Surgery Examination Paradigm	12
Digital vs Conventional OSCE in Orthopedic Surgery: A Feasibility Cross-Sectional Study	12
Advancing Cultural Competency and Equity in Surgical Specialties (ACCESS): A Model for a Combined Resident and Faculty DEI Initiative	12
Digital Training Resources in the Dutch Surgical Residency Curricula and the Perspectives of Residents: A Thematic Analysis of Resident Interviews	12
Underrepresentation of African Americans in Plastic Surgery: Examining Demographics, Specialty Factors, and Medical School Experiences	12
Masthead	12
Sewing the SEAMs: Surgical Education in the Art Museum	12
Optimizing Transitions of Care and Enhancing Surgical Education on Acute Care Surgery: A Multi-Institutional Survey Study	12
EPAs Have Entered the Room: An Analysis of Residents' and Faculty Members' Perceptions	12
Surgery 360° Assessment Tool: Informing the Clinical Competency Committee with Nonfaculty Feedback on the “Soft Skills”	12
Building a Trainee-led Research Community to Propel Academic Productivity in Health Services Research	11
AI Teaches Surgical Diagnostic Reasoning to Medical Students: Evidence from an Experiment Using a Fully Automated, Low-Cost Feedback System	11
Impact of Mentoring for Underrepresented Groups in Undergraduate Medical Education: A Systematic Review	11
Adapting to a Robotic Era: The Transferability of Open and Laparoscopic Skills to Robotic Surgery	11
Exploring the Value of Peer Letters of Recommendation in the Holistic Review of Surgery Residency Applications: A Qualitative Study	11
Video Coaching: A National Survey of Surgical Residency Program Directors	11
How I Do It: A Growth Mindset Workshop for Surgical Trainees	11
Implementation and Impact of an Adapted Digital Perioperative Competency-Building Tool to Enhance Teaching, Learning And Feedback in Postgraduate Competency-Based Medical Education	11
Medical School Characteristics Associated with Matched Otolaryngology Residency Applicants	11
Coverage of Fertility Preservation and Treatment Among Surgical Trainees in the United States of America	11
EQIP 2023-2025: Increased Usability and Sustainability	11
Mentoring on Orthopedic Surgery Clinical Rotations: A Survey of Mentor Effectiveness on Student Mentees Compared to an Unmentored Control Group	11
Group-Based Blended Learning for Surgical Skills Training: A Randomized Controlled Study	11
Development and Evaluation of a Multi-Institutional Virtual Urology Course for Medical Students	11
Demographics and Characteristics of Vice Chairs in Academic Orthopaedic Surgery Programs: A Descriptive Study	10
Improving the Team Response to Surgical Airway Emergencies: A Simulation-based, Multidisciplinary Approach to Quality Improvement	10
Rural Surgery Experiences in General Surgery Residency Training—The Current State an ACGME Sponsored Survey of General Surgery Program Directors	10
Residency Application Selection Committee Discriminatory Ability in Identifying Artificial Intelligence-Generated Personal Statements	10
Table of Contents & Bacode	10
Ready Day One: What Residents and Program Directors Think is Needed for a Successful Transition to Residency	10
Allopathic and Osteopathic Residents Perform Similarly on the Orthopedic In-Training Examination (OITE)	10
Predicting Academic Performance during Plastic Surgery Residency: Can Step 2 Scores Reliably Replace Step 1?	10
The Flipped Classroom Effect: Improving Faculty and Resident Engagement and Satisfaction in Ophthalmology Residency	10
Table of Contents & Bacode	10
Corrigendum to “Advocating for a New Residency Application Process: A Student Perspective”. J Surg Educ. 2022 January-February; 79(1): 20–24	10
From Wilderness to the Bedside: Creating Adventurous and Mindful Physicians Entering Residency (CAMPER) by Residents for Residents to Foster Belongingness	10
Validation of a Surgical Objective Structured Clinical Examination (S-OSCE) Using Convergent, Divergent, And Trainee-Based Assessments of Fidelity	10
Operative Experience of Esophageal Surgery among General Surgery Residents in the United States: An Analysis of ACGME Operative Case Logs	10
