IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security

Article	Citations
sBugChecker: A Systematic Framework for Detecting Solidity Compiler-Introduced Bugs	354
Toward Automatic Heap Exploit Generation by Using Heap Layout Constraints on Binary Programs	205
Double-Layered Dual-Syndrome Trellis Codes Utilizing Channel Knowledge for Robust Steganography	181
Refining Positive and Toxic Samples for Dual Safety Self-Alignment of LLMs With Minimal Human Interventions	167
PCSR: Enabling Cross-Modal Semantic Retrieval With Privacy Preservation	163
BDMMT: Backdoor Sample Detection for Language Models Through Model Mutation Testing	159
MPA: Lightweight and Updatable Integrity Auditing for Decentralized Storage Using Merkle Trees and Polynomial Commitments	156
Experimental Validation of Information-Theoretic Physical Layer Security	146
A Decentralized Threshold Credential Management With Fine-Grained Authentication for VANETs	141
Learning Corruption-Invariant Components and Cross-Modal Correspondence for Unsupervised Visible-Infrared Person Re-Identification	141
Resource Allocation for STAR-RIS-Assisted MIMO Physical-Layer Key Generation	134
STMWF: Multi-Tab Website Fingerprinting via Spatial–Temporal Sequence Analysis	134
FADE: A Dataset for Detecting Falling Objects Around Buildings in Video	133
A Note on “Secure and Efficient Outsourcing of PCA-Based Face Recognition”	127
Early-Stage Detection of Encrypted Malware Traffic via Multi-Flow Temporal Graph Learning	122
Attention-SA: Exploiting Model-Approximated Data Semantics for Adversarial Attack	121
M 3 -ReID: Unifying Multi-View, Granularity, and Modality for Video-Based Visible-Infrared Person Re-Identification	121
FVFSNet: Frequency-Spatial Coupling Network for Finger Vein Authentication	117
SSME: A Semi-Supervised Specific Emitter Identification Method With Manifold Enhancement	110
QS-BTrust: A Quantum-Secure Privacy-Preserving Protocol With Revocation for Trusted Broadcasting in Integrated Vehicular Networks	110
Traceable and Collision-Resilient Differential Privacy	109
Exploiting the Adversarial Example Vulnerability of Transfer Learning of Source Code	108
Uncoordinated Syntactic Privacy: A New Composable Metric for Multiple, Independent Data Publishing	107
CleanerCLIP: Fine-Grained Counterfactual Semantic Augmentation for Backdoor Defense in Contrastive Learning	105
BatchAuth: A Physical Layer Batch Authentication Scheme for Multiple Backscatter Devices	105

SF2Net: Sequence Feature Fusion Network for Palmprint Verification	103
Beyond Access Pattern: Efficient Volume-Hiding Multi-Range Queries Over Outsourced Data Services	100
Learnable Prompts With Neighbor-Aware Correction for Text-Based Person Search	99
CR-DAP: A Comprehensive and Regulatory Decentralized Anonymous Payment System	97
Transformer Based Defense GAN Against Palm-Vein Adversarial Attacks	97
Low Complexity Byzantine-Resilient Federated Learning	97
Outlier-Resistant Non-Fragile Control of Nonlinear Networked Systems Under DoS Attacks and Multi-Variable Event-Triggered SC Protocol	96
PUF-Phenotype: A Robust and Noise-Resilient Approach to Aid Group-Based Authentication With DRAM-PUFs Using Machine Learning	94
PalmIR: Blind Palmprint Image Restoration With Palm-Oriented Mixture-of-Experts and Downstream Alignment for Robust Identification	89
TCPP: Achieving Privacy-Preserving Trajectory Correlation With Differential Privacy	88
Reinforcement Learning-Based Personalized Differentially Private Federated Learning	87
Multisource Heterogeneous Specific Emitter Identification Using Attention Mechanism-Based RFF Fusion Method	87
Analytical and Experimental Validation of Wireless Authentication Through Enhanced RF Fingerprints of Chaotic Antenna Arrays	85
Enhancing Federated Learning With Differentially Private Continuous Data Release via k -Ary Trees	84
Robust Duality Learning for Unsupervised Visible-Infrared Person Re-Identification	84
