Plant Methods

Article	Citations
TreeJ: an ImageJ plugin for interactive cell lineage reconstruction from static images	114
The influence of water content on the longitudinal modulus of elasticity of maize stalk pith and rind tissues	94
A novel method for extraction of high purity and high production Phytophthora sojae oospores	84
Orchid2024: A cultivar-level dataset and methodology for fine-grained classification of Chinese Cymbidium Orchids	72
Fast estimation of plant growth dynamics using deep neural networks	65
A deep learning approach to track Arabidopsis seedlings’ circumnutation from time-lapse videos	63
Optimized synthesis of layered double hydroxide lactate nanosheets and their biological effects on Arabidopsis seedlings	60
Complementarity of Raman and Infrared spectroscopy for rapid characterization of fucoidan extracts	58
Real-time monitoring of Ralstonia solanacearum infection progress in tomato and Arabidopsis using bioluminescence imaging technology	51
Development of a multi-targeted real-time PCR assay for the detection of the grapevine pathogen Xylophilus ampelinus	50
Targeted gene deletion with SpCas9 and multiple guide RNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana: four are better than two	48
An automated method for stem diameter measurement based on laser module and deep learning	47
Coconut tree modeling based on abiotic factors and modified cosserat rod theory	43
Non-destructive real-time monitoring of underground root development with distributed fiber optic sensing	43
Orthogonal control of gene expression in plants using synthetic promoters and CRISPR-based transcription factors	40
Classification of multi-year and multi-variety pumpkin seeds using hyperspectral imaging technology and three-dimensional convolutional neural network	38
The isolation strategy and chemical analysis of oil cells from Asari Radix et Rhizoma	38
The semi-automated development of plant cell wall finite element models	38
Estimation of cotton canopy parameters based on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) oblique photography	36
Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in plant roots research: a review	36
Determination of phosphorus compounds in plant tissues: from colourimetry to advanced instrumental analytical chemistry	36
Stability investigation of air-dried olive ribo nucleic acids for metavirome studies	36
A simple and efficient method to quantify the cell parameters of the seed coat, embryo and silique wall in rapeseed	35
RiboPlotR: a visualization tool for periodic Ribo-seq reads	33
pSIG plasmids, MoClo-compatible vectors for efficient production of chimeric double-stranded RNAs in Escherichia coli HT115 (DE3) strain	31

Improved estimation of forage nitrogen in alpine grassland by integrating Sentinel-2 and SIF data	31
Combination of long-term 13CO2 labeling and isotopolog profiling allows turnover analysis of photosynthetic pigments in Arabidopsis leaves	31
The evaluation of different combinations of enzyme set, aligner and caller in GBS sequencing of soybean	29
Optimization of ribosome profiling in plants including structural analysis of rRNA fragments	29
Detection of TuMV by a toehold switch sensor coupled with NASBA amplification in Pseudostellaria heterophylla	29
Novel in silico screening system for plant defense activators using deep learning-based prediction of reactive oxygen species accumulation	29
Improved wood species identification based on multi-view imagery of the three anatomical planes	29
Non-destructive detection of early wheat germination via deep learning-optimized terahertz imaging	29
Innovation of strip fertilization planting for rice straw crushing with back-throwing and interrow-laying	29
Synchrotron tomography applications in agriculture and food sciences research: a review	28
Truncated CMV2bN43 enhances virus-induced gene silencing in pepper by retaining systemic but not local silencing suppression	28
Local mapping of root orientation traits by X-ray micro-CT and 3d image analysis: A study case on carrot seedlings grown in simulated vs real weightlessness	28
High-throughput estimation of allele frequencies using combined pooled-population sequencing and haplotype-based data processing	27
An improved bacterial mRNA enrichment strategy in dual RNA sequencing to unveil the dynamics of plant-bacterial interactions	27
Installation and imaging of thousands of minirhizotrons to phenotype root systems of field-grown plants	27
Assembly and operation of an imaging system for long-term monitoring of bioluminescent and fluorescent reporters in plants	26
Development and application of a virus-induced gene silencing protocol for the study of gene function in narrow-leafed lupin	26
Improvement of germination rate and hybridization to facilitate breeding of an industrial oil crop, Euphorbia lagascae Spreng	25
A statistical method for high-throughput emergence rate calculation for soybean breeding plots based on field phenotypic characteristics	25
An advanced method for the release, enrichment and purification of high-quality Arabidopsis thaliana rosette leaf trichomes enables profound insights into the trichome proteome	25
A comparative study on point cloud down-sampling strategies for deep learning-based crop organ segmentation	24
Evaluation of deep learning for predicting rice traits using structural and single-nucleotide genomic variants	24
Inter-row navigation line detection for cotton with broken rows	24
ScAnalyzer: an image processing tool to monitor plant disease symptoms and pathogen spread in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves	24
SYMPATHIQUE: image-based tracking of symptoms and monitoring of pathogenesis to decompose quantitative disease resistance in the field	23
A new and effective method to induce infection of Phyllachora maydis into corn for tar spot studies in controlled environments	23
Automatic rape flower cluster counting method based on low-cost labelling and UAV-RGB images	23
GrainNet: efficient detection and counting of wheat grains based on an improved YOLOv7 modeling	23
Using near-infrared spectroscopy to predict nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of herbarium specimens under different storage conditions	23
A high-throughput phenotyping method for sugarcane rind penetrometer resistance and breaking force characterization by near-infrared spectroscopy	23
RGB image-based method for phenotyping rust disease progress in pea leaves using R	22
Machine learning provides specific detection of salt and drought stresses in cucumber based on miRNA characteristics	22
Automated, image-based disease measurement for phenotyping resistance to soybean frogeye leaf spot	22
A method of two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy combined with residual neural network for comparison and differentiation of medicinal plants raw materials superior to traditional machine learning	22
A rapid and non-destructive method for spatial–temporal quantification of colonization by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 in Arabidopsis and tomato	22
DWTFormer: a frequency-spatial features fusion model for tomato leaf disease identification	22
BerryPortraits: Phenotyping Of Ripening Traits in cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) with YOLOv8	21
Mapping of cotton bolls and branches with high-granularity through point cloud segmentation	21
Optimization of preparation conditions for Salsola laricifolia protoplasts using response surface methodology and artificial neural network modeling	21
Sorting biotic and abiotic stresses on wild rocket by leaf-image hyperspectral data mining with an artificial intelligence model	21
Detection and characterization of spike architecture based on deep learning and X-ray computed tomography in barley	21
Statistical analysis of organelle movement using state-space models	21
Ribozyme-mediated CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium) hairy roots using a RNA polymerase II-dependent promoter	21
Evaluation of an intelligent artificial climate chamber for high-throughput crop phenotyping in wheat	21
In vitro micropropagation protocols for two endangered Dianthus species - via in vitro culture for conservation and recultivation purposes	20
EBS-YOLO: edge-optimized bidirectional spatial feature augmentation for in-field detection of wheat Fusarium head blight epidemics	20
Rapid Ragi: A speed breeding protocol for finger millet	20
WheatLFANet: in-field detection and counting of wheat heads with high-real-time global regression network	20
Refining bulk segregant analyses: ontology-mediated discovery of flowering time genes in Brassica oleracea	20
Scoring the number of B chromosomes in Zea mays L. using droplet digital PCR assay	20

Estimation of plant height and yield based on UAV imagery in faba bean (Vicia faba L.)	20
Quantitative phenotyping of crop roots with spectral electrical impedance tomography: a rhizotron study with optimized measurement design	20
An electrophoretic mobility shift assay using the protein isolated from host plants	19
A compact deep learning approach integrating depthwise convolutions and spatial attention for plant disease classification	19
A custom library construction method for super-resolution ribosome profiling in Arabidopsis	18
Assessing data analysis techniques in a high-throughput meiosis-like induction detection system	18
Intelligent identification on cotton verticillium wilt based on spectral and image feature fusion	18
Spectral estimation of the aboveground biomass of cotton under water–nitrogen coupling conditions	18