Testing the Implementation and Acceptance of Generative Artificial Intelligence to Augment Vascular Surgery Journal Club	10
Video Commentary & Machine Learning: Tell Me What You See, I Tell You Who You Are	10
Robotic-Assisted Surgery Training (RAST): Assessment of Surgeon Console Ergonomic Skills	10
Evaluating the Impact of Surgical Residents on Hospital Quality and Operational Metrics	10
Have Degree, Will Travel? Geography and Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Match	10
The Pivotal Role of Coaching in Surgical Residency: A Scoping Review	9
Parenting in Surgery: A Structured Initiative to Support Surgeons Navigating Pregnancy and Early Parenthood During Training	9
Use of Low-Cost Task Trainer for Emergency Department Thoracotomy Training in General Surgery Residency Program	9
Feasibility of a Novel Fluoroscopic Trainer for the Orthopaedic Trainee	9
Surgery Acting Internship Individual Learning Plans: Fostering Mentorship in the COVID-19 Era	9
Table of Contents & Bacode	9
Implementation of a Near-Peer Surgical Anatomy Teaching Program into the Surgery Clerkship	9
Fellowship Training After General Surgery Residency: Does it Pay?	9
Prediction of Basic Robotic Competence for Robotic Visceral Operations Using the O-Score within the “Robotic Curriculum for Young Surgeons” (RoCS)	9
Hybrid Delivery of ATLS Maintains Learner Outcomes	9
A Call for Action for an Association of Program Directors in Surgery in Mexico	9
Effect of Surgical Team Communication on Adherence to Opioid Discharge Guidelines in Post-Operative Inpatients	9
Influence of Applicant Interview Format Choice on Demographics and Outcomes from the Residency Match	9
Not From Around Here: Evaluation of In-Person Interviews in an Urban General Surgery Residency Program	9
Contemporary Cardiac Surgical Training: Is Competency–Based Education Enough? A Canadian Perspective	9
Promoting Residents’ Motivation to Develop Laparoscopic Skills Through Simulation	9
Table of Contents & Bacode	9
A Metacognitive Awareness Inventory for Surgical Educators: Creation of the MAISE	9
Attitudes Among General Surgery Program Directors and Faculty Toward Openly Nonheterosexual Applicants	9
Exploring Gender Diversity in Canadian Surgical Residency Leadership	9
A Multi-Center Comparison of Orthopaedic Attending and Resident Learning Styles	8

One Minute Preceptor Model: The Impact of Incorporating an Interactive Didactic Session Into Surgery Intern Orientation	8
If You Can See It, You Can Be It: Perceptions of Diversity in Surgery Among Under-Represented Minority High School Students	8
Three-Dimension Sawbone Models and Shadow-Play: A Low-Cost Approach to Improve Orthopedic Plain Radiograph Reading in Medical Students	8
Competency Assessment of General Surgery Trainees: A Perspective From the Global South, in a CBME-Naive Context	8
Bias Perpetuates Bias: ChatGPT Learns Gender Inequities in Academic Surgery Promotions	8
Corrigendum to Standardizing Pediatric Facial Laceration Management to Advance Equity and Education, J Surg Educ, 82, 9, 2025, 103613	8
The Role of Online Videos in Teaching Procedural Skills in Postgraduate Medical Education: A Scoping Review	8
Concordance in Intraoperative Surgeons’ Opinion in the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Appendicitis: The Role of Training	8
Beyond Mentorship: Walking the Talk Through Sponsorship to Support Women in Academic Surgery	8
Assessing the Impact of Different Feedback Mechanisms on Suture Skills Acquisition: A Mixed Methods Study Using Phenomenological and Quantitative Analysis	8
Forum Theatre to Address Peer-to-Peer Mistreatment in General Surgery Residency	8
Surgical Innovation Discovery Course: Utilizing Surgical Trainee Agile Innovation and Empowerment (STAIR) Framework to Promote Innovation Amongst Surgical Residents	8
Project IMPACT: Integrated Mentorship Program for Advancing Clinical Training: Results and Findings	8
Analysis of Surgery Residency Website Content: Implications during the COVID-19 Era	8
Racial and Ethnic Diversity Within U.S. Residencies: Trends from 2011 to 2019	8
COVID19 Limits on Physician Shadowing Harm Undergraduate Students’ Futures	8
Understanding Impostorism in the Pediatric Surgeon	8