Citywide Multi-Step Crime Prediction via Context-Aware Bayesian Tensor Decomposition	83
ROBY: A Byzantine-Robust and Privacy-Preserving Serverless Federated Learning Framework	83
Across-Platform Detection of Malicious Cryptocurrency Accounts via Interaction Feature Learning	82
Ellipsoid Control: A White-List Jailbreak Defense via Benign Latent Modeling	82
DySec: A Machine Learning-Based Dynamic Analysis for Detecting Malicious Packages in PyPI Ecosystem	81
Exploring Fine-Grained Representation and Recomposition for Cloth-Changing Person Re-Identification	81
No Time for Remodulation: A PHY Steganographic Symbiotic Channel Over Constant Envelope	79
Dual-Stream Autoencoder With Spatial and High-Frequency Feature Interaction for Contactless Fingerprint Presentation Attack Detection	79
Rethinking Cross-Table Quantization Step Estimation: From Global and Local Perspectives	78
The Lives of Others: Snooping on Smartphone Usage Behaviors via Attention-Enabled Multi-Channel Spatiotemporal Information Fusion	77
SecBNN: Efficient Secure Inference on Binary Neural Networks	76
The Effect of Inverse Square Law of Light on ENF in Videos Exposed by Rolling Shutter	76
Hamster: A Fast Synchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerant Protocol	75
Efficient Streaming Voice Steganalysis in Challenging Detection Scenarios	75
Implicit Alignment-Based Cross-Modal Symbiotic Network for Text-to-Image Person Re-Identification	73
Bridging Lab and Industry: Practical SPA-GPT on Cryptosystems Boosted by LSTM and Simulated Annealing	73
Fast Propagation Is Better: Accelerating Single-Step Adversarial Training via Sampling Subnetworks	72
Authentication of Copy Detection Patterns: A Pattern Reliability Based Approach	72
Secure Off-Chain Payment Protocol From Ciphertext Unlinkable Autonomous Path Proxy Re-Encryption in Blockchain	70
Attacking Mouse Dynamics Authentication Using Novel Wasserstein Conditional DCGAN	70
N Truths and a Lie: Consistency-Based Backdoor Defense for Vertical Federated Learning	69
Mixed-Bit Sampling Marking: Toward Unifying Document Authentication in Copy-Sensitive Graphical Codes	68
Customized Transformer Adapter With Frequency Masking for Deepfake Detection	68
ABP-DKM: An Efficient Decentralized Key Management Scheme Based on Asymmetric Bivariate Polynomial	66
Generalized Autonomous Path Proxy Re-Encryption Scheme to Support Branch Functionality	66
Patronus : Plug-and-Play and Near-Lossless Facial Privacy Enhancement Against Reconstruction Attacks	66
The Implications of Insecure Use of Fonts Against PDF Documents and Web Pages	65
Detecting Locally, Patching Globally: An End-to-End Framework for High Speed and Accurate Detection of Fingerprint Minutiae	65
GuessFuse: Hybrid Password Guessing With Multi-View	65
Event-Triggered Model-Free Adaptive Predictive Control for Networked Wind-Power Microgrids Subject to Aperiodic DoS Attacks	64
Multi-Key Similar Data Search on Encrypted Storage With Secure Pay-Per-Query	63
Secure Acceleration of Aggregation Queries Over Homomorphically Encrypted Databases	63
Enhancing Resilience in Website Fingerprinting: Novel Adversary Strategies for Noisy Traffic Environments	63
SGBoost: An Efficient and Privacy-Preserving Vertical Federated Tree Boosting Framework	62
Group-Wise Verifiable Coded Computing Under Byzantine Attacks and Stragglers	62

Generative Adversarial Attacks Against Deep- Learning-Based Camera Model Identification	62
CMXsafe: A Proxy Layer for Securing Internet-of-Things Communications	61
Privacy-Preserving Vertical Federated Learning With Tensor Decomposition for Data Missing Features	61
Online Two-Stage Channel-Based Lightweight Authentication Method for Time-Varying Scenarios	60
SIa-CBc: Sensitive Intent-Assisted and Crucial Behavior-Cognized Malware Detection Based on Human Brain Cognitive Theory	60
Breaking the Illusion: A Critical Study of Backdoor Defense in Federated Learning With Non-IID Data	60
