International Review of the Red Cross

Article	Citations
Interview with Michael Pollanen	27
When is detention by non-State actors a war crime? The Special Jurisdiction for Peace's decision on hostage-taking by the FARC-EP	19
Persons with Disabilities in Armed Conflicts: From Invisibility to Visibility	10
Leveraging research on norm and behaviour change to better prevent violations of IHL: Interview with Sophie Legros	8
The Rif War: A forgotten war?	8
Establishing a practical test for the end of non-international armed conflict	7
Another brick in the wall: Climate change (in)adaptation under the law of belligerent occupation	7
Seeking balance: The role of Article 6(5) of Additional Protocol II in balancing justice and peace in transitions from armed conflict to peace	7
Negotiating with organized crime groups: Questions of law, policy and imagination	7
The pseudo-kindness of wartime lawbreakers	6
A US perspective on special operations and the law of armed conflict	6
Interview with Peter Maurer	6
Towards common ground: Strategies for effective collaboration between the humanitarian and peacebuilding communities	6
Equality and Non-Discrimination in Armed Conflict: Humanitarian and Human Rights Law in Practice	6
Enabling access or automating empathy? Using chatbots to support GBV survivors in conflicts and humanitarian emergencies	6
Beyond dichotomies: Understanding survival sex as a coping mechanism during armed conflict	5
Religion and international humanitarian law	5
ICRC and International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement: Some recent documents on international humanitarian law and persons with disabilities	5
Can criminal organizations be non-State parties to armed conflict? – CORRIGENDUM	5
Portraits of Women in International Law: New Names and Forgotten Faces? Edited by Immi Tallgren *	5
Mental health and the law: What else is needed for particularly vulnerable contexts facing armed conflict and development obstacles?	5
“I'mpossible”: Some challenges of implementing international law in the area of humanitarian affairs for persons with disabilities	5
Interview with Nils Melzer	5
IRC volume 106 issue 925 Cover and Front matter	4
Voices of resilience: The perspective of persons with disabilities in armed conflict	4

The international responsibility of a belligerent State in the event of transboundary environmental damage	4
Pro patria mori: When States encourage civilian involvement in armed conflict	4
Upholding humanity: The role of redress in preventing and responding to civilian harm	4
“How did they die?”: Bridging humanitarian and criminal-justice objectives in forensic science to advance the rights of families of the missing under international humanitarian law	4
“Before, I only knew how to shout. Now I know how to listen”: A national model for community-based child and caregiver mental health and psychosocial support in Syria	4
“When you have to shoot, shoot!” Rethinking the right to life of combatants during armed conflicts	4
Beyond infrastructure: The protection of essential services personnel in the spirit of international humanitarian law	3
ICRC report on Detention by Non-State Armed Groups: Obligations under International Humanitarian Law and Examples of How to Implement Them	3
Detonating the air: The legality of the use of thermobaric weapons under international humanitarian law	3
Child recruitment and beyond: Prosecuting the broad spectrum of violence committed against recruited children within the former FARC-EP ranks	3
Data and the dead: How does IHL regulate data related to the identification of deceased persons?	3
Queering the humanitarian principles of neutrality and impartiality: Implications for humanitarian action, IHL effectiveness and gender justice	3
Case note: The International Court of Justice’s 2022 reparations judgment in DRC v. Uganda	3
Interview with Franz Perrez	3
A painting and the exchange of Belgian prisoners of war during the French Intervention in Mexico (1862–1867)	3
Jus post bellum: Scope and assessment of the applicable legal framework	3
Humanity on the final frontier: Challenges in applying international humanitarian law to modern military space operations	3
Legal fact sheet: Management of the dead from the perspective of Islamic law	3
Scorched Earth: Environmental Warfare as a Crime against Humanity and Nature By Emmanuel Kreike *	3
The ICRC and academia: An untold story about preserving humanity in war through international humanitarian law	3
IRC volume 105 issue 922 Cover and Back matter	3
IRC volume 106 issue 927 Cover and Back matter	3
Niche small States in humanitarian diplomacy: Qatar's positionality in the protection ecosystem	3
Changing the narrative: A Tool on African Traditions and the Preservation of Humanity during War	3
Symposium on Colombia’s special jurisdiction for peace	3
Interview with Emily Crawford	3
The well-trodden path of national international humanitarian law committees	3
Decentralized armed groups: Can they be classified as parties to non-international armed conflicts?	3
The crisis in international law and the path forward for international humanitarian law	3
Inaccessible justice: The violation of Article 13 of the CRPD and the ICC's role in filling the accountability gap	2
Re-evaluating international humanitarian law in a triple planetary crisis: New challenges, new tools	2
Special agreements in non-international armed conflicts: Lessons from the practice	2
Missing persons and peacebuilding: The transformative role of families of the missing	2
United Nations Disability Inclusion Strategy: A framework to accelerate transformative change for persons with disabilities in the peace and security pillar	2
Respecting IHL obligations to the deceased does make a difference: The ICRC-led Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas identification operation	2
Prize law: Unjustifiable in the twenty-first century? Interview with Professor Andrew Clapham	2
The legal limits to the destruction of natural resources in non-international armed conflicts: Applying international humanitarian law	2
Accounting for disability in international humanitarian law	2
Exploring Hindu ethics of warfare: The Purāṇas	2
Amnesties as a means of encouraging transition and strengthening the application of IHL in Colombia: The case of the Special Jurisdiction for Peace	2
“Sticking together while standing one's own ground”: The meanings of solidarity in humanitarian action	2
When bullets threaten the pursuit of knowledge: Reclaiming children’s right to education in armed conflict through a human dignity-centred approach under IHRL and IHL	2
Selected resolutions of the 2024 Council of Delegates of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement	2
Above the law: Drones, aerial vision and the law of armed conflict – a socio-technical approach	2
Humanitarian principles and humanitarian disarmament: An operator's perspective	2
This is who we are: The role of military ethics, culture, and religion in disseminating international humanitarian law to the armed forces	2
Addressing environmental damages in contexts of armed conflict through transitional justice in Colombia	2
Normative architecture and applied international humanitarian law	2
IRC volume 107 issue 928 Cover and Front matter	2
(Transnational) Organized crime and corruption in conflict settings: Interview with Ms Ghada Waly	2

The Climate and Environment Charter for Humanitarian Organizations: Strengthening the humanitarian response to the climate and environment crises	2
The origins, causes and enduring significance of the Martens Clause: A view from Russia	2
Navigating violence: learning from civilian experiences and strengthening humanitarian action in contested territories	2
How is the term “armed conflict” defined in international humanitarian law?	1
IRC volume 107 issue 929 Cover and Front matter	1
Is wearing these sunglasses an attack? Obligations under IHL related to anti-AI countermeasures	1
Humanitarian bullets and man-killers: Revisiting the history of arms regulation in the late nineteenth century	1
War in cities: Why the protection of the natural environment matters even when fighting in urban areas, and what can be done to ensure protection	1
Water and survival in war: Upholding IHL’s protective purpose and documenting the hidden toll	1
The origins and influence of victim assistance: Contributions of the Mine Ban Treaty, Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Convention on Cluster Munitions	1
Practice versus perception: A discussion of the humanitarian principle of independence in the context of migration	1
The Bystander, the Good Samaritan and the Just in the Holocaust and international humanitarian law	1
Strengthening the protection of civilian infrastructure in armed conflict: Practical measures to operationalize IHL and reduce civilian harm	1
The African Union's humanitarian policies: A closer look at Africa's regional institutions and practice	1
What is IHL history now?	1
IHL in the era of climate change: The application of the UN climate change regime to belligerent occupations	1
The war crime of outrages against the personal dignity of the dead: Legal basis, evolution, and elements	1
Increasing visibility of persons with disabilities in armed conflict: Implications for interpreting and applying IHL	1
Increasing the safeguarding of protected areas threatened by warfare through international environmental law	1
At the frontlines of implementing the right to a healthy environment: Understanding human rights and environmental due diligence in relation to armed conflicts	1
Between warships and merchant ships: The legal status, operational functions and targeting rules of auxiliary vessels	1
The 1871 Mexican Criminal Code as the missing piece in the history of criminalizing violations of the laws of war	1
“The Spanish Henri Dunant” of the Institut de Droit International, Nicasio Landa (1830–1891)	1
Interview with Florence Anselmo and Pierre Guyomarc’h	1
IRC volume 106 issue 926 Cover and Front matter	1
Civilian hackers in war: The limits that international humanitarian law imposes on volunteer IT armies, hacktivists, and other civilian hackers	1
Mental health in conflict and post-conflict settings: An analysis of UN human rights treaty bodies’ Concluding Observations	1
International Humanitarian Law and Peace	1
The role of National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies in the development of international humanitarian law: Lessons learned and perspectives based on the Belgian Red Cross experience	1
The overlooked importance of intelligence analysis in IHL	1
Protection of the Dead	1
Assessing the authority of the ICRC Customary IHL Study	1
The African Union’s Peace and Security Council and the strengthening of international humanitarian law	1
An Australian perspective on the role of national IHL committees in fostering government and National Society collaboration	1
Speech by Mirjana Spoljaric Egger, President of the International Committee of the Red Cross	1
Interview with Marja Lehto	1
Unveiling claims of discrimination based on nationality in the context of occupation under international humanitarian and human rights law	1
Addressing the accountability void: War crimes against persons with disabilities	1
The ICRC's approach to peace: Interview with Eva Svoboda	1
Targeting drug lords: Challenges to IHL between lege lata and lege ferenda	1
Wars have limits	1
Exclusive humanitarianism: Policy recommendations for genuine inclusion of persons with disabilities in humanitarian action	1
Honest Errors? Combat Decision-Making 75 Years after the Hostage Case Edited by Nobuo Hayashi and Carola Lingaas	0
Protection of persons with disabilities in armed conflict under international humanitarian law and Islamic law	0
A case study on War Poses	0
Against the laws of humanity: Expanding bullets and the 1899 First Hague Peace Conference	0
Restoring dignity by granting rights: IHL and peacebuilding empowerment for Magdalena River fishing communities in Colombia	0
International humanitarian law-making and new military technologies	0
Interview with Eirini Giorgou	0
Will the centre hold? Countering the erosion of the principle of distinction on the digital battlefield	0
It's all relative: The origins, legal character and normative content of the humanitarian principles	0
“Grant him quickly to my longing eyes”: The evolution of the US common law of sepulchre and its potential utility in interpreting the protection of the dead under IHL	0
Harvesting vulnerability: The challenges of organ trafficking in armed conflict	0
Legal fact sheet: Humanity after life: Respecting and protecting the dead	0
Charting Hinduism's rules of armed conflict: Indian sacred texts and international humanitarian law	0
The humanitarian impact of armed violence on communities – the Americas perspective: Interview with Sophie Orr	0
Protected zones in context: Exploring the complexity of armed conflicts and their impacts on the protection of biodiversity	0
Opportunities and failures to prosecute violence against persons with disabilities at the international tribunals for the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone	0
Rethinking direct participation in hostilities and continuous combat function in light of targeting members of terrorist non-State armed groups	0
The Rights to Privacy and Data Protection in Times of Armed Conflict Edited by Russell Buchan and Asaf Lubin	0
Can criminal organizations be non-State parties to armed conflict?	0
IRC volume 107 issue 929 Cover and Back matter	0
The Geneva Conventions at 75: A common heritage of humanity	0
IRC volume 105 issue 924 Cover and Front matter	0
The use of facial recognition for targeting under international law	0
Protecting the environment in armed conflict: Evaluating the US perspective	0
Some key documents on the ICRC's response to armed violence and more	0
What militaries need to know about data protection and the right to digital privacy/private life	0
Humanitarianism and affect-based education: Emotional experiences at the Jean-Pictet Competition	0
The unilateralization of international humanitarian law	0
Merging man and machine: A legal assessment of brain–computer interfaces in armed conflict	0
Going for a test drive? Some observations on the turn to informality in the laws of armed conflict	0
Opening Pandora's box: The case of Mexico and the threshold of non-international armed conflicts	0
The protection of the natural environment in armed conflicts and agent-based modelling	0
The search for missing persons: Comparative analysis of the incorporation of international standards into national search plans implemented in Latin American countries	0
Advancing rights and inclusion of persons with disabilities in humanitarian action: a donor perspective	0
Imperfect relief: Challenges to the impartiality and identity of humanitarian action	0
Is Ecuador facing a non-international armed conflict against organized crime groups? Reality, inconsistencies and jurisprudential developments	0
Visible wounds, invisible rights: Mental health and psychosocial support for male Yazidi former child soldiers in northern Iraq	0
International humanitarian law and the challenges of contemporary armed conflicts	0

A possible legal framework for the exploitation of natural resources by non-State armed groups	0
IRC volume 104 issue 920-921 Cover and Front matter	0
Protecting civilians in good faith: The ICRC’s new updated Commentary on Geneva Convention IV	0
The challenges of research in the humanitarian sector: An evolving relationship	0
The Military	0
Analogies in the historical development of IHL (1864–2001)	0
Handling cyberspace's state of intermediacy through existing international law	0
The protection of persons with disabilities in armed conflict: An empty shelf in an IHL-specialized library?	0
Two wrongs don’t make a right: Reflections on reciprocity and its impact on the path to peace	0
Symbiosis in violence: A case study from Sierra Leone of the international humanitarian law implications of parties to the conflict engaging in organized crime	0
IRC volume 107 issue 928 Cover and Back matter	0
Whose war is it anyway? Proportionate reparations in wars of aggression	0
The protection of women and girls with disabilities in armed conflict: Adopting a gender-, age- and disability-inclusive approach to select IHL provisions	0
Gender, conflict and the environment: Surfacing connections in international humanitarian law	0
Civility, Barbarism, and the Evolution of International Humanitarian Law: Who Do the Laws of War Protect? Edited by Matt Killingsworth and Tim McCormack	0
Safeguarding rangers in conflict zones: Bridging humanitarian and environmental law	0
Taking economic and social rights earnestly: What does international human rights law offer persons with disabilities in situations of armed conflict?	0
Guidance note: Certificates and declarations of absence	0
De-dehumanization: Practicing humanity	0
Humanitarianism and the Quantification of Human Needs: Minimal Humanity By Joël Glasman *	0
Informal international law-making: A way around the deadlock of international humanitarian law?	0
Translating impartiality into operations from a financial perspective: Uncertainties and solutions	0
Inviolability in the digital era: The ICRC’s Agreement on Privileges and Immunities with Luxembourg	0
Militarization and privatization of security: From the War on Drugs to the fight against organized crime in Latin America	0
The protection of detainees in non-international armed conflict under international humanitarian law and Islamic law	0
The dead and missing in armed conflict: Protections set out in the judgments of the European and Inter-American Courts of Human Rights	0
How harmful information on social media impacts people affected by armed conflict: A typology of harms	0
Note on the National Information Bureau	0
Protecting the dead against sexual violence from the perspectives of international criminal law and international humanitarian law	0
Intersections in International Cultural Heritage Law Edited by Anne-Marie Carstens and Elizabeth Varner	0
Beyond retribution: Individual reparations for IHL violations as peace facilitators	0
Protecting Civilians against Digital Threats during Armed Conflict: Final report of the ICRC's Global Advisory Board	0
From the Gilded Age to the Digital Age: The evolution of ICRC legal commentaries	0
Resolutions of the 34th International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent	0
Remedying the environmental impacts of war: Challenges and perspectives for full reparation	0
Interview with Itonde Kakoma	0
Article 12 of the Protocol on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Africa: A critical analysis	0
Of date palms and dialogue: Enhancing the protection of the natural environment under international humanitarian law and Islamic law	0
How international humanitarian law develops	0
IRC volume 106 issue 925 Cover and Back matter	0
Redefining the neutral intermediary role: Balancing theoretical ideas with practical realities through the ICRC's experience in Yemen	0
Who is the civilian population? Ensuring IHL is implemented for the protection of the entirety of the civilian population – including persons with disabilities	0
Practical, legal and psychological issues related to the protection of the dead in cases of enforced disappearance	0
Through Humanity to Peace: Reflections on Humanitarian Action and Peace from the ICRC’s Practice	0
Organized Crime in Armed Conflicts and Other Situations of Violence	0
Reporting activities under international humanitarian law	0
How the Guidelines for the Implementation of the 1999 Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 contribute to better protection of cultural property	0
Interview with His Royal Highness Prince Mired bin Raad Zeid Al-Hussein of Jordan	0
War without limits: How sharp war theory is a historical anomaly	0
International humanitarian law, jus post bellum and transformative justice	0
Fundamental Principles	0
The view of the past in international humanitarian law (1860–2020)	0
The protection of dead persons under international human rights law: Evaluating gaps and developing a principles framework	0
No longer the “forgotten victims of armed conflict”: Operational and legal considerations for accountability mechanisms regarding crimes affecting persons with disabilities	0
Crime wars: Operational perspectives on criminal armed groups in Mexico and Brazil	0
A galaxy of norms: UN peace operations and protection of the environment in relation to armed conflict	0
The practice of the UN Security Council pertaining to the environment and armed conflict, 1945–2021	0
Criminalizing reprisals against the natural environment	0
The question of definition: Armed banditry in Nigeria's North-West in the context of international humanitarian law	0
Upholding IHL in the use of ICTs during armed conflict – key legal and humanitarian considerations: Interview with Kubo Mačák, Mariana Salazar Albornoz and Mohamed Helal	0
Mass grave mapping and the protection of the dead	0
IRC volume 104 issue 920-921 Cover and Back matter	0
When loss of protection does not permit attack: Distinguishing acts harmful to the enemy from the notion of military objectives	0
Enhanced labour protection for prisoners of war	0
Disabled dead bodies: Marking the intersections of international humanitarian law and international human rights law	0
Sea drones: warships or weapons? Legal status and implications	0
Detention by Non-State Armed Groups under International Law By Ezequiel Heffes *	0
Interview with Roberto Carlos Vidal López	0
The obligation to prevent environmental harm in relation to armed conflict	0
Dignity in death: International humanitarian law and the protection of the deceased in war	0
Optional but not qualified: Neutrality, the UN Charter and humanitarian objectives	0
“A season in hell”: The Rwandan genocide and the ICRC's Fundamental Principles	0
Lawyering Peace By Paul R. Williams	0
From invisibility to positive legal protection: The drafting of Article 11 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities	0
African customs and traditions and the indigenization of international humanitarian law in armed conflict	0
Chair's Summary Report of State Expert Meeting on International Humanitarian Law: Protecting the Environment in Armed Conflicts	0
US military legal doctrine and the emerging wartime cyber environment	0
The 34th International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, Geneva, 28–31 October 2024: Interview with Olivier Ray and Eva Svoboda	0
Protection of the Environment During Armed Conflict	0
The UN75 Declaration, Our Common Agenda and the development of international law	0
Navigating legal frontiers: Climate change, environmental protection and armed conflict	0
IRC volume 105 issue 923 Cover and Front matter	0
Lost in digital translation? The humanitarian principles in the digital age	0
Dreams of a Deafblind Person!	0
The use of autonomous cyber capabilities in armed conflict and States’ due diligence obligations to avoid unintended violations of international humanitarian law	0
Internalizing IHL: Melding humanitarian law with military ethics for junior leaders	0
Strengthening the medicolegal system: Fulfilling international law obligations during conflicts and disasters to prevent and resolve issues of humanitarian concern	0
Advancing honour and dignity in death for victims of armed conflicts: Exploring the challenges and opportunities of AI and machine learning in humanitarian forensic action under IHL	0
Interview with His Excellency Pekka Haavisto	0
IRC volume 105 issue 924 Cover and Back matter	0
“Si vis pacem, impera bellum”: The ICRC, international humanitarian law and peace	0
The regulation of crimes against water in armed conflicts and other situations of violence	0
Environmental obligations of business entities during armed conflicts	0
Provisional justice in protracted conflicts: The place of temporality in bridging the international humanitarian law and transitional justice divide	0
IRC volume 105 issue 922 Cover and Front matter	0