Ethics Consultations as a Novel Approach to Needs Assessments in Surgical Ethics Curriculum Development	8
Developing a Holistic Rubric for Surgery Residency Interview Evaluations: A Pilot Study for Interview Use	8
The Surgical Coaching Program: Developing a One-on-One Technical Curriculum for Junior Neurosurgical Residents	8
Impromptu Speaking: Teaching an Essential Leadership Skill	7
Paternity Leave During Surgical Training: Perspectives of Male Residents	7
Descriptors in Letters of Recommendation for Otolaryngology Residency Across Gender, Race, and Time	7
Racial and Ethnic Diversity in American Plastic Surgery Residency	7
Resident Night Float or 24-hour Call Hospital Coverage: Impact on Training, Patient Outcome, and Length of Stay	7
The First Two Years of the Association of Pediatric Surgery Training Program Directors (APSTPD) Transition to Fellowship Course: Lessons Learned and Future Directions	7
Course Design and Learning Outcomes of a Practical Online Ergonomics Course for Surgical Residents	7
Surgical Warmup Rounds: Concept of Targeted Just-In-Time Robotic Simulation Rehearsal Before and Between Cases	7
Female Representation at the Association of Program Directors in Surgery Annual Meeting: Moving Towards Gender Equality	7
Developing a Surgical Simulation Curriculum for the Rwandan Context	7
Training of Administrative Chief Residents: Report of The Association of Program Directors in Surgery Chief Resident Workshop	7
Implementing Mental Practice in Postgraduate Surgical Training for Minimally Invasive Surgery: A Systematic Review and Thematic Analysis	7
How You Say It Matters: Using Growth Mindset to Improve Faculty Feedback And Resident Motivation	7
Multi-Center Evaluation of Education Outcomes of Graduates from Accredited HBCU Surgery Programs	7
Rural General Surgeons’ Perspectives Regarding the Provision of Surgical Care to Children	7
The Role of Three-Dimensional Modeling to Improve Comprehension of Liver Anatomy and Tumor Characteristics for Medical Students and Surgical Residents	7
Masthead	7
Neuropsychological Differences Between Surgery Interns and Age-Matched Adults	7
VitalSurg: Outcomes From a Surgical Task-Shifting Training Program in a Humanitarian Context	7
A Focus Group Discussion Study Exploring General Surgery Trainees’ Views on Evidence-Based Medicine Within Their Training Program in the United Kingdom	7
Designing a Leadership Curriculum for Otolaryngology Residents: A Mixed Methods Needs Assessment	7
An Analysis of Preliminary General Surgery Residents’ Matriculation into Categorical Positions	7
Patient Safety Reporting Systems and Surgical Safety Culture: One Culture to Rule Them All?	7
GlobalSurgBox: A Portable Surgical Simulator for Surgical Trainees Worldwide	7
Integrating Sustainability Into Graduate Medical Education for Surgical Trainees	7
Relationship Between Residents’ Physiological Stress and Faculty Leadership Skills in a Department of Surgery	7
Standardized Assessment Tool for Surgery Applicants Reduces Attrition and Improves Board Pass Rate	7
Promoting Longevity in Surgical Careers: A Narrative Review and Fitness Program to Reduce Occupational Pain	7
Demographic Factors Associated With Research and Career Interests in Aspiring Academic Surgeons: What are the Implications for Tomorrow's Workforce?	7
The Need for Health Policy Training for Surgeons	7
Are Age, Sex, or Race and Ethnicity Associated With Performance on the OBGYN NBME Exam and Clerkship?	7
Mindfulness in Surgical Training (MiST): A Modified Mindfulness Curriculum for Surgical Residents	7
The Spaced Learning Concept in Combination With Halsted and Peyton – A Randomized Controlled Study	7
Author Index	7
Applying a Shame Lens to Understand Surgical Resident Well-Being: A Call for a Mixed Methods Research Agenda to Build Shame Competence	6
How I Do It: Structured Narration for Cognitive Simulation-based Training in Robotic Surgery	6
Impact of Preference Signaling on Residency Interview Distribution Among Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Applicants	6
Masthead	6
Development of an Orthopedic Surgery Anatomy Curricular Model for Fourth Year Medical Students Using a Modified Delphi Method	6
Roll the Tape: Implementing and Harnessing the Power of Trauma Video Review	6
Creating and Implementing a Novel Wellness-Inspired Resident Educational (WIRE) Curriculum	6
Minority Resident Physicians’ Perspectives on the Role of Race/Ethnicity, Culture, and Gender in Their Surgical Training Experiences	6
Corrigendum to “The Attending Meritocracy: Implementation of a Novel Team-Based Approach to Provide Effective Resident Feedback in the Journal of Surgical Education” Volume 78, Issue 6, November–Decem	6
Measurement and Management of Cognitive Load in Surgical Education: A Narrative Review	6
Nontechnical Skills for Surgeons as a Framework to Evaluate Cardiopulmonary Bypass Management Skills of Resident Trainees	6
Linguistic Analysis of Narrative and Standardized Letters of Recommendation for Integrated Plastic Surgery Applicants and Impact on Match	6
“Giving Them the Right Tools:” Obstetrics and Gynecology Program Directors’ Perspectives on Resident Remediation	6
Implementation and Assessment of Mentoring and Professionalism in Training (MAP-IT): A Humanistic Curriculum as a Tool to Address Burnout in Surgical Residents	6
Too Loud to Learn? Communication Barriers, Psychological Safety, and Learning in the Operating Room	6
How do Trainers Think They Should Train? A Qualitative Study Investigating the Training Practices That General Surgical Consultants Value	6
Implementation of a Standardized Sub-Intern Curriculum Improves Confidence for those Entering a Surgical Residency	6
Art in Surgery: A Review of Art-based Medical Humanities Curricula in Surgical Residency	6
Table of Contents	6
Corrigendum to “Mindfulness in the OR: A Pilot Study Investigating the Efficacy of an Abbreviated Mindfulness Intervention on Improving Performance in the Operating Room.” Journal of Surgical Educatio	6
A Decade of Change: Resident Life Events and the Evolution of Surgical Training Flexibility	6
Standardization and Implementation of a Surgical Coaching Model for Pediatric Urology	6
Evaluation of Senior General Surgery Residents in the Teaching Assistant Role for Inguinal Hernia Repair	6
Thinking Makes It So: Relationship Between Cortical Activity During Mental Imagery and Surgical Skill	6
Surgical Coaching for Performance Optimization: Perceptual-Cognitive Expertise Displayed During Surgical Peer Coaching Intervention	6
The Influence of Surgical Teaching on Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Outcomes: A Retrospective Propensity Score-Matched National Cohort Study	6
Fate of Research Articles Reported by Ophthalmology Residency Applicants: What Happens to “Submitted” and “In Preparation” Articles?	6
Work Patterns and Intensity of Chinese Surgical Residents- A Multicenter Time-and-Motion Study	6
Implementation of a Coaching Program by a National Surgical Association	6
Medical Student Attitudes on Explicit Informed Consent for Pelvic Exams Under Anesthesia	6
Do Surgery Residents Prepare Enough for Surgical Cases?	6
Palliative Care Education Programs for Surgeons: A Review of Current Curriculum and Education Outcomes	6
Vice Chairs of Education in Obstetrics and Gynecology: Prevalence, Scope, and Ongoing Challenges	6
Does De-Escalation of Axillary Surgery Impact Surgical Trainee Experience? A 15-Year Institutional Analysis of General Surgery Resident and Breast Surgical Oncology Fellow Operative Volumes	6
Can Preference Signaling Streamline the Applicant Selection Process?	6
An Analysis of Diversity Statements and Support of Special Interest Societies by General Surgery Residency Programs	6
Mapping the Impact of Anti-LGBT Legislation on Graduate Surgical Education	6
Enhancing Perceptions of Social Support and Belonging in Surgery Residency Programs	6
Professional Experience Modulates the Effect of Impulsiveness on Laparoscopic Simulator Performance	6
Outcomes of Emotional Intelligence Training for Surgeons in a Real-World Setting: a Mixed Methods Study	6
Usability, Acceptability, and Implementation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) Techniques in Surgical Coaching and Training: A Scoping Review	6