TrackPhish: A Multi-Embedding Attention-Enhanced 1D CNN Model for Phishing URL Detection	59
Unknown Cyber Threat Discovery Empowered by Genetic Evolution Without Prior Knowledge	59
Privacy-Enhancing and Robust Backdoor Defense for Federated Learning on Heterogeneous Data	59
Attackers Are Not the Same! Unveiling the Impact of Feature Distribution on Label Inference Attacks	58
Backdoor Sample Detection through Progressive Perturbation and Loss Trajectory Analysis	58
Optimal Privacy-Aware Stochastic Sampling	57
EARVP: Efficient Aggregation for Federated Learning With Robustness, Verifiability, and Privacy	57
Revisiting the Masking Strategy: A Side-Channel Attack on CRYSTALS-Kyber	57
Turritopsis: Practical Dynamic Asynchronous BFT	56
Dangers Behind Charging VR Devices: Hidden Side Channel Attacks via Charging Cables	56
Privacy-Enhancing Face Obfuscation Guided by Semantic-Aware Attribution Maps	56
Thwarting GNN-Based Attacks Against Logic Locking	55
Corrections to “On the Security of a Revocable Cross-Domain Anonymous Authentication in IIoT”	55
FLGuardian: Defending Against Model Poisoning Attacks via Fine-Grained Detection in Federated Learning	55
Breaking the Trilemma: Toward Efficient, Privacy-Preserving, and Forward-Secure Data Sharing in the Post-Quantum Era	55
Occlusion-Aware Human Mesh Model-Based Gait Recognition	54
Fed-UGI: Federated Undersampling Learning Framework With Gini Impurity for Imbalanced Network Intrusion Detection	54
Anonymous and Efficient (t, n)-Threshold Ownership Transfer for Cloud EMRs Auditing	54
Boosting Black-Box Attack to Deep Neural Networks With Conditional Diffusion Models	54
Privacy-Aware and Security-Enhanced Efficient Matchmaking Encryption	53
Detection of Unknown Attacks Through Encrypted Traffic: A Gaussian Prototype-Aided Variational Autoencoder Framework	53
LSFL: A Lightweight and Secure Federated Learning Scheme for Edge Computing	53
BABD: A Bitcoin Address Behavior Dataset for Pattern Analysis	52
Bidirectional Stackable Recurrent Generative Adversarial Imputation Network for Specific Emitter Missing Data Imputation	52
Robust Visible-Infrared Person Re-Identification Based on Polymorphic Mask and Wavelet Graph Convolutional Network	52
Semantic-Aware Adversarial Training for Reliable Deep Hashing Retrieval	52
FACOS: Enabling Privacy Protection Through Fine-Grained Access Control With On-Chain and Off-Chain System	52
G2V2former: Graph Guided Video Vision Transformer for Face Anti-Spoofing	51
BESA: Boosting Encoder Stealing Attack With Perturbation Recovery	51
Robustness Over Time: Understanding Adversarial Examples’ Effectiveness on Longitudinal Versions of Large Language Models	51
ICSploit: A Fuzzing Framework for Proprietary Industrial Control System Protocols Driven by Function Codes	51
Protecting Against Unauthorized Dataset Use in Fine-Tuning Text-to-Image Diffusion Models	50
Palm Vein Recognition Under Unconstrained and Weak-Cooperative Conditions	50
A General Purpose Data and Query Privacy Preserving Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks	50
MOJO: MOtion Pattern Learning and JOint-Based Fine-Grained Mining for Person Re-Identification Based on 4D LiDAR Point Clouds	49
Assessing Text Classification Methods for Cyberbullying Detection on Social Media Platforms	49
Adversarial Examples Against WiFi Fingerprint-Based Localization in the Physical World	49
Analyze and Improve Differentially Private Federated Learning: A Model Robustness Perspective	49
Casper: A Causality-Inspired Defense With Confounder Against Label Inference Attacks in Vertical Split Federated Learning	49
Data Quality Detection Mechanism Against Label Flipping Attacks in Federated Learning	48
CVFL-Pro: A Collusion-Resistant Verification Federated Learning Framework With Adaptive Communication Optimization	48
Secure Model Aggregation Against Poisoning Attacks for Cross-Silo Federated Learning With Robustness and Fairness	48
Verifying in the Dark: Verifiable Machine Unlearning by Using Invisible Backdoor Triggers	48
