Space Weather-The International Journal of Research and Applications

Article	Citations
The Geomagnetic Kp Index and Derived Indices of Geomagnetic Activity	191
Forecasting Global Ionospheric TEC Using Deep Learning Approach	97
Long Short‐Term Memory Neural Network for Ionospheric Total Electron Content Forecasting Over China	64
The Flare Irradiance Spectral Model‐Version 2 (FISM2)	60
Space Weather Environment During the SpaceX Starlink Satellite Loss in February 2022	56
Significant Ionospheric Hole and Equatorial Plasma Bubbles After the 2022 Tonga Volcano Eruption	53
SpaceX—Sailing Close to the Space Weather?	51
Development of Space Weather Reasonable Worst‐Case Scenarios for the UK National Risk Assessment	50
Prediction of Global Ionospheric TEC Based on Deep Learning	48
Unveiling the Space Weather During the Starlink Satellites Destruction Event on 4 February 2022	46
Relativistic Electron Model in the Outer Radiation Belt Using a Neural Network Approach	38
Geomagnetic Pulsations Driving Geomagnetically Induced Currents	38
Ionospheric Disturbances Over the Indian Sector During 8 September 2017 Geomagnetic Storm: Plasma Structuring and Propagation	37
One‐Day Forecasting of Global TEC Using a Novel Deep Learning Model	35
Deep Learning for Global Ionospheric TEC Forecasting: Different Approaches and Validation	32
Forecasting SYM‐H Index: A Comparison Between Long Short‐Term Memory and Convolutional Neural Networks	29
ED‐ConvLSTM: A Novel Global Ionospheric Total Electron Content Medium‐Term Forecast Model	29
Conductance Model for Extreme Events: Impact of Auroral Conductance on Space Weather Forecasts	29
Data‐Driven Forecasting of Low‐Latitude Ionospheric Total Electron Content Using the Random Forest and LSTM Machine Learning Methods	29
Beating 1 Sievert: Optimal Radiation Shielding of Astronauts on a Mission to Mars	28
Modeling Geomagnetic Interference on Railway Signaling Track Circuits	26
Multilayered Sporadic‐E Response to the Annular Solar Eclipse on June 21, 2020	26
Geomagnetic Storm Occurrence and Their Relation With Solar Cycle Phases	25
The SET HASDM Density Database	25
Development of the Storm‐Induced Ionospheric Irregularities at Equatorial and Middle Latitudes During the 25–26 August 2018 Geomagnetic Storm	24

Numerical Simulations of the Geospace Response to the Arrival of an Idealized Perfect Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejection	23
ML Prediction of Global Ionospheric TEC Maps	23
ASHLEY: A New Empirical Model for the High‐Latitude Electron Precipitation and Electric Field	22
Markov Chain‐Based Stochastic Modeling of Deep Signal Fading: Availability Assessment of Dual‐Frequency GNSS‐Based Aviation Under Ionospheric Scintillation	22
Solar Origins of August 26, 2018 Geomagnetic Storm: Responses of the Interplanetary Medium and Equatorial/Low‐Latitude Ionosphere to the Storm	22
A Summary of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Space Weather Prediction Center Proton Event Forecast Performance and Skill	22
Evaluation of CME Arrival Prediction Using Ensemble Modeling Based on Heliospheric Imaging Observations	22
CMEs and SEPs During November–December 2020: A Challenge for Real‐Time Space Weather Forecasting	22
Machine‐Learned HASDM Thermospheric Mass Density Model With Uncertainty Quantification	22
Solar Wind—Magnetosphere Coupling Functions: Pitfalls, Limitations, and Applications	22
Toward a Next Generation Particle Precipitation Model: Mesoscale Prediction Through Machine Learning (a Case Study and Framework for Progress)	21
Thermospheric Conditions Associated With the Loss of 40 Starlink Satellites	20
Thermospheric Neutral Density Variation During the “SpaceX” Storm: Implications From Physics‐Based Whole Geospace Modeling	20
CME Evolution in the Structured Heliosphere and Effects at Earth and Mars During Solar Minimum	20
CME Magnetic Structure and IMF Preconditioning Affecting SEP Transport	20
Potential of Regional Ionosphere Prediction Using a Long Short‐Term Memory Deep‐Learning Algorithm Specialized for Geomagnetic Storm Period	19
Modeling the Dynamic Variability of Sub‐Relativistic Outer Radiation Belt Electron Fluxes Using Machine Learning	19
Estimating Satellite Orbital Drag During Historical Magnetic Superstorms	19
Using Gradient Boosting Regression to Improve Ambient Solar Wind Model Predictions	19
Deep Neural Networks With Convolutional and LSTM Layers for SYM‐H and ASY‐H Forecasting	19
The Mechanism for GNSS‐Based Kinematic Positioning Degradation at High‐Latitudes Under the March 2015 Great Storm	18
3‐D Regional Ionosphere Imaging and SED Reconstruction With a New TEC‐Based Ionospheric Data Assimilation System (TIDAS)	18
Worst‐Case Severe Environments for Surface Charging Observed at LANL Satellites as Dependent on Solar Wind and Geomagnetic Conditions	18
A Multi‐Purpose Heliophysics L4 Mission	18
Distribution and Occurrence Frequency of dB/dt Spikes During Magnetic Storms 1980–2020	18
Improving Solar Wind Forecasting Using Data Assimilation	18
Nighttime Magnetic Perturbation Events Observed in Arctic Canada: 3. Occurrence and Amplitude as Functions of Magnetic Latitude, Local Time, and Magnetic Disturbance Indices	18
Interpretable Machine Learning to Forecast SEP Events for Solar Cycle 23	17
An Investigation of Ionospheric TEC Prediction Maps Over China Using Bidirectional Long Short‐Term Memory Method	17
Assessing the Projection Correction of Coronal Mass Ejection Speeds on Time‐of‐Arrival Prediction Performance Using the Effective Acceleration Model	17
Extreme‐Event Magnetic Storm Probabilities Derived From Rank Statistics of Historical Dst Intensities for Solar Cycles 14–24	16
Geomagnetically Induced Current Model in New Zealand Across Multiple Disturbances: Validation and Extension to Non‐Monitored Transformers	16
Ground‐Based GNSS and C/NOFS Observations of Ionospheric Irregularities Over Africa: A Case Study of the 2013 St. Patrick’s Day Geomagnetic Storm	16
Determination of Auroral Electrodynamic Parameters From AMPERE Field‐Aligned Current Measurements	16
Assimilation of Sparse Continuous Near‐Earth Weather Measurements by NECTAR Model Morphing	15
Open Issues in Statistical Forecasting of Solar Proton Events: A Machine Learning Perspective	15
Relationships Between foF2 and Various Solar Activity Proxies	15
Prediction of Dynamic Plasmapause Location Using a Neural Network	15
Modeling the Geomagnetic Response to the September 2017 Space Weather Event Over Fennoscandia Using the Space Weather Modeling Framework: Studying the Impacts of Spatial Resolution	15
The GOES‐R Solar UltraViolet Imager	15
The Thermosphere Is a Drag: The 2022 Starlink Incident and the Threat of Geomagnetic Storms to Low Earth Orbit Space Operations	15
Application of a Multi‐Layer Artificial Neural Network in a 3‐D Global Electron Density Model Using the Long‐Term Observations of COSMIC, Fengyun‐3C, and Digisonde	15
GOLD Mission's Observation About the Geomagnetic Storm Effects on the Nighttime Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) and Equatorial Plasma Bubbles (EPB) During a Solar Minimum Equinox	15
Impact of Inner Heliospheric Boundary Conditions on Solar Wind Predictions at Earth	14
The Impact of Sudden Commencements on Ground Magnetic Field Variability: Immediate and Delayed Consequences	14
Machine Learning for Predicting the Bz Magnetic Field Component From Upstream in Situ Observations of Solar Coronal Mass Ejections	14
TEC Map Completion Through a Deep Learning Model: SNP‐GAN	14
Assessing the Influence of Input Magnetic Maps on Global Modeling of the Solar Wind and CME‐Driven Shock in the 2013 April 11 Event	14