Mitochondrial DNA editing in potato through mitoTALEN and mitoTALECD: molecular characterization and stability of editing events	18
Transmembrane potential, an indicator in situ reporting cellular senescence and stress response in plant tissues	18
A hybrid CNN–SVM classifier for weed recognition in winter rape field	18
SeedSeg: image-based transgenic seed counting for segregation analysis of T-DNA loci	17
Insights into lncRNA-mediated regulatory networks in Hevea brasiliensis under anthracnose stress	17
Optimizing cannabis cultivation: an efficient in vitro system for flowering induction	17
A vector-free gene interference system using delaminated Mg–Al-lactate layered double hydroxide nanosheets as molecular carriers to intact plant cells	17
A high-throughput approach for quantifying turgor loss point in grapevine	17
Acceleration of wheat breeding: enhancing efficiency and practical application of the speed breeding system	17
Automating high-throughput screening for anthracnose resistance in common bean using allele specific PCR	17
ADAM-DETR: an intelligent rice disease detection method based on adaptive multi-scale feature fusion	17
Spatial and Texture Analysis of Root System distribution with Earth mover’s Distance (STARSEED)	17
Correction: Whole mount multiplexed visualization of DNA, mRNA, and protein in plant-parasitic nematodes	17
Pre-trained protein language model sheds new light on the prediction of Arabidopsis protein–protein interactions	16
Eggsplorer: a rapid plant–insect resistance determination tool using an automated whitefly egg quantification algorithm	16
Efficient mutagenesis and genotyping of maize inbreds using biolistics, multiplex CRISPR/Cas9 editing, and Indel-Selective PCR	16
CRISPR-Cas13a as a next-generation tool for rapid and precise plant RNA virus diagnostics	16
Monitoring of plant water uptake by measuring root dielectric properties on a fine timescale: diurnal changes and response to leaf excision	16
A method to determine antifungal activity in seed exudates by nephelometry	16
Mapping and quantifying unique branching structures in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)	16
A novel method for measuring heat injury in leaves provides insights into the sequence of processes of heat injury development	16
An efficient chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) protocol for studying histone modifications in peach reproductive tissues	16
A deep learning approach for deriving wheat phenology from near-surface RGB image series using spatiotemporal fusion	16
Low-cost and reliable substrate-based phenotyping platform for screening salt tolerance of cutting propagation-dependent grass, paspalum vaginatum	16
BioCurve Analyzer: a web-based shiny app for analyzing biological response curves	16
Tracking deuterium uptake in hydroponically grown maize roots using correlative helium ion microscopy and Raman micro-spectroscopy	16
AraDQ: an automated digital phenotyping software for quantifying disease symptoms of flood-inoculated Arabidopsis seedlings	16
Publisher Correction: New improvements in grapevine genome editing: high efficiency biallelic homozygous knock-out from regenerated plantlets by using an optimized zCas9i	15
CMSAF-Net: integrative network design with enhanced decoder for precision segmentation of pear leaf diseases	15
Apnet: Lightweight network for apricot tree disease and pest detection in real-world complex backgrounds	15
Sensor-based phenotyping of above-ground plant-pathogen interactions	15
Advancing radiation-induced mutant screening through high-throughput technology: a preliminary evaluation of mutant screening in Arabidopsis thaliana	15
De novo assembly provides new insights into the evolution of Elaeagnus angustifolia L.	15
Determining water status of walnut orchards using the crop water stress index and canopy temperature measurements	15
A novel selection model based on multivariate methods and arbitrary genetic parameters: a case study on tomato families	15
A CNN model for early detection of pepper Phytophthora blight using multispectral imaging, integrating spectral and textural information	15
RP-DETR: end-to-end rice pests detection using a transformer	15
Establishment of a low-temperature immersion method for extracting high-activity and high-purity mitochondria from Syntrichia caninervis Mitt.	15
Phenotyping seedlings for selection of root system architecture in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)	14
Simple and efficient isolation of plant genomic DNA using magnetic ionic liquids	14
Characterizing the effects of different chemicals on stem bending of cut snapdragon flower	14
Combining novel feature selection strategy and hyperspectral vegetation indices to predict crop yield	14