Efficiently Achieving Privacy Preservation and Poisoning Attack Resistance in Federated Learning	48
Event-Triggered Data-Driven Control for Nonlinear Systems Under Frequency-Duration-Constrained DoS Attacks	48
Proactively Verifying Quantitative Network Policy Across Unsafe and Unreliable Environments	47
Logit Margin Matters: Improving Transferable Targeted Adversarial Attack by Logit Calibration	47
Enhancing Model Generalization for Efficient Cross-Device Side-Channel Analysis	47
Three-in-One: Robust Enhanced Universal Transferable Anti-Facial Retrieval in Online Social Networks	47
Using Graph Neural Networks to Improve Generalization Capability of the Models for Deepfake Detection	47
Dual Sampling Based Causal Intervention for Face Anti-Spoofing With Identity Debiasing	46
Blockchain-Enabled Computing Offloading and Resource Allocation in Multi-UAVs MEC Network: A Stackelberg Game Learning Approach	46
Regression of Dense Distortion Field From a Single Fingerprint Image	46
ColorVein: Colorful Cancelable Vein Biometrics	46
XIPHOS: Adaptive In-Vehicle Intrusion Detection via Unsupervised Graph Contrastive Learning	46
Scanner-Hunter: An Effective ICS Scanning Group Identification System	46
MaliVD: Source Code Vulnerability Localization via Attention-Based Multi-Modal Learning	45
LtRFT: Mitigate the Low-Rate Data Plane DDoS Attack With Learning-To-Rank Enabled Flow Tables	45
Revisiting Prediction-Based Min-Entropy Estimation: Toward Interpretability, Reliability, and Applicability	45
Dual-Granularity Contrastive Learning for DeepFake Detection	45
Three-Player Game Theory and p-PCPSO for Defense Resource Allocation in Wireless Sensor Networks	44
ADIS: Detecting and Identifying Manipulated PLC Program Variables Using State-Aware Dependency Graph	44
Two-Round Certificateless Multi-Signatures With Key Aggregation in Smart Contracts	44
A Hierarchical Cooperative Authentication Protocol for Attack-Resilient UAV Swarms With Ultra-Low Overhead	44
False-Positive-Free Wildcard Queries With Dual Wildcard Flexibility and Enhanced Efficiency	44
General Backdoor-Resilient Federated Learning via Multi-Armed Bandit-Based Knowledge Distillation	43
Beyond Result Verification: Efficient Privacy-Preserving Spatial Keyword Query With Suppressed Leakage	43
SepBIN: Binary Feature Separation for Better Semantic Comparison and Authorship Verification	43
Succinct Hash-Based Arbitrary-Range Proofs	43
PCSF: Privacy-Preserving Content-Based Spam Filter	43
Adversarial Semantic and Label Perturbation Attack for Pedestrian Attribute Recognition	43
Game-Theoretic Neyman-Pearson Detection to Combat Strategic Evasion	43
A Multi-Scale Contrast Preserving Encoder-Decoder Architecture for Local Change Detection From Thermal Video Scenes	43
Pilot Spoofing Attack on the Downlink of Cell-Free Massive MIMO: From the Perspective of Adversaries	43

Anti-Backdoor Model: A Novel Algorithm to Remove Backdoors in a Non-Invasive Way	43
CLIP-ADA: CLIP-Guided Artifact-Invariant Generalizable Synthetic Image Detection	42
Extracting Private Training Data in Federated Learning From Clients	42
More Granular, Less Trust: Enforcing Intra-Process Isolation With Arm CCA in an Untrusted Management Environment	42
Balancing Wireless Sensing Performance and Privacy Protection With Multi-Antenna Systems	42
GC-DRQN: Enhancing Radar Anti-Jamming Performance With Supervised Auxiliary Tasks and Deterministic Rewards	42
CELEST: Federated Learning for Globally Coordinated Threat Detection	42
A Canonical Data Transformation for Achieving Inter- and Within-Group Fairness	42
Exploring Bias in Sclera Segmentation Models: A Group Evaluation Approach	41
Progressive Sub-Domain Information Mining for Single-Source Generalizable Gait Recognition	41
RegPalm: Toward Large-Scale Open-Set Palmprint Recognition by Reducing Pattern Variance	41
Anchor-Based Multimodal Verification: A Dynamic Query Framework for Fake News Forensics in Short Videos	41
BrainprintNet: A Multiscale Cross-Band Fusion Network for EEG-Based Brainprint Recognition	41
HELM: Navigating Homomorphic Encryption Through Gates and Lookup Tables	41
Reliable Multi-Modal Object Re-Identification via Modality-Aware Graph Reasoning	41
Toward Mobile Palmprint Recognition via Multi-View Hierarchical Graph Learning	41
EVM-Shield: In-Contract State Access Control for Fast Vulnerability Detection and Prevention	41
Lightweight Multi-User Public-Key Authenticated Encryption With Keyword Search	40
SCAFinder: Formal Verification of Cache Fine-Grained Features for Side Channel Detection	40
ETD: An Efficient Time Delay Attack Detection Framework for UAV Networks	40
A Precoding Perturbation Method in Geometric Optimization: Exploring Manifold Structure for Privacy and Efficiency	40
Revisiting Gradient Regularization: Inject Robust Saliency-Aware Weight Bias for Adversarial Defense	40
Wolverine: A Scalable and Transaction-Consistent Redactable Permissionless Blockchain	40
PANDA: Diffusion-Guided Purification and Adaptation for Robust Point Cloud Classification against Adversarial Attack	39
Binarizing Split Learning for Data Privacy Enhancement and Computation Reduction	39
K-GetNID: Knowledge-Guided Graphs for Early and Transferable Network Intrusion Detection	39
Robust Quantum Federated Learning Against Colluding and Non-colluding Byzantine Attacks	39
An Intelligent Reflecting Surface-Based Attack Scheme Against Dual-Functional Radar and Communication Systems	39
Building and Testing a Hidden-Password Online Password Manager	39
Data-Driven Dynamic Periodic Event-Triggered Control of Cyber-Physical Systems Under Packet Dropouts and DoS Attacks	39
A Federated Learning-Based Lightweight Network With Zero Trust for UAV Authentication	38
Toward Automated Field Semantics Inference for Binary Protocol Reverse Engineering	38
Fault Detection and Robust Security Control for Implicit Jump Systems Against Random FDI Attacks and Packet Loss Under Memorized Output-Perceptive Event-Triggered Protocol	38
GTAE-IDS: Graph Transformer-Based Autoencoder Framework for Real-Time Network Intrusion Detection	38
Secret Cracking and Security Enhancement for the Image Application of CRT-Based Secret Sharing	38
Type2Branch: Keystroke Biometrics Based on a Dual-Branch Architecture With Attention Mechanisms and Set2set Loss	38
An Interpretable Generalization Mechanism for Accurately Detecting Anomaly and Identifying Networking Intrusion Techniques	38
BPVSE: Publicly Verifiable Searchable Encryption for Cloud-Assisted Electronic Health Records	37
ISTVT: Interpretable Spatial-Temporal Video Transformer for Deepfake Detection	37
On Success and Simplicity: A Second Look at Transferable Vision–Language Attack Pipeline	37
SeIoT: Detecting Anomalous Semantics in Smart Homes via Knowledge Graph	37
AuthScatter: Accurate, Robust, and Scalable Mutual Authentication in Physical Layer for Backscatter Communications	37
PriVDT: An Efficient Two-Party Cryptographic Framework for Vertical Decision Trees	37
FakeBench: Probing Explainable Fake Image Detection via Large Multimodal Models	37
iCoding: Countermeasure Against Interference and Eavesdropping in Wireless Communications	37
Reinforcement Learning-Based Tracking Control for Networked Control Systems With DoS Attacks	37
Posterior Verifiable Timed Adaptor Signatures for Scriptless Payment Channel Networks	37
One Trigger, Multiple Victims: Clean-Label Neighborhood Backdoor Attacks on Graph Neural Networks	36
Leveraging Ensembles and Self-Supervised Learning for Fully-Unsupervised Person Re-Identification and Text Authorship Attribution	36
Copyright Protection of General Information via Simulation Task Supervision	36
Online Writer Retrieval With Chinese Handwritten Phrases: A Synergistic Temporal-Frequency Representation Learning Approach	36
Lavida: Large-Universe, Verifiable, and Dynamic Fine-Grained Access Control for E-Health Cloud	36