An Empirical Model of the Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer Based on GNSS Radio Occultation Data	14
On the Sources and Sizes of Uncertainty in Predicting the Arrival Time of Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections Using Global MHD Models	14

Forecasting the Probability of Large Rates of Change of the Geomagnetic Field in the UK: Timescales, Horizons, and Thresholds	14
Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of the SET HASDM Database	14
Application of the Verified Neutron Monitor Yield Function for an Extended Analysis of the GLE # 71 on 17 May 2012	14
Drag‐Based CME Modeling With Heliospheric Images Incorporating Frontal Deformation: ELEvoHI 2.0	14
Calculation of GIC in the North Island of New Zealand Using MT Data and Thin‐Sheet Modeling	14
New Findings From Explainable SYM‐H Forecasting Using Gradient Boosting Machines	14
On the Properties of and Ionospheric Conditions Associated With a Mid‐Latitude Scintillation Event Observed Over Southern United States	13
Real‐Time Thermospheric Density Estimation via Radar and GPS Tracking Data Assimilation	13
Frequency Considerations in GIC Applications	13
Opening the Black Box of the Radiation Belt Machine Learning Model	13
Global‐Scale Ionospheric Tomography During the March 17, 2015 Geomagnetic Storm	13
The Prediction of Storm‐Time Thermospheric Mass Density by LSTM‐Based Ensemble Learning	13
Magnetotelluric Sampling and Geoelectric Hazard Estimation: Are National‐Scale Surveys Sufficient?	12
Impacts of Different Causes on the Inter‐Hemispheric Asymmetry of Ionosphere‐Thermosphere System at Mid‐ and High‐Latitudes: GITM Simulations	12
Impact Angle Control of Local Intense dB/dt Variations During Shock‐Induced Substorms	12
Recreating the Horizontal Magnetic Field at Colaba During the Carrington Event With Geospace Simulations	12
Comparing Three Approaches to the Inducing Source Setting for the Ground Electromagnetic Field Modeling due to Space Weather Events	12
Estimating the Geoelectric Field and Electric Power Transmission Line Voltage During a Geomagnetic Storm in Alberta, Canada Using Measured Magnetotelluric Impedance Data: The Influence of Three‐Dimens	12
Global Ionospheric TEC Forecasting for Geomagnetic Storm Time Using a Deep Learning‐Based Multi‐Model Ensemble Method	12
Amplitude Scintillation Severity and Fading Profiles Under Alignment Between GPS Propagation Paths and Equatorial Plasma Bubbles	12
Forecasting GICs and Geoelectric Fields From Solar Wind Data Using LSTMs: Application in Austria	12
Intense, Long‐Duration Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs) Caused by Intense Substorm Clusters	11
ROTI‐Based Stochastic Model to Improve GNSS Precise Point Positioning Under Severe Geomagnetic Storm Activity	11
Evaluation of SaRIF High‐Energy Electron Reconstructions and Forecasts	11
Validation of the DSCOVR Spacecraft Mission Space Weather Solar Wind Products	11
Improved and Interpretable Solar Flare Predictions With Spatial and Topological Features of the Polarity Inversion Line Masked Magnetograms	11
A Global Empirical Model of Electron Density Profile in the F Region Ionosphere Basing on COSMIC Measurements	11
Why are ELEvoHI CME Arrival Predictions Different if Based on STEREO‐A or STEREO‐B Heliospheric Imager Observations?	11
A New Model for Nowcasting the Aviation Radiation Environment With Comparisons to In Situ Measurements During GLEs	11
A Method to Mitigate the Effects of Strong Geomagnetic Storm on GNSS Precise Point Positioning	11
E‐CHAIM as a Model of Total Electron Content: Performance and Diagnostics	11
A Method for Calculating Atmospheric Radiation Produced by Relativistic Electron Precipitation	11
The Prediction of Day‐to‐Day Occurrence of Low Latitude Ionospheric Strong Scintillation Using Gradient Boosting Algorithm	11
The Impact of Solar Activity on Forecasting the Upper Atmosphere via Assimilation of Electron Density Data	11
Global Sensitivity Analysis and Uncertainty Quantification for Background Solar Wind Using the Alfvén Wave Solar Atmosphere Model	11
New Detailed Modeling of GICs in the Spanish Power Transmission Grid	10
Storm Time Plasma Pressure Inferred From Multimission Measurements and Its Validation Using Van Allen Probes Particle Data	10
Forbush Decrease Characteristics in a Magnetic Cloud	10
Development and Validation of Precipitation Enhanced Densities for the Empirical Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Model	10
A‐CHAIM: Near‐Real‐Time Data Assimilation of the High Latitude Ionosphere With a Particle Filter	10
Study of the Impact of Past Extreme Solar Events on the Modern Air Traffic	10
Attention‐Based Machine Vision Models and Techniques for Solar Wind Speed Forecasting Using Solar EUV Images	10
Ensemble Modeling of Radiation Belt Electron Acceleration by Chorus Waves: Dependence on Key Input Parameters	10
The Satellite Risk Prediction and Radiation Forecast System (SaRIF)	10
3D Modeling of Geomagnetically Induced Currents in Sweden—Validation and Extreme Event Analysis	10
OSPREI: A Coupled Approach to Modeling CME‐Driven Space Weather With Automatically Generated, User‐Friendly Outputs	10
Mapping a Magnetic Superstorm: March 1989 Geoelectric Hazards and Impacts on United States Power Systems	10
Radiation Belt Model Including Semi‐Annual Variation and Solar Driving (Sentinel)	9
Evaluating the Performance of a Plasma Analyzer for a Space Weather Monitor Mission Concept	9
Nowcasting and Validating Earth's Electric Field Response to Extreme Space Weather Events Using Magnetotelluric Data: Application to the September 2017 Geomagnetic Storm and Comparison to Observed and	9
Geomagnetically Induced Current Modeling in New Zealand: Extreme Storm Analysis Using Multiple Disturbance Scenarios and Industry Provided Hazard Magnitudes	9
Observations From NOAA's Newest Solar Proton Sensor	9
Beyond Basic Drag in Interplanetary CME Modeling: Effects of Solar Wind Pileup and High‐Speed Streams	9
Impacts of Auroral Precipitation on HF Propagation: A Hypothetical Over‐the‐Horizon Radar Case Study	9
Real‐Time 3‐D Modeling of the Ground Electric Field Due To Space Weather Events. A Concept and Its Validation	9
Ionospheric F‐Layer Scintillation Variabilities Over the American Sector During Sudden Stratospheric Warming Events	9
The Impact of Assimilating Ionosphere and Thermosphere Observations on Neutral Temperature Improvement: Observing System Simulation Experiments Using EnKF	9
Probabilistic Prediction of Dst Storms One‐Day‐Ahead Using Full‐Disk SoHO Images	9
Ionospheric Response to the M‐ and X‐Class Solar Flares of 28 October 2021 Over the African Sector	9
Reconstruction of the Radiation Belts for Solar Cycles 17–24 (1933–2017)	9
Tests of a New Solar Flare Model Against D and E Region Ionosphere Data	9
Validating GIC Modeling in the Spanish Power Grid by Differential Magnetometry	9
Ionospheric Phase Scintillation Index Estimation Based on 1 Hz Geodetic GNSS Receiver Measurements by Using Continuous Wavelet Transform	9
Solar Wind Speed Prediction With Two‐Dimensional Attention Mechanism	8
Multiwave Structure of Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances Excited by the Tonga Volcanic Eruptions Observed by a Dense GNSS Network in China	8
Auroral Drivers of Large dB∕dt During Geomagnetic Storms	8
Investigation on Horizontal and Vertical Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances Propagation in Global‐Scale Using GNSS and Multi‐LEO Satellites	8
Latitudinal, Diurnal, and Seasonal Variations in the Accuracy of an RTK Positioning System and Its Relationship With Ionospheric Irregularities	8
