Space Weather-The International Journal of Research and Applications

Article	Citations
The Geomagnetic Kp Index and Derived Indices of Geomagnetic Activity	178
Forecasting Global Ionospheric TEC Using Deep Learning Approach	92
Long Short‐Term Memory Neural Network for Ionospheric Total Electron Content Forecasting Over China	62
The Flare Irradiance Spectral Model‐Version 2 (FISM2)	56
SpaceX—Sailing Close to the Space Weather?	49
Significant Ionospheric Hole and Equatorial Plasma Bubbles After the 2022 Tonga Volcano Eruption	49
Development of Space Weather Reasonable Worst‐Case Scenarios for the UK National Risk Assessment	48
Prediction of Global Ionospheric TEC Based on Deep Learning	45
Space Weather Environment During the SpaceX Starlink Satellite Loss in February 2022	44
Unveiling the Space Weather During the Starlink Satellites Destruction Event on 4 February 2022	38
On the Regional Variability of dB/dt and Its Significance to GIC	37
Geomagnetic Pulsations Driving Geomagnetically Induced Currents	36
One‐Day Forecasting of Global TEC Using a Novel Deep Learning Model	35
Ionospheric Disturbances Over the Indian Sector During 8 September 2017 Geomagnetic Storm: Plasma Structuring and Propagation	35
Medium Energy Electron Flux in Earth's Outer Radiation Belt (MERLIN): A Machine Learning Model	34
Solar Wind Prediction Using Deep Learning	34
Relativistic Electron Model in the Outer Radiation Belt Using a Neural Network Approach	32
Deep Learning for Global Ionospheric TEC Forecasting: Different Approaches and Validation	31
Data‐Driven Forecasting of Low‐Latitude Ionospheric Total Electron Content Using the Random Forest and LSTM Machine Learning Methods	28
Solar Flare Intensity Prediction With Machine Learning Models	28
Forecasting SYM‐H Index: A Comparison Between Long Short‐Term Memory and Convolutional Neural Networks	28
Conductance Model for Extreme Events: Impact of Auroral Conductance on Space Weather Forecasts	27
ED‐ConvLSTM: A Novel Global Ionospheric Total Electron Content Medium‐Term Forecast Model	27
Beating 1 Sievert: Optimal Radiation Shielding of Astronauts on a Mission to Mars	25
Modeling Geomagnetic Interference on Railway Signaling Track Circuits	25

The SET HASDM Density Database	25
Multilayered Sporadic‐E Response to the Annular Solar Eclipse on June 21, 2020	24
Storm‐Time Modeling of the African Regional Ionospheric Total Electron Content Using Artificial Neural Networks	24
Lyman‐alpha Variability During Solar Flares Over Solar Cycle 24 Using GOES‐15/EUVS‐E	23
Geomagnetically Induced Current Model Validation From New Zealand's South Island	22
Development of the Storm‐Induced Ionospheric Irregularities at Equatorial and Middle Latitudes During the 25–26 August 2018 Geomagnetic Storm	22
High‐Speed Solar Wind Imprints on the Ionosphere During the Recovery Phase of the August 2018 Geomagnetic Storm	22
CMEs and SEPs During November–December 2020: A Challenge for Real‐Time Space Weather Forecasting	22
Markov Chain‐Based Stochastic Modeling of Deep Signal Fading: Availability Assessment of Dual‐Frequency GNSS‐Based Aviation Under Ionospheric Scintillation	21
ASHLEY: A New Empirical Model for the High‐Latitude Electron Precipitation and Electric Field	21
Solar Wind—Magnetosphere Coupling Functions: Pitfalls, Limitations, and Applications	21
Benchmarking Forecasting Models for Space Weather Drivers	21
Machine‐Learned HASDM Thermospheric Mass Density Model With Uncertainty Quantification	21
Numerical Simulations of the Geospace Response to the Arrival of an Idealized Perfect Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejection	20
CME Evolution in the Structured Heliosphere and Effects at Earth and Mars During Solar Minimum	20
CME Magnetic Structure and IMF Preconditioning Affecting SEP Transport	20
Solar Origins of August 26, 2018 Geomagnetic Storm: Responses of the Interplanetary Medium and Equatorial/Low‐Latitude Ionosphere to the Storm	20
Evaluation of CME Arrival Prediction Using Ensemble Modeling Based on Heliospheric Imaging Observations	20
A Summary of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Space Weather Prediction Center Proton Event Forecast Performance and Skill	19
Geomagnetic Storm Occurrence and Their Relation With Solar Cycle Phases	19
Using Gradient Boosting Regression to Improve Ambient Solar Wind Model Predictions	19
Nighttime Magnetic Perturbation Events Observed in Arctic Canada: 3. Occurrence and Amplitude as Functions of Magnetic Latitude, Local Time, and Magnetic Disturbance Indices	18
Estimating Satellite Orbital Drag During Historical Magnetic Superstorms	18
Thermospheric Neutral Density Variation During the “SpaceX” Storm: Implications From Physics‐Based Whole Geospace Modeling	18
Toward a Next Generation Particle Precipitation Model: Mesoscale Prediction Through Machine Learning (a Case Study and Framework for Progress)	18
Deep Neural Networks With Convolutional and LSTM Layers for SYM‐H and ASY‐H Forecasting	18
Probabilistic Forecasts of Storm Sudden Commencements From Interplanetary Shocks Using Machine Learning	18
ML Prediction of Global Ionospheric TEC Maps	18
Modeling the Dynamic Variability of Sub‐Relativistic Outer Radiation Belt Electron Fluxes Using Machine Learning	18
Improving Solar Wind Forecasting Using Data Assimilation	17
Solar Cycle Variations of GPS Amplitude Scintillation for the Polar Region	17
A Multi‐Purpose Heliophysics L4 Mission	17
On the Assessment of Daily Equatorial Plasma Bubble Occurrence Modeling and Forecasting	17
Thermospheric Conditions Associated With the Loss of 40 Starlink Satellites	17
Ground‐Based GNSS and C/NOFS Observations of Ionospheric Irregularities Over Africa: A Case Study of the 2013 St. Patrick’s Day Geomagnetic Storm	16
Determination of Auroral Electrodynamic Parameters From AMPERE Field‐Aligned Current Measurements	16
Modified GIC Estimation Using 3‐D Earth Conductivity	16
3‐D Regional Ionosphere Imaging and SED Reconstruction With a New TEC‐Based Ionospheric Data Assimilation System (TIDAS)	16
Geomagnetically Induced Currents and Harmonic Distortion: High Time Resolution Case Studies	16
An Investigation of Ionospheric TEC Prediction Maps Over China Using Bidirectional Long Short‐Term Memory Method	16
Assessing the Projection Correction of Coronal Mass Ejection Speeds on Time‐of‐Arrival Prediction Performance Using the Effective Acceleration Model	15
Worst‐Case Severe Environments for Surface Charging Observed at LANL Satellites as Dependent on Solar Wind and Geomagnetic Conditions	15
Open Issues in Statistical Forecasting of Solar Proton Events: A Machine Learning Perspective	15
Geomagnetic Storm‐Induced Plasma Density Enhancements in the Southern Polar Ionospheric Region: A Comparative Study Using St. Patrick's Day Storms of 2013 and 2015	15
Measurements and Simulations of the Geomagnetically Induced Currents in Low‐Latitude Power Networks During Geomagnetic Storms	15
The Mechanism for GNSS‐Based Kinematic Positioning Degradation at High‐Latitudes Under the March 2015 Great Storm	15
Modeling the Geomagnetic Response to the September 2017 Space Weather Event Over Fennoscandia Using the Space Weather Modeling Framework: Studying the Impacts of Spatial Resolution	15
Distribution and Occurrence Frequency of dB/dt Spikes During Magnetic Storms 1980–2020	15
Relativistic Electron Flux Prediction at Geosynchronous Orbit Based on the Neural Network and the Quantile Regression Method	15
Potential of Regional Ionosphere Prediction Using a Long Short‐Term Memory Deep‐Learning Algorithm Specialized for Geomagnetic Storm Period	15

Assimilation of Sparse Continuous Near‐Earth Weather Measurements by NECTAR Model Morphing	14
The Impact of Sudden Commencements on Ground Magnetic Field Variability: Immediate and Delayed Consequences	14
Machine Learning for Predicting the Bz Magnetic Field Component From Upstream in Situ Observations of Solar Coronal Mass Ejections	14
Impact of Inner Heliospheric Boundary Conditions on Solar Wind Predictions at Earth	14
GOLD Mission's Observation About the Geomagnetic Storm Effects on the Nighttime Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) and Equatorial Plasma Bubbles (EPB) During a Solar Minimum Equinox	14
Geomagnetically Induced Current Model in New Zealand Across Multiple Disturbances: Validation and Extension to Non‐Monitored Transformers	14
Application of the Verified Neutron Monitor Yield Function for an Extended Analysis of the GLE # 71 on 17 May 2012	14
Prediction of Dynamic Plasmapause Location Using a Neural Network	14
The GOES‐R Solar UltraViolet Imager	14
Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of the SET HASDM Database	14
Extreme‐Event Magnetic Storm Probabilities Derived From Rank Statistics of Historical Dst Intensities for Solar Cycles 14–24	13
TEC Map Completion Through a Deep Learning Model: SNP‐GAN	13
Application of a Multi‐Layer Artificial Neural Network in a 3‐D Global Electron Density Model Using the Long‐Term Observations of COSMIC, Fengyun‐3C, and Digisonde	13
Calculation of GIC in the North Island of New Zealand Using MT Data and Thin‐Sheet Modeling	13
Assessing the Influence of Input Magnetic Maps on Global Modeling of the Solar Wind and CME‐Driven Shock in the 2013 April 11 Event	13
Interpretable Machine Learning to Forecast SEP Events for Solar Cycle 23	13
Drag‐Based CME Modeling With Heliospheric Images Incorporating Frontal Deformation: ELEvoHI 2.0	13
The Prediction of Storm‐Time Thermospheric Mass Density by LSTM‐Based Ensemble Learning	13
Frequency Considerations in GIC Applications	13
On the Sources and Sizes of Uncertainty in Predicting the Arrival Time of Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections Using Global MHD Models	13
The Polar Cap (PC) Index: Invalid Index Series and a Different Approach	13
Forecasting GOES 15 >2 MeV Electron Fluxes From Solar Wind Data and Geomagnetic Indices	13
Magnetotelluric Sampling and Geoelectric Hazard Estimation: Are National‐Scale Surveys Sufficient?	12
Impacts of Different Causes on the Inter‐Hemispheric Asymmetry of Ionosphere‐Thermosphere System at Mid‐ and High‐Latitudes: GITM Simulations	12
The Thermosphere Is a Drag: The 2022 Starlink Incident and the Threat of Geomagnetic Storms to Low Earth Orbit Space Operations	12
Real‐Time Thermospheric Density Estimation via Radar and GPS Tracking Data Assimilation	12
New Findings From Explainable SYM‐H Forecasting Using Gradient Boosting Machines	12
An Empirical Model of the Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer Based on GNSS Radio Occultation Data	12
On the Properties of and Ionospheric Conditions Associated With a Mid‐Latitude Scintillation Event Observed Over Southern United States	12
Ionospheric Current Variations Induced by the Solar Flares of 6 and 10 September 2017	11
Evaluation of SaRIF High‐Energy Electron Reconstructions and Forecasts	11
The Value of CME Arrival Time Forecasts for Space Weather Mitigation	11
Forecasting GICs and Geoelectric Fields From Solar Wind Data Using LSTMs: Application in Austria	11
A Method for Calculating Atmospheric Radiation Produced by Relativistic Electron Precipitation	11
Reconstruction of Extreme Geomagnetic Storms: Breaking the Data Paucity Curse	11
A Method to Mitigate the Effects of Strong Geomagnetic Storm on GNSS Precise Point Positioning	11
Forecasting the Probability of Large Rates of Change of the Geomagnetic Field in the UK: Timescales, Horizons, and Thresholds	11
Global‐Scale Ionospheric Tomography During the March 17, 2015 Geomagnetic Storm	11
Comparing Three Approaches to the Inducing Source Setting for the Ground Electromagnetic Field Modeling due to Space Weather Events	11
Improved and Interpretable Solar Flare Predictions With Spatial and Topological Features of the Polarity Inversion Line Masked Magnetograms	11
A Global Empirical Model of Electron Density Profile in the F Region Ionosphere Basing on COSMIC Measurements	10
ROTI‐Based Stochastic Model to Improve GNSS Precise Point Positioning Under Severe Geomagnetic Storm Activity	10
Amplitude Scintillation Severity and Fading Profiles Under Alignment Between GPS Propagation Paths and Equatorial Plasma Bubbles	10
Impact Angle Control of Local Intense dB/dt Variations During Shock‐Induced Substorms	10
Relationships Between foF2 and Various Solar Activity Proxies	10
Intense, Long‐Duration Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs) Caused by Intense Substorm Clusters	10
The Satellite Risk Prediction and Radiation Forecast System (SaRIF)	10
Why are ELEvoHI CME Arrival Predictions Different if Based on STEREO‐A or STEREO‐B Heliospheric Imager Observations?	10
New Detailed Modeling of GICs in the Spanish Power Transmission Grid	10
Estimating the Geoelectric Field and Electric Power Transmission Line Voltage During a Geomagnetic Storm in Alberta, Canada Using Measured Magnetotelluric Impedance Data: The Influence of Three‐Dimens	10
Forbush Decrease Characteristics in a Magnetic Cloud	10
Effect of Additional Magnetograph Observations From Different Lagrangian Points in Sun‐Earth System on Predicted Properties of Quasi‐Steady Solar Wind at 1 AU	10
The Prediction of Day‐to‐Day Occurrence of Low Latitude Ionospheric Strong Scintillation Using Gradient Boosting Algorithm	10
A‐CHAIM: Near‐Real‐Time Data Assimilation of the High Latitude Ionosphere With a Particle Filter	10
A New Model for Nowcasting the Aviation Radiation Environment With Comparisons to In Situ Measurements During GLEs	10
The Impact of Solar Activity on Forecasting the Upper Atmosphere via Assimilation of Electron Density Data	10
E‐CHAIM as a Model of Total Electron Content: Performance and Diagnostics	10
Real‐Time 3‐D Modeling of the Ground Electric Field Due To Space Weather Events. A Concept and Its Validation	9
Nowcasting and Validating Earth's Electric Field Response to Extreme Space Weather Events Using Magnetotelluric Data: Application to the September 2017 Geomagnetic Storm and Comparison to Observed and	9
Recreating the Horizontal Magnetic Field at Colaba During the Carrington Event With Geospace Simulations	9
Global Sensitivity Analysis and Uncertainty Quantification for Background Solar Wind Using the Alfvén Wave Solar Atmosphere Model	9
Evaluation of Physics‐Based Data Assimilation System Driven by Neutral Density Data From a Single Satellite	9
Attention‐Based Machine Vision Models and Techniques for Solar Wind Speed Forecasting Using Solar EUV Images	9
OSPREI: A Coupled Approach to Modeling CME‐Driven Space Weather With Automatically Generated, User‐Friendly Outputs	9
Galactic Cosmic Radiation in the Interplanetary Space Through a Modern Secular Minimum	9
Characteristics of Ionospheric Irregularities Using GNSS Scintillation Indices Measured at Jang Bogo Station, Antarctica (74.62°S, 164.22°E)	9
Validation of the DSCOVR Spacecraft Mission Space Weather Solar Wind Products	9
Evaluating the Performance of a Plasma Analyzer for a Space Weather Monitor Mission Concept	9
Storm Time Plasma Pressure Inferred From Multimission Measurements and Its Validation Using Van Allen Probes Particle Data	9
Opening the Black Box of the Radiation Belt Machine Learning Model	9
Ionospheric F‐Layer Scintillation Variabilities Over the American Sector During Sudden Stratospheric Warming Events	9
Regional Ionospheric Parameter Estimation by Assimilating the LSTM Trained Results Into the SAMI2 Model	9
3D Modeling of Geomagnetically Induced Currents in Sweden—Validation and Extreme Event Analysis	9
An Hourly Prediction Model of Relativistic Electrons Based on Empirical Mode Decomposition	9
Tests of a New Solar Flare Model Against D and E Region Ionosphere Data	8
Forecasting Occurrence and Intensity of Geomagnetic Activity With Pattern‐Matching Approaches	8
Beyond Basic Drag in Interplanetary CME Modeling: Effects of Solar Wind Pileup and High‐Speed Streams	8
The First Ground‐Level Enhancement of Solar Cycle 25 as Seen by the High‐Energy Particle Detector (HEPD‐01) on Board the CSES‐01 Satellite	8
Occurrence and Variations of Middle and Low Latitude Sporadic E Layer Investigated With Longitudinal and Latitudinal Chains of Ionosondes	8
Analysis of Long‐Term GIC Measurements in Transformers in Austria	8

Characterizing Auroral‐Zone Absorption Based on Global Kp and Regional Geomagnetic Hourly Range Indices	8
Global Ionospheric TEC Forecasting for Geomagnetic Storm Time Using a Deep Learning‐Based Multi‐Model Ensemble Method	8