One pattern analysis (OPA) for the quantitative determination of protein interactions in plant cells	14
YOLO-PEST: a novel rice pest detection approach based on YOLOv5s	14
Accelerating eucalypt clone selection pipeline via cloned progeny trials and molecular data	14
Improved genomic prediction using machine learning with Variational Bayesian sparsity	14
A non-destructive approach for measuring rice panicle-level photosynthetic responses using 3D-image reconstruction	14
Utilizing X-ray radiography for non-destructive assessment of paddy rice grain quality traits	14
Segmentation and counting of wheat spike grains based on deep learning and textural feature	14
Correction: Rapid and cost-effective molecular karyotyping in wheat, barley, and their crossprogeny by chromosome-specific multiplex PCR	13
Clarification of the infection pattern of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri on citrus fruit by artificial inoculation	13
Dual discriminator GAN-based synthetic crop disease image generation for precise crop disease identification	13
SSR_VibraProfiler: a Python package for accurate classification of varieties using SSRs with intra-variety specificity and inter-variety polymorphism	13
Non-wounding contact-based Inoculation of fruits with fungal pathogens in postharvest	13
Establishment of an efficient tissue culture system for Paeonia ostii by combining vernalization and etiolation pretreatment with optimized culture conditions	13
Identifying and mapping individual medicinal plant Lamiophlomis rotata at high elevations by using unmanned aerial vehicles and deep learning	13
Efficient induction of tetraploids via adventitious bud regeneration and subsequent phenotypic variation in Acacia melanoxylon	13
A rapid and efficient in vivo inoculation method for introducing tree stem canker pathogens onto leaves: suitable for large-scale assessment of resistance in poplar breeding progeny	13
A cell P system with membrane division and dissolution rules for soybean leaf disease recognition	13
Assessing and avoiding C isotopic contamination artefacts in mesocosm-scale 13CO2/12CO2 labelling systems: from biomass components to purified carbohydrates and dark respiration	13
A novel approach integrating multispectral imaging and machine learning to identify seed maturity and vigor in smooth bromegrass	13
Optimized deep learning framework for pomegranate disease detection using nature-inspired algorithms	12
Yield estimation of high-density cotton fields using low-altitude UAV imaging and deep learning	12
Accelerating leaf area measurement using a volumetric approach	12
Low-cost and automated phenotyping system “Phenomenon” for multi-sensor in situ monitoring in plant in vitro culture	12
Characterization of leaf surface phenotypes based on light interaction	12
YOLOV8-CMS: a high-accuracy deep learning model for automated citrus leaf disease classification and grading	12
PhenoTrack3D: an automatic high-throughput phenotyping pipeline to track maize organs over time	12
ShinyCore: An R/Shiny program for establishing core collection based on single nucleotide polymorphism data	12
Swin-Unet++: a study on phenotypic parameter analysis of cabbage seedling roots	11
Meta-learning prediction of physical and chemical properties of magnetized water and fertilizer based on LSTM	11
RhizoMAP: a comprehensive, nondestructive, and sensitive platform for metabolic imaging of the rhizosphere	11

Development of a semi-open chamber system for the gas exchange measurement of whole-canopy under steady and unsteady states in cucumber seedlings	11
Opening the black box: explainable deep-learning classification of wood microscopic image of endangered tree species	11
Photolysis of caged cytokinin in single cells of Arabidopsis thaliana	11
Development of a highly efficient virus-free regeneration system of Salvia miltiorrhiza from Sichuan using apical meristem as explants	11
Deep learning for detecting herbicide weed control spectrum in turfgrass	11
In-vivo Raman microspectroscopy reveals differential nitrate concentration in different developmental zones in Arabidopsis roots	11
DNA-free high-quality RNA extraction from 39 difficult-to-extract plant species (representing seasonal tissues and tissue types) of 32 families, and its validation for downstream molecular application	11
Gray mold and anthracnose disease detection on strawberry leaves using hyperspectral imaging	11
NRTPredictor: identifying rice root cell state in single-cell RNA-seq via ensemble learning	10
Open-source analytical pipeline for robust data analysis, visualizations and sharing in crop breeding	10
Segmentation of structural parts of rosebush plants with 3D point-based deep learning methods	10
Disentangling soybean GxE effects in an integrated genomic prediction and machine learning-GWAS workflow	10
Developing non-invasive 3D quantificational imaging for intelligent coconut analysis system with X-ray	10
Improved phenotyping procedure for evaluating resistance in rice against gall midge (Orseolia oryzae, Wood-Mason)	10
Rapid real-time quantitative colorimetric LAMP methodology for field detection of Verticillium dahliae in crude olive-plant samples	10
The mechanisms and prediction of non-structural carbohydrates accretion and depletion after mechanical wounding in slash pine (Pinus elliottii) using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy	10
IMPLANT: a new technique for transgene copy number estimation in plants using a single end-point PCR reaction	10
An automated phenotyping method for Chinese Cymbidium seedlings based on 3D point cloud	10
A protoplast-based transient gene expression assay for the identification of heat and oxidative stress-regulatory genes in perennial ryegrass	10
Overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana ACBP6 in transgenic rapid-cycling Brassica napus confers cold tolerance	10
An efficient multiplex approach to CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in citrus	10
Soybean seed pest damage detection method based on spatial frequency domain imaging combined with RL-SVM	10
MAPtools: command-line tools for mapping-by-sequencing and QTL-Seq analysis and visualization	10
Quality assurance of hyperspectral imaging systems for neural network supported plant phenotyping	10
An integrated isotopic labeling and freeze sampling apparatus (ILSA) to support sampling leaf metabolomics at a centi-second scale	10
A CNN-LSTM-att hybrid model for classification and evaluation of growth status under drought and heat stress in chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata)	10
Trans2express – de novo transcriptome assembly pipeline optimized for gene expression analysis	10
Establishment of an NPK nutrient monitor system in yield-graded cotton petioles under drip irrigation	10
Monitoring of drought stress and transpiration rate using proximal thermal and hyperspectral imaging in an indoor automated plant phenotyping platform	10
Exploring the impact of light intensity under speed breeding conditions on the development and growth of lentil and chickpea	10
Enhancing cotton whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) detection and counting with a cost-effective deep learning approach on the Raspberry Pi	9
A modified aeroponic system for growing small-seeded legumes and other plants to study root systems	9
Novel cultivation techniques for water lily (Nymphaea micrantha Guill. & Perr) production based on in vitro technology	9
Genomic prediction for root and yield traits of barley under a water availability gradient: a case study comparing different spatial adjustments	9
A prediction model of rubber content in the dried root of Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin based on near-infrared spectroscopy	9
Identification of an emerging cucumber virus in Taiwan using Oxford nanopore sequencing technology	9
Effect of a suitable treatment period on the genetic transformation efficiency of the plant leaf disc method	9
Colour-analyzer: a new dual colour model-based imaging tool to quantify plant disease	9
A Cotyledon-based Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (Cotyledon-VIGS) approach to study specialized metabolism in medicinal plants	9
OneRosette to predict them all: single plant prompting on a visual foundation model to segment symptomatic Arabidopsis thaliana time series	9
A simple new method to determine leaf specific heat capacity	9
Optimization of immune receptor-related hypersensitive cell death response assay using agrobacterium-mediated transient expression in tobacco plants	9
Correction: BerryPortraits: phenotyping of ripening traits in cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) With YOLOv8	9
DeLTa-Seq: direct-lysate targeted RNA-Seq from crude tissue lysate	9
A protocol for Chenopodium quinoa pollen germination	9
Vapor pressure deficit control and mechanical vibration techniques to induce self-pollination in strawberry flowers	9
Two-fold red excess (TREx): a simple and novel digital color index that enables non-invasive real-time monitoring of green-leaved as well as anthocyanin-rich crops	9
Production of HSVd- and PPV-free apricot cultivars by in vitro thermotherapy followed by meristem culture	9
Research on anthracnose grade of Camellia oleifera based on the combined LIBS and THz technology	9
Overexpression of Vitis GRF4-GIF1 improves regeneration efficiency in diploid Fragaria vesca Hawaii 4	9
A cotton organ segmentation method with phenotypic measurements from a point cloud using a transformer	8
Correction: The rapid-tome, a 3D-printed microtome, and an updated hand-sectioning method for high-quality plant sectioning	8