Occurrence and Variations of Middle and Low Latitude Sporadic E Layer Investigated With Longitudinal and Latitudinal Chains of Ionosondes	8
Modeling the Impact of Geomagnetically Induced Currents on Electrified Railway Signaling Systems in the United Kingdom	8
Characterizing Auroral‐Zone Absorption Based on Global Kp and Regional Geomagnetic Hourly Range Indices	8
Instability Mechanisms for the F‐Region Plasma Irregularities Inside the Midlatitude Ionospheric Trough: Swarm Observations	8
Science Through Machine Learning: Quantification of Post‐Storm Thermospheric Cooling	8
High Energy Solar Particle Events and Their Relationship to Associated Flare, CME and GLE Parameters	8
Energetic Electron Flux Predictions in the Near‐Earth Plasma Sheet From Solar Wind Driving	8
MHD‐Test Particles Simulations of Moderate CME and CIR‐Driven Geomagnetic Storms at Solar Minimum	8
Equatorial Plasma Bubble Detection Using Vertical TEC From Altimetry Satellite	8
Daytime Equatorial Spread F‐Like Irregularities Detected by HF Doppler Receiver and Digisonde	8
Parameter Distributions for the Drag‐Based Modeling of CME Propagation	8
Forcing From Lower Thermosphere and Quiet Time Scintillation Longitudinal Dependence	8

A Large Simulation Set of Geomagnetic Storms—Can Simulations Predict Ground Magnetometer Station Observations of Magnetic Field Perturbations?	8
Forecasting Occurrence and Intensity of Geomagnetic Activity With Pattern‐Matching Approaches	8
The Relationship Between Upward Propagating Atmospheric Gravity Waves and Ionospheric Irregularities During Solar Minimum Periods	8
The First Ground‐Level Enhancement of Solar Cycle 25 as Seen by the High‐Energy Particle Detector (HEPD‐01) on Board the CSES‐01 Satellite	8
A Prediction Model of Relativistic Electrons at Geostationary Orbit Using the EMD‐LSTM Network and Geomagnetic Indices	8
Analysis of Long‐Term GIC Measurements in Transformers in Austria	8
Multi‐Hour‐Ahead Dst Index Prediction Using Multi‐Fidelity Boosted Neural Networks	8
Reconstructing the Dynamics of the Outer Electron Radiation Belt by Means of the Standard and Ensemble Kalman Filter With the VERB‐3D Code	7
Multi‐Model Ensembles for Upper Atmosphere Models	7
Variations of TEC Over Iberian Peninsula in 2015 Due to Geomagnetic Storms and Solar Flares	7
Predictive Capabilities of Corotating Interaction Regions Using STEREO and Wind In‐Situ Observations	7
Real‐Time Monitoring of Ionosphere VTEC Using Multi‐GNSS Carrier‐Phase Observations and B‐Splines	7
NARX Neural Network Derivations of the Outer Boundary Radiation Belt Electron Flux	7
MHD Study of Extreme Space Weather Conditions for Exoplanets With Earth‐Like Magnetospheres: On Habitability Conditions and Radio‐Emission	7
Harmonization of RBSP and Arase Energetic Electron Measurements Utilizing ESA Radiation Monitor Data	7
Upper‐Atmosphere Mass Density Variations From CASSIOPE Precise Orbits	7
FTA: A Feature Tracking Empirical Model of Auroral Precipitation	7
Wavelet and Network Analysis of Magnetic Field Variation and Geomagnetically Induced Currents During Large Storms	7
Extreme Event Statistics in Dst, SYM‐H, and SMR Geomagnetic Indices	7
The Determination of Satellite Orbital Decay From POD Data During Geomagnetic Storms	7
A Peculiar ICME Event in August 2018 Observed With the Global Muon Detector Network	7
Challenges in Specifying and Predicting Space Weather	7
A Quantitative Comparison of High Latitude Electric Field Models During a Large Geomagnetic Storm	7
Achievements and Lessons Learned From Successful Small Satellite Missions for Space Weather‐Oriented Research	7
Quantifying the Uncertainty in CME Kinematics Derived From Geometric Modeling of Heliospheric Imager Data	7