Geomagnetically Induced Current Modeling in New Zealand: Extreme Storm Analysis Using Multiple Disturbance Scenarios and Industry Provided Hazard Magnitudes	8
Observations From NOAA's Newest Solar Proton Sensor	8
Ionospheric Phase Scintillation Index Estimation Based on 1 Hz Geodetic GNSS Receiver Measurements by Using Continuous Wavelet Transform	8
Study of the Impact of Past Extreme Solar Events on the Modern Air Traffic	8
Equatorial Plasma Bubble Detection Using Vertical TEC From Altimetry Satellite	8
Parameter Distributions for the Drag‐Based Modeling of CME Propagation	8
Mapping a Magnetic Superstorm: March 1989 Geoelectric Hazards and Impacts on United States Power Systems	8
A Large Simulation Set of Geomagnetic Storms—Can Simulations Predict Ground Magnetometer Station Observations of Magnetic Field Perturbations?	8
Validating GIC Modeling in the Spanish Power Grid by Differential Magnetometry	8
Anomalous Propagation of Radio Waves from Distant ILS Localizers Due to Ionospheric Sporadic‐E	8
The Impact of Assimilating Ionosphere and Thermosphere Observations on Neutral Temperature Improvement: Observing System Simulation Experiments Using EnKF	8
Estimating the Occurrence of Geomagnetic Activity Using the Hilbert‐Huang Transform and Extreme Value Theory	8
Ionospheric Scale Index Map Based on TEC Data for Space Weather Studies and Applications	8
Development and Validation of Precipitation Enhanced Densities for the Empirical Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Model	8
Observing System Impact on Ionospheric Specification Over China Using EnKF Assimilation	8
Impacts of Auroral Precipitation on HF Propagation: A Hypothetical Over‐the‐Horizon Radar Case Study	7
Instability Mechanisms for the F‐Region Plasma Irregularities Inside the Midlatitude Ionospheric Trough: Swarm Observations	7
Auroral Drivers of Large dB∕dt During Geomagnetic Storms	7
Solar Flare X‐Ray Impacts on Long Subionospheric VLF Paths	7
Science Through Machine Learning: Quantification of Post‐Storm Thermospheric Cooling	7
Investigation on Horizontal and Vertical Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances Propagation in Global‐Scale Using GNSS and Multi‐LEO Satellites	7
Ensemble Modeling of Radiation Belt Electron Acceleration by Chorus Waves: Dependence on Key Input Parameters	7
FTA: A Feature Tracking Empirical Model of Auroral Precipitation	7
Evaluation of Total Electron Content Prediction Using Three Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Models	7
Solar Wind Speed Prediction With Two‐Dimensional Attention Mechanism	7
High Energy Solar Particle Events and Their Relationship to Associated Flare, CME and GLE Parameters	7
Harmonization of RBSP and Arase Energetic Electron Measurements Utilizing ESA Radiation Monitor Data	7
Potential Impact of GNSS Positioning Errors on the Satellite‐Navigation‐Based Air Traffic Management	7
A Prediction Model of Relativistic Electrons at Geostationary Orbit Using the EMD‐LSTM Network and Geomagnetic Indices	7
Latitudinal, Diurnal, and Seasonal Variations in the Accuracy of an RTK Positioning System and Its Relationship With Ionospheric Irregularities	7
Reconstruction of the Radiation Belts for Solar Cycles 17–24 (1933–2017)	7
Probabilistic Prediction of Dst Storms One‐Day‐Ahead Using Full‐Disk SoHO Images	7
Variations of TEC Over Iberian Peninsula in 2015 Due to Geomagnetic Storms and Solar Flares	7
Forcing From Lower Thermosphere and Quiet Time Scintillation Longitudinal Dependence	7
A Peculiar ICME Event in August 2018 Observed With the Global Muon Detector Network	7
Reconstructing the Dynamics of the Outer Electron Radiation Belt by Means of the Standard and Ensemble Kalman Filter With the VERB‐3D Code	7
Quantifying the Uncertainty in CME Kinematics Derived From Geometric Modeling of Heliospheric Imager Data	7
Multi‐Model Ensembles for Upper Atmosphere Models	7
Real‐Time Monitoring of Ionosphere VTEC Using Multi‐GNSS Carrier‐Phase Observations and B‐Splines	7
Radiation Belt Model Including Semi‐Annual Variation and Solar Driving (Sentinel)	7
On the Considerations of Using Near Real Time Data for Space Weather Hazard Forecasting	7