Biosystems Engineering

Article	Citations
Channel pruned YOLO V5s-based deep learning approach for rapid and accurate apple fruitlet detection before fruit thinning	168
Faster R–CNN–based apple detection in dense-foliage fruiting-wall trees using RGB and depth features for robotic harvesting	136
Detecting powdery mildew disease in squash at different stages using UAV-based hyperspectral imaging and artificial intelligence	96
Detection of maturity stages of coconuts in complex background using Faster R-CNN model	81
A computer vision-based method for spatial-temporal action recognition of tail-biting behaviour in group-housed pigs	75
Image analysis for individual identification and feeding behaviour monitoring of dairy cows based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)	74
Safety and ergonomics in human-robot interactive agricultural operations	67
Combining plant height, canopy coverage and vegetation index from UAV-based RGB images to estimate leaf nitrogen concentration of summer maize	65
Application of hyperspectral imaging systems and artificial intelligence for quality assessment of fruit, vegetables and mushrooms: A review	62
Combining generative adversarial networks and agricultural transfer learning for weeds identification	57
A litchi fruit recognition method in a natural environment using RGB-D images	54
Yield estimation of soybean breeding lines under drought stress using unmanned aerial vehicle-based imagery and convolutional neural network	54
A review of measuring, assessing and mitigating heat stress in dairy cattle	51
Animal-related, non-invasive indicators for determining heat stress in dairy cows	51
A real-time table grape detection method based on improved YOLOv4-tiny network in complex background	51
Determination of material and interaction properties of maize and wheat kernels for DEM simulation	48
Influence of the downwash airflow distribution characteristics of a plant protection UAV on spray deposit distribution	47
Classification of drinking and drinker-playing in pigs by a video-based deep learning method	46
A data fusion approach on confocal Raman microspectroscopy and electronic nose for quantitative evaluation of pesticide residue in tea	46
Automatic recognition of feeding and foraging behaviour in pigs using deep learning	44
A mango picking vision algorithm on instance segmentation and key point detection from RGB images in an open orchard	42
Simulation of rice threshing performance with concentric and non-concentric threshing gaps	42
Performance analysis of a tractor - power harrow system under different working conditions	42
Numerical simulation of airflow field from a six–rotor plant protection drone using lattice Boltzmann method	41
Automatic non-destructive video estimation of maturation levels in Fuji apple (Malus Malus pumila) fruit in orchard based on colour (Vis) and spectral (NIR) data	41

Modelling of moving drying process and analysis of drying characteristics for germinated brown rice under continuous microwave drying	41
An overview of process monitoring for anaerobic digestion	41
Hyperspectral imaging technology combined with deep learning for hybrid okra seed identification	40
Energy, carbon and water footprints on agricultural machinery	39
Seed motion characteristics and seeding performance of a centralised seed metering system for rapeseed investigated by DEM simulation and bench testing	39
Intelligent intra-row robotic weeding system combining deep learning technology with a targeted weeding mode	38
A CNN-based lightweight ensemble model for detecting defective carrots	38
An efficient method for determining DEM parameters of a loose cohesive soil modelled using hysteretic spring and linear cohesion contact models	37
Assessment of dairy cow heat stress by monitoring drinking behaviour using an embedded imaging system	37
In-field and non-destructive monitoring of grapes maturity by hyperspectral imaging	37
Deep learning architectures for semantic segmentation and automatic estimation of severity of foliar symptoms caused by diseases or pests	37
Draft force prediction for a high-speed disc implement using discrete element modelling	36
Discrete element modelling of citrus fruit stalks and its verification	34
Spatiotemporal variability of leaf photosynthesis and its linkage with microclimates across an environment-controlled greenhouse	34
Energy cost reduction by shifting electricity demand in indoor vertical farms with artificial lighting	33
Power density based fatigue load spectrum editing for accelerated durability testing for tractor front axles	33
Real time detection of inter-row ryegrass in wheat farms using deep learning	33
Symmetry-based 3D shape completion for fruit localisation for harvesting robots	33
A CFD analysis on improving lettuce canopy airflow distribution in a plant factory considering the crop resistance and LEDs heat dissipation	32
A machine learning framework to predict the next month's daily milk yield, milk composition and milking frequency for cows in a robotic dairy farm	31
Hyperspectral imaging for identification of Zebra Chip disease in potatoes	30
Analysis of passive downdraught evaporative cooling windcatcher for greenhouses in hot climatic conditions: Parametric study and impact of neighbouring structures	30
Active thermal imaging for immature citrus fruit detection	30
Design and validation testing of a complete paddy field-coverage path planner for a fully autonomous tillage tractor	30
Artificial intelligence approaches to predict growth, harvest day, and quality of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in a IoT-enabled greenhouse system	30
Regional soil moisture prediction system based on Long Short-Term Memory network	29
Lighting systems and strategies compared in an optimally controlled greenhouse	29
Automated piglet tracking using a single convolutional neural network	29
Calibration of discrete-element-method model parameters of bulk wheat for storage	29
Ripeness evaluation of kiwifruit by hