Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials

Article	Citations
Bioinspired film-terminated ridges for enhancing friction force on lubricated soft surfaces	171
Comparative study of hydroxyapatite synthesized using Schiff base and wet chemical precipitation methods	124
Comparison of simplified bone-screw interface models in materially nonlinear μFE simulations	112
Mechanical properties of stromal striae, and their impact on corneal tissue behavior	90
Emerging trends in multi-modal multi-dimensional biomechanical materials research	73
Quantitative in silico analysis for patient-specific annuloplasty in bicuspid aortic valve regurgitation	71
A statistical machine learning approach linking molecular conformational changes to altered mechanical characteristics of skin due to thermal injury	71
Performance of personalised prosthesis under static pressure: Numerical analysis and experimental validation	66
Predicting osteosynthesis screw failure by peri-implant bone morphology in multiple loading conditions	63
Time-dependent effects of ethanol-glycerin embalming on iliotibial band biomechanics	60
Mechanical characterization of Xenopus laevis oocytes using atomic force microscopy	59
Durable PP/EPDM/GF/SiO2 nanocomposites with improved strength and toughness for orthotic applications	55
Corrigendum to “Corrosion-fatigue of additively manufactured Ti6Al4V” [J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 175 107289]	55
Processing and characterization of egg shell derived nano-hydroxyapatite synthetic bone for Orthopaedic and Arthroscopy implants and substitutes in dentistry	54
Prediction of osteoporotic degradation of tibia human bone at trabecular scale	54
Biodegradable implant application: Electrodeposition of HA/TiO2/ZrO2 coating onto Zn-composite substrates	54
Highly lubricious SPMK-g-PEEK implant surfaces to facilitate rehydration of articular cartilage	54
Diatomaceous earth as a drug-loaded carrier in a glass-ionomer cement	52
On the contribution of solid and fluid behavior to the modeling of the time-dependent mechanics of tendons under semi-confined compression	52
Collagen hydrogels with similar polymer content but different microstructure — A comparative analysis of mechanical response	52
Biomechanical evaluation of various internal fixation patterns for unilateral mandibular condylar base fractures: A three-dimensional finite element analysis	51
AFM advanced modes for dental and biomedical applications	50
Effect of mold shape on the microstructure of gelatin sponges for tissue engineering applications	50
Determination of elastic moduli of polymeric materials using microhardness indentation	49
Usability of the ECAP-Conform process for the production of dental implants material	49

Lipid-induced degradation of UHMWPE: Clinical assessment of retrieved orthopedic implants, analysis of synovial fluids, and in vitro validation	48
The effect of phase contents on the properties of yttria stabilized zirconia dental materials fabricated by stereolithography-based additive manufacturing	48
Investigation of time-dependent changes in geometrical, mechanical and optical properties of PVA hydrogel for vascular model applications	48
Melt electrowriting reinforced composite membrane for controlled drug release	45
A plantar surface shear strain methodology utilising Digital Image Correlation	44
Empirical evidence that bone collagen molecules denature as a result of bone fracture	44
SALS-ing is believing: Determining dominant fibre orientation in pericardium using visual inspection and Small Angle Light Scattering (SALS)	43
Effect of air abrasion, acid etching, and aging on the shear bond strength with resin cement to 3Y-TZP zirconia	43
Printing fidelity assessment and micro-mechanical characterization of FDM-printed PLA/HA composite for maxillofacial and oral applications	43
Effect of strain rate on the mechanical properties of human ribs: Insights from complete rib bending tests	41
Characterization of damage mechanisms in cortical bone: Quantification of fracture resistance, critical strains, and crack tortuosity	39
Elastic parameter identification of three-dimensional soft tissue based on deep neural network	39
In situ and in vitro evaluation of the bioavailability of rumen-protected methionine with coating prototypes	39
A comparative study of invariant-based hyperelastic models for silicone elastomers under biaxial deformation with the virtual fields method	38
Effect of abutment screw-access hole on the fatigue performance of implant-supported lithium-disilicate luted simplified restorations	38
A new method for determining the ogden parameters of soft materials using indentation experiments	36
Improving accuracy in assessing osseointegration in small animal bone using specimen-specific additively-manufactured fixtures based on clinical CT imaging	36
Gaussian random field-based characterization and reconstruction of cancellous bone microstructure considering the constraint of correlation structure	36
Biomimetic crimped/aligned microstructure to optimize the mechanics of fibrous hybrid materials for compliant vascular grafts	36
Indentation size effect in Knoop and Vickers hardness measurement of dental resin-based composites	35
Surface fractures in pre-crystallized and crystallized zirconia-containing lithium silicate glass-ceramics generated in ultrasonic vibration-assisted machining	35
Screw preload loss under occlusal load as a predictor of loosening risk in varying dental implant designs	35
Effects of gamma sterilisation on dissipation mechanisms in polyethylene glycol hydrogels - Novel insights revealed by nanoindentation and modelling	34
Editorial Board	34
Preparation of chitosan quaternary ammonium salt-sodium alginate/poly acrylic acid hydrogel and its application in flexible sensing	34
Both network architecture and micro cracks effects on lacuno-canalicular liquid flow efficiency within the context of multiphysics approach for bone remodeling	34
An analytical model describing the mechanics of erythrocyte membrane wrapping during active invasion of a plasmodium falciparum merozoite	33
Impact of thrombus composition on virtual thrombectomy procedures using human clot analogues mechanical data	33
The current state of biomechanical analyses of the adult human femur: A systematic review	33
Computational analysis of mechanical performance for 3D-printed biodegradable PLA cardiovascular stents	33
Mechanical strength predictability of full factorial, Taguchi, and Box Behnken designs: Optimization of thermal settings and Cellulose Nanofibers content in PA12 for MEX AM	33
Structural parameters defining distribution of collagen fiber directions in human carotid arteries	33
On the thermal impact during drilling operations in guided dental surgery: An experimental and numerical investigation	33
Size effect in polymeric lattice materials with size-dependent Poisson's ratio caused by Cosserat elasticity	33
Thickness and internal adjustment of monolithic resin composite milled crowns: Effect on the load-bearing capacity under fatigue	32
Bio-inspired auto-adaptive framework for optimized movement of passive knee prosthesis	32
Designs and mechanical responses of 3D-printed Ti6Al4V porous structures based on triply periodic minimal surfaces with different iso-values	32
Comparative study on wear behaviors of interproximal tooth enamel against CAD/CAM ceramic materials at interproximal contact zone	32
Accelerated bruxism-simulating fatigue test of occlusal veneers	32
Near-field electrospinning of polydioxanone small diameter vascular graft scaffolds	32
Age-dependent mechanical properties of tail tendons in wild-type and mimecan gene-knockout mice – A preliminary study	32
Silk fibroin hydrogel membranes prepared by a sequential cross-linking strategy for guided bone regeneration	31
A review of strategies for improving the mechanical properties of 3D bioprinted skin grafts	31
Unravelling the mechanics of gastric tissue: A comparison of constitutive models, damage probability and microstructural insights	31
Mechanical finite element analysis of needle tip shape to develop insertable polymer-based microneedle without plastic deformation	31
Shear wave elastography characterizes passive and active mechanical properties of biceps brachii muscle in vivo	30
Mechanical response of human thoracic spine ligaments under quasi-static loading: An experimental study	30
Human collagen sequence polypeptides mediated biomineralization and its molecular mechanism	30
Development and characterisation of hybrid composite skin simulants based on short polyethylene fibre and bioactive glass particle-reinforced silicone	30
Material removal and surface damage in high-speed grinding of enamel	30

The influence of infrapatellar fat pad resection on knee joint friction and damping: An in vitro study in New Zealand white rabbits	30
Influence of core material and occlusal contact pattern on fatigue behavior of different monolithic ceramic crowns	30
A novel device for investigating structure-function relationships and mechanoadaptation of biological tissues	29
Biomodification of eroded and abraded dentin with epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)	29
Fabrication of a gradient AZ91-bioactive glass composite with good biodegradability	29
Assessing the aneurysm occlusion efficacy of a shear-thinning biomaterial in a 3D-printed model	29
Copper nanoparticles incorporated visible light-curing chitosan-based hydrogel membrane for enhancement of bone repair	29
Predicting fracture in the proximal humerus using phase field models	28
Towards biomimetic, lattice-based, tendon and ligament metamaterial designs	28
A finite element simulation study on the superficial collagen fibril network of knee cartilage under cyclic loading: Effects of fibril crosslink densities	28
Biodegradable polyvinyl alcohol/nano-hydroxyapatite composite membrane enhanced by MXene nanosheets for guided bone regeneration	28
Investigating simultaneous mineralization across layers during tooth development using atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy	28
Finite element analysis of esophageal atresia repair with biodegradable polymer sleeves	27
A noninvasive measurement technique for the initial stiffness of the radial artery	27
A neural network-assisted 3D theoretical thermoelastic solution for laminated liquid crystal elastomer plate used in restoring cardiac mechanical function	27
Soft tissue-like coupling materials for in vitro acoustic emission studies in total hip arthroplasty	27
Electrochemical behavior and surface stability of dental zirconia ceramics in acidic environments	27
Rigid flexible coupling contact mechanism for oral and maxillofacial skin and soft tissues	27
Comparison of two contrast-enhancing staining agents for use in X-ray imaging and digital volume correlation measurements across the cartilage-bone interface	27
CyMAD bioreactor: A cyclic magnetic actuation device for magnetically mediated mechanical stimulation of 3D bioprinted hydrogel scaffolds	26
Water flow elastography – A promising tool to measure tissue stiffness during minimally invasive surgery	26
Breaking points of human hamstring muscle–tendon complex: A cadaveric study	26
Do nanofillers provide better physicomechanical properties to resin-based pit and fissure sealants? A systematic review	26
Developing failure criteria for laceration injury of dermal tissue	26
The effect of varying monocalcium phosphate and polylysine levels on dental composite properties	26
Finite element modeling framework for evaluating the efficacy of protective plates in minimizing organ and tissue damage resulting from a blast wave impact	26
Dynamic finite element analysis of hip replacement edge loading: Balancing precision and run time in a challenging model	26
A novel diffusion tensor based three-dimensional constitutive model for human breast tissue	26
In-vitro assessment of a novel intraocular lens made of crosslinked polyisobutylene	26
Preparation and characterizations of antibacterial iodine-containing coatings on pure Ti	26
Review paper: The importance of consideration of collagen cross-links in computational models of collagen-based tissues	25
Corrigendum to “Degradation resistance of PVDF mesh in vivo in comparison to PP mesh” [J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 119 (2021) 104490]	25
Influence of sintering protocol and translucency-enhancing liquid on the mechanical performance of anterior zirconia crowns	25
Characterization of hardness and elastic modulus using nanoindentation and correlation with wear behavior of UHMWPE during uniaxial tension	25
A hazardous boundary of Poly(L-lactic acid) braided stent design: Limited elastic deformability of polymer materials	25
Electrochemical deposition multi-walled carbon nanotube coatings on the surface of Ti6Al4V alloy for enhancing its biotribological properties	25
Impact of a prophylactic mesh on the biomechanics of abdominal wall closure: an animal study	25
Fracture resistance of a short fiber-reinforced flowable resin composite compared with different types of flowable resin composites	24
Controlled microstructural evolution of Hydroxyapatite–Bioglass® nanocomposites via two-step sintering	24
Corrosion-fatigue of additively manufactured Ti6Al4V	24
Patient-specific finite element analysis of human corneal lenticules: An experimental and numerical study	24
Calibration of Drucker–Prager plasticity in prosthetic materials: From experimental characterization to reverse-engineering finite element analysis	24
Fracture strength of endocrown maxillary restorations using different preparation designs and materials	24
A computational study of forward head posture biomechanics	24
An improved parameter fitting approach of a planar biaxial test including the experimental prestretch	24
A specialized protocol for mechanical testing of isolated networks of type II collagen	24
The assessment of natural human skin tension orientation and its variation according to age for two body areas: Forearm and thigh	24
Effects of post-curing duration on the mechanical properties of complex 3D printed geometrical parts	23
Study on the adverse effect of acid-corrosion on the dentin in terms of degradation of fracture resistance	23
Critical size of kidney stone through ureter: A mechanical analysis	23
Preparation and evaluation of (R)-(−)-carvone-doped polymeric resins as potential antibacterial dental materials	23
Finite element simulations of a single type I collagen fibril, using a novel cross-linking system	23
Force and energy transmission at the brain-skull interface of the minipig in vivo and post-mortem	23
Micromechanical characteristics of titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) made by laser powder bed fusion using an in-situ SEM micropillar compression technique	23
Comparative study of stress characteristics around the adjacent teeth tissues during insertion of mini-screws with different insertion angles: A three-dimensional finite element study	23
Mechanical characterisation of hand first dorsal interosseous muscle during gripping	23
A dermal light sensor controls anisotropic biomechanical properties in insect cuticle	23
Mechanical loading of ex vivo bovine trabecular bone in 3D printed bioreactor chambers	23
Mechanically biomimetic silk Fiber–Reinforced IPN hydrogels for cardiovascular tissue engineering	23
Mechanical properties and machinability of lithium silicate glass-ceramics with varying MgO content	23
Immediate dentin sealing influences the fracture strength of ultrathin occlusal veneers made of a polymer-infiltrated ceramic network	23
Kirchhoff's law-based velocity-controlled motion models to predict real-time cutting forces in minimally invasive surgeries	23
Synthesis of chitosan based reduced graphene oxide-CeO2 nanocomposites for drug delivery and antibacterial applications	23
Edge chipping patterns in posterior teeth of hominins and apes	22
In vitro assessment of dental erosion caused by clear aligners	22
Associations between age and mechanical properties in skeletally immature human patellar tendons	22
Explant analysis of a Discocerv cervical disc: A case study for a ceramic-on-ceramic cervical disc	22
Effect of the region of the CAD/CAM block on the flexural strength and structural reliability of restorative materials	22
A hyper-viscoelastic uniaxial characterization of collagenous embolus analogs in acute ischemic stroke	22
Elasticity of whole blood clots measured via Volume Controlled Cavity Expansion	22
Fatigue strength of bilayer yttria-stabilized zirconia after low-temperature degradation	22
Exploring a parallel rheological framework to capture the mechanical behaviour of a thin-strut polymeric bioresorbable coronary scaffold	22
Si3N4-TiN rotary EDM optimization by Mo-Jaya algorithm with Pareto optimal solution, analysis of micro-structural and geometrical tolerances	22
Hierarchical porous PLLA/ACP fibrous membrane towards bone tissue scaffold	22
Study of the compression behavior of functionally graded lattice for customized cranial remodeling orthosis	22
Cardiac valve scaffold design: Implications of material properties and geometric configuration on performance and mechanics	22
Application of modified aldehyde compounds in self-etching bonding of dentin	22
Profiling oocytes with neural networks from images and mechanical data	22
Editorial Board	22
Fitting mechanical properties of the aortic wall and individual layers to experimental tensile tests including residual stresses	21

Enhanced injectability of aqueous β-tricalcium phosphate suspensions through PAA incorporation, gelling and preshearing	21
Printability for additive manufacturing with machine learning: Hybrid intelligent Gaussian process surrogate-based neural network model for Co-Cr alloy	21
Nacre-like block lattice metamaterials with targeted phononic band gap and mechanical properties	21
Effects of Streptococcus mutans and their metabolites on the wear behavior of dental restorative materials	21
Distribution and propagation of stress and strain in cube honeycombs as trabecular bone substitutes: Finite element model analysis	21
Towards predicting shear-banding instabilities in lipid monolayers	21
Effect of tension and compression on dynamic alveolar histomorphometry	21
Effect of simulated brushing and disinfection on the surface roughness and color stability of CAD-CAM denture base materials	21
Editorial Board	21
Tailoring the mechanical properties of macro-porous PVA hydrogels for biomedical applications	21
Comparison of tendon attachment to 3D printed Ti6Al4V implant versus Trevira® implant: A paired experimental animal study	20
Measurement of changes in muscle viscoelasticity during static stretching using stress-relaxation data	20
Tribological behaviour of 3D printed materials for small joint implants: A pilot study	20
A multilayer, anisotropy-aware, age-dependent finite element framework for pin-skull indentation mechanics with implications for pediatric cranial safety	20
Mechanical and bioactive properties of PVD TiO2 coating modified PEEK for biomedical applications	20
Vinyl-modified silica nanoparticles for mSLA: Promoting photocurable PEGDA resin performance and print quality	20
Tuning the mechanical properties of alginate dialdehyde–gelatin (ADA–GEL) bioinks for bioprinting approaches by varying the degree of oxidation	20
Shore hardness of bulk polyurethane affects the properties of nanofibrous materials differently	20
Evolution of degradation mechanism and fixation strength of biodegradable Zn–Cu wire as sternum closure suture: An in vitro study	20
Rotational 3D shear wave elasticity imaging: Effect of knee flexion on 3D shear wave propagation in in vivo vastus lateralis	20
Quantifying how altered lacunar morphology and perilacunar tissue properties influence local mechanical environment of osteocyte lacunae using finite element modeling	20
An interferometric-based tensile tester to resolve damage events within reconstituted multi-filaments collagen bundles	19
Relationship between magnetization transfer ratio and axial compressive strain in tibiofemoral articular cartilage	19
Effect of thermocycling on the mechanical properties, inorganic particle release and low temperature degradation of glazed high translucent monolithic 3Y-TZP dental restorations	19
Effects of surface morphology and chemical composition on friction properties of Xenopeltis hainanensis scales	19
Development of a continuum-based, meshless, finite element modeling approach for representation of trabecular bone indentation	19
Editorial Board	19
Impact of multiple firings on fracture load of veneered zirconia restorations	19
Effects of an orthodontic primer containing amorphous fluorinated calcium phosphate nanoparticles on enamel white spot lesions	19
Preparation and mechanical behavior of the acellular porcine common bile duct and its immunogenicity in vivo	19
Development of a novel hybrid Ti6Al4V–ZrO2 surface with high wear resistance by laser and hot pressing techniques for dental implants	19
In-silico simulation of nanoindentation on bone using a 2D cohesive finite element model	19
Macroscopic creep behavior of spheroids derived from mesenchymal stem cells under compression	19
Conceptual design of compliant bone scaffolds by full-scale topology optimization	19
Experimental investigation on mechanical properties of aged bamboo fiber-reinforced composites under quasi-static loading	19
Insight on the in vivo wear characteristics of goat artificial cervical disc implanted for 6 months	19
Biomineralization of calcium phosphates functionalized with hydroxyapatite-binding peptide	19
Fabrication of a positional brain shift phantom through the utilization of the frozen intermediate hydrogel state	19
Aging of non-implanted Natrelle™ gel breast implants	18
Strain-based biomarkers at the skin surface differentiate asymmetries in soft tissue mobility associated with myofascial pain	18
Effects of orientation of myocardial fibers on the contractility of left ventricle	18
Biomechanical analysis of peri-prosthetic bone response to hybrid threaded zirconia dental implants: An in silico model	18
Mechanical properties and osteointegration of the mesh structure of a lumbar fusion cage made by 3D printing	18
One-step synthesis of a piezoelectric hybrid BNNT/BaTiO3 composite and its application in bone tissue engineering	18
An investigation on the effects of in vitro induced advanced glycation end-products on cortical bone fracture mechanics at fall-related loading rates	18
Optimisation of the additive manufacturing parameters of polylactic acid (PLA) cellular structures for biomedical applications	18
On the fracture behavior of cortical bone microstructure: The effects of morphology and material characteristics of bone structural components	18
Treatment affects load to failure and microdamage accumulation in healthy and osteolytic rat vertebrae	18
Electrodeposited biodegradable Zn-Fe alloy foams: Synergistic control of degradation kinetics and biomechanical properties for cranial bone implants	18
Probing nanoscale structural response of collagen fibril in human Achilles tendon during loading using in situ SAXS	18
Fatigue performance of 4YSZ: Effect of finishing/polishing protocol and surface treatments of the bonding surface	18
Agglomeration effect on biomechanical performance of CNT-reinforced dental implant using micromechanics-based approach	18
Increasing the fatigue strength of laser-powder bed fusion manufactured Ti6Al4V hip stems by means of appropriate post-treatments	18
Unveiling the link between surface physicochemistry and nanomechanical behavior in bleached and UV-irradiated human hair fibers	18
Micro-CT assisted finite element analysis and functionalization of dental implants with piezoelectric coatings for improved bio-mechanical and anti-bacterial performance	18
Development of a bioactive dentin adhesive resin modified with magnesium-doped synthetic hydroxyapatite crystals	18
Skeletal impacts of dual in vivo compressive axial tibial and ulnar loading in mice	18
Revealing the composite fretting-corrosion mechanisms of Ti6Al4V alloy against zirconia-toughened alumina ceramic in simulated body fluid	18
Effect of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) addition on microstructure, mechanical, and biocompatible properties of spark plasma sintered titanium (Ti) matrix composites	18
3D-printed programmable bistable mechanisms for customized wearable devices in tremor attenuation	18
Is the fluid volume fraction equal to the water content in tendons? Insights on biphasic modeling	18
Predicting overloading plate failure using specimen-specific finite element models combined with implantable sensors	17
Exploring the mechanical and biological properties of a resin-ceramic composite with biomimetic nacre structure containing zinc used for prosthodontics	17
Aortic smooth muscle cells keep their spindle-shaped morphotype in low density collagen hydrogels	17
Editorial Board	17
3D-printed polyether-ether ketone/carboxymethyl cellulose scaffolds coated with Zn–Mn doped mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles	17
Effect of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) concentrations on polymerization shrinkage stress and other physicochemical properties of experimental resin composites	17
Post-printing processing and aging effects on Polyjet materials intended for the fabrication of advanced surgical simulators	17
Fabricating synthetic, small-diameter vascular templates via touch-spinning	17
Evaluation of a new dynamic erosive aging method on the properties of restorative CAD/CAM dental materials	17
Incorporation of strontium borosilicate bioactive glass in calcium aluminate biocement: Physicomechanical, bioactivity and antimicrobial properties	17
Adhesive application after ceramic surface treatment is detrimental to load-bearing capacity under fatigue of a lithium disilicate glass-ceramic	17
The mechanical properties of chimeric silk are improved by expressing the full-length Trichonephila clavipes major ampullate spidroin gene in the silkworm Bombyx mori via recombinant AcMNPV	17
Accuracy of additively manufactured and steam sterilized surgical guides by means of continuous liquid interface production, stereolithography, digital light processing, and fused filament fabrication	17
3D printed biomedical devices and their applications: A review on state-of-the-art technologies, existing challenges, and future perspectives	17
Visible light photo-crosslinking of biomimetic gelatin-hyaluronic acid hydrogels for adipose tissue engineering	17
Editorial Board	17
Experimental & numerical investigations of ultra-high-speed dynamics of optically induced droplet cavitation in soft materials	17
The relationship between the pH value of a hydration solution and the biomechanical properties of Crosado-embalmed human iliotibial bands	17
Preparation of Bis-GMA free dental resin composites with anti-adhesion effect against Streptococcus mutans using synthesized fluorine-containing methacrylate (DFMA)	17
A study on mechanical and tribological properties of eco-friendly synthesized ZrO2-doped borosilicate glasses	17
A stochastic approach to estimate intraocular pressure and dynamic corneal responses of the cornea	17
Design of thermally programmable 3D shape memory polymer-based devices tailored for endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms	17
Numerical simulation of mechanical tests on a living skin using anisotropic hyperelastic law	17
Fatigue and wear of human tooth enamel: A review	17
Zirconia fixed dental prostheses fabricated by 3D gel deposition show higher fracture strength than conventionally milled counterparts	17
Mechanical behavior and failure mode of body-centered cubic, gyroid, diamond, and Voronoi functionally graded additively manufactured biomedical lattice structures	17
Probability of fatigue failure and minimum sample size requirements for cyclically loaded bone	17
Effect of porcelain veneering technique in bilayered zirconia on bond strength and residual stress distribution	17
Novel hydrogen donors as alternative Co-initiators in model dental resins: A performance analysis	16
A geometry model of the porcine stomach featuring mucosa and muscle layer thicknesses	16
Influence of different surface finishing procedures of strength-gradient multilayered zirconia crowns on two-body wear and fracture load: Lithium silicate or leucite glazing versus polishing?	16
Regional variations of mechanical responses of IVD to 7 different motions: An in vivo study combined with FEA and DFIS	16
Promotion effect of proanthocyanidin on dentin remineralization via the polymer induced liquid precursor process	16
Strength–fracture toughness synergy strategy in ostrich tibia's compact bone: Hierarchical and gradient	16