Potential Impact of GNSS Positioning Errors on the Satellite‐Navigation‐Based Air Traffic Management	7
On the Considerations of Using Near Real Time Data for Space Weather Hazard Forecasting	7
First Estimations of Geomagnetically Induced Currents in the South of Portugal	7
Modeling the Lunar Radiation Environment: A Comparison Among FLUKA, Geant4, HETC‐HEDS, MCNP6, and PHITS	7
Ionospheric Turbulence: A Challenge for GPS Loss of Lock Understanding	7
Modeling Radiation Belt Electrons With Information Theory Informed Neural Networks	7
Characteristics and Sources of Intense Geoelectric Fields in the United States: Comparative Analysis of Multiple Geomagnetic Storms	7
Solar Flare X‐Ray Impacts on Long Subionospheric VLF Paths	7
Evaluating Auroral Forecasts Against Satellite Observations	7
A Machine Learning Approach to Predicting SEP Events Using Properties of Coronal Mass Ejections	6
Quantifying Contributions of External Drivers to the Global Ionospheric State	6
COMPASS: A New COnductance Model Based on PFISR And SWARM Satellite Observations	6
Improved Neutral Density Predictions Through Machine Learning Enabled Exospheric Temperature Model	6
The Possible Role of Turbopause on Sporadic‐E Layer Formation at Middle and Low Latitudes	6
Solar Cycle Variability in Coronal Holes and Their Effects on Solar Wind Sources	6
Observations of Unusual Daytime Range Spread F at Middle Latitude During the Afternoon Hours	6
Assessing the Impact of Weak and Moderate Geomagnetic Storms on UK Power Station Transformers	6
Measurements and Modeling of the Responses of VLF Transmitter Signals to X‐Class Solar Flares at the Great Wall Station in Antarctica	6
Knowledge‐Informed Deep Neural Networks for Solar Flare Forecasting	6
Addressing Gaps in Space Weather Operations and Understanding With Small Satellites	6
Analysis of Large Geomagnetically Induced Currents During the 7–8 September 2017 Storm: Geoelectric Field Mapping	6
Small Satellite Mission Concepts for Space Weather Research and as Pathfinders for Operations	6
Ionospheric Storm Scale Index Based on High Time Resolution UPC‐IonSAT Global Ionospheric Maps (IsUG)	6
Reconstruction of the Regional Total Electron Content Maps Over the Korean Peninsula Using Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Network and Poisson Blending	6
The Influence of Spacecraft Latitudinal Offset on the Accuracy of Corotation Forecasts	6
The Short‐Time Prediction of the Energetic Electron Flux in the Planetary Radiation Belt Based on Stacking Ensemble‐Learning Algorithm	6
A Regional Ionospheric Storm Forecasting Method Using a Deep Learning Algorithm: LSTM	6
Multi‐Instrument Investigation of the Impact of the Space Weather Events of 6–10 September 2017	6
Predicting Geostationary 40–150 keV Electron Flux Using ARMAX (an Autoregressive Moving Average Transfer Function), RNN (a Recurrent Neural Network), and Logistic Regression: A Comparison of Models	6
Two‐Way Assessment of Ionospheric Maps Performance Over the Brazilian Region: Global Versus Regional Products	6
Transpolar Convection and Magnetospheric Ring Current Relations: Real‐Time Applications of the Polar Cap (PC) Indices	6
On the Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere Coupling During the May 2021 Geomagnetic Storm	6
Empirical Modeling of Ionospheric Current Using Empirical Orthogonal Function Analysis and Artificial Neural Network	6
Toward Accurate Physics‐Based Specifications of Neutral Density Using GNSS‐Enabled Small Satellites	6
Large Geomagnetically Induced Currents at Equator Caused by an Interplanetary Magnetic Cloud	6
Investigation of the Geomagnetically Induced Current Index Levels in the Mediterranean Region During the Strongest Magnetic Storms of Solar Cycle 24	6
MSIS‐UQ: Calibrated and Enhanced NRLMSIS 2.0 Model With Uncertainty Quantification	6