Reinforcement Learning-Based Efficient Multi-Exit Neural Networks Against Side-Channel Attacks	36
Quantization Noise as an Asset: Optimizing Physical Layer Security With Sigma-Delta Modulation	36
Comparing Different Membership Inference Attacks With a Comprehensive Benchmark	36
Words Strip Wardrobe: Learning Invariant Textual Prompts for Cloth-Changing Person Re-Identification	35
Disentangled Representation Learning for Robust Brainprint Recognition	35
Encrypted and Compressed Key-Value Store With Pattern-Analysis Security in Cloud Systems	35
Everything Under Control: Secure Data Sharing Mechanism for Cloud-Edge Computing	35
Consensus Labeling: Prompt-Guided Clustering Refinement for Weakly Supervised Text-Based Person Re-Identification	35
PPGloVe: Privacy-Preserving GloVe for Training Word Vectors in the Dark	35
TMVS: Threshold-Based Majority Voting Scheme for Robust SRAM PUFs	35
PowerGuard: Using Power Side-Channel Signals to Secure Motion Controllers in ICS	35
The Chosen-Object Attack: Exploiting the Hungarian Matching Loss in Detection Transformers for Fun and Profit	35
Bi-Stream Coteaching Network for Weakly-Supervised Deepfake Localization in Videos	35
Privacy-Preserving, Efficient, and Accurate Dimensionality Reduction	35
TFMD: General and Fast Secure Neural Network Inference Framework With Threshold FHE	35
Angle and Distance Discrimination by Utilizing Frequency Conversion Capability of STC-IRS for Covert Communications	34
Breaking XOR Arbiter PUFs With Chosen Challenge Attack	34
MU-MIA: Machine Unlearning for Membership Inference Attacks	34
Privacy-Preserving Authentication for Unlinkable Avatars in the Metaverse	34
Enabling Fraud Prediction on Preliminary Data Through Information Density Booster	34
Revealing the Secrets of Radio Embedded Systems: Extraction of Raw Information via RF	34
Matching Comes First: Efficient Certificateless Lattice-Based Bilateral Access Control With On-Demand Matching	34
Titan: Security Analysis of Large-Scale Hardware Obfuscation Using Graph Neural Networks	34
Data-Agnostic Model Poisoning Against Federated Learning: A Graph Autoencoder Approach	34
Bridging the Reality Gap in Tampered Text Detection: A Human-Crafted Real-World Dataset and a Text-Centric Approach	34
The Dark Forest: Understanding Security Risks of Cross-Party Delegated Resources in Mobile App-in-App Ecosystems	34
Comments on “Privacy-Enhanced Federated Learning Against Poisoning Adversaries”	34
TRacer: Scalable Graph-Based Transaction Tracing for Account-Based Blockchain Trading Systems	34
A Synthetic Data-Assisted Satellite Terrestrial Integrated Network Intrusion Detection Framework	34
Nighttime Person Re-Identification via Collaborative Enhancement Network With Multi-Domain Learning	33
Detecting Lifecycle-Related Concurrency Bugs in ROS Programs via Coverage-Guided Fuzzing	33
RTrap: Trapping and Containing Ransomware With Machine Learning	33
CoSwinVIT: A Vision Transformer for Enhanced Uniform Spectrum Response in Specific Emitter Identification	32
Joint Transmissive and Reflective RIS-Aided Secure MIMO Systems Design Under Spatially-Correlated Angular Uncertainty and Coupled PSEs	32
Signed Latent Factors for Spamming Activity Detection	32
MalPacDetector: An LLM-Based Malicious NPM Package Detector	32
AuditPCH: Auditable Payment Channel Hub With Privacy Protection	32
Optimal Client Selection of Federated Learning Based on Compressed Sensing	32
Intra-Domain Knowledge Reuse Assisted Reinforcement Learning for Fast Anti-Jamming Communication	32
An Efficient and Verifiable Encrypted Data Filtering Framework Over Large-Scale Storage in Cloud Edge	32
Multi-Antenna Signal Masking and Round-Trip Transmission for Privacy-Preserving Wireless Sensing	32
Bitcoin-Compatible Privacy-Preserving Multi-Party Payment Channels Supporting Variable Amounts	32
Libras: A Fair, Secure, Verifiable, and Scalable Outsourcing Computation Scheme Based on Blockchain	32