A system for the study of roots 3D kinematics in hydroponic culture: a study on the oscillatory features of root tip	8
Starch phosphorylation—A needle in a haystack	8
Carbon dioxide expanded liquid: an effective solvent for the extraction of quercetin from South African medicinal plants	8
Enhanced Bayesian model for multienvironmental selection of winter hybrids maize: assessing grain yield using ‘ProbBreed’	8
A plant protein farnesylation system in prokaryotic cells reveals Arabidopsis AtJ3 produced and farnesylated in E. coli maintains its function of protecting proteins from heat inactivation	8
Lightweight highland barley detection based on improved YOLOv5	8
An ensemble deep learning models approach using image analysis for cotton crop classification in AI-enabled smart agriculture	8
Towards portable MRI in the plant sciences	8
Maui: modular analytics of UAS imagery for specialty crop research	8
Wheat grain width: a clue for re-exploring visual indicators of grain weight	8
A successive time-to-event model of phyllochron dynamics for hypothesis testing: application to the analysis of genetic and environmental effects in maize	8
A novel application of laser speckle imaging technique for prediction of hypoxic stress of apples	8
Validating a multi-locus metabarcoding approach for characterizing mixed-pollen samples	8
Completing the picture of field-grown cereal crops: a new method for detailed leaf surface models in wheat	8
2023: a soil odyssey–HeAted soiL-Monoliths (HAL-Ms) to examine the effect of heat emission from HVDC underground cables on plant growth	8
Establishment of virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system in Luffa acutangula using Phytoene desaturase (PDS) and tendril synthesis related gene (TEN)	8
Resource-optimized cnns for real-time rice disease detection with ARM cortex-M microprocessors	8
Rapid quantification of whole seed fatty acid amount, composition, and shape phenotypes from diverse oilseed species with large differences in seed size	8
Improved estimation of aboveground biomass of regional coniferous forests integrating UAV-LiDAR strip data, Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 imageries	7
Estimation of chlorophyll content in rice canopy leaves using 3D radiative transfer modeling and unmanned aerial hyperspectral images	7
LDSL framework: a lightweight dual-stream learning framework for wheat disease detection	7
A survey of few-shot learning in smart agriculture: developments, applications, and challenges	7
Tunisian Artemisia campestris L.: a potential therapeutic agent against myeloma - phytochemical and pharmacological insights	7
Plant trait measurement in 3D for growth monitoring	7
Early detection of verticillium wilt in eggplant leaves by fusing five image channels: a deep learning approach	7
Genetic transformation of the oilseed crop camelina using immature zygotic embryos	7
Soybean leaf estimation based on RGB images and machine learning methods	7
A simple and low-cost method for fluoride analysis of plant materials using alkali extraction and ion-selective electrode	7
Correction: Revisiting superiority and stability metrics of cultivar performances using genomic data: derivations of new estimators	7
High-throughput phenotyping allows the selection of soybean genotypes for earliness and high grain yield	7
Development of an accurate low cost NDVI imaging system for assessing plant health	7
Development of a controlled-environment assay to induce iron deficiency chlorosis in soybean by adjusting calcium carbonates, pH, and nodulation	7
Hyperspectral imaging-based classification of rice leaf blast severity over multiple growth stages	7
VA-TIRFM-based SM kymograph analysis for dwell time and colocalization of plasma membrane protein in plant cells	7
Optimizing PGRs for in vitro shoot proliferation of pomegranate with bayesian-tuned ensemble stacking regression and NSGA-II: a comparative evaluation of machine learning models	7
HairNet2: deep learning to quantify cotton leaf hairiness, a complex genetic and environmental trait	7
Ripening dynamics revisited: an automated method to track the development of asynchronous berries on time-lapse images	7
Optical coherence tomography for early detection of crop infection	7
X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) for metallome analysis of herbarium specimens	7
Prediction of fruit characteristics of grafted plants of Camellia oleifera by deep neural networks	7
High-throughput interspecies profiling of acidic plant hormones using miniaturised sample processing	7
High-throughput phenotyping for non-destructive estimation of soybean fresh biomass using a machine learning model and temporal UAV data	7
A Bayesian framework to model variance of grain yield response to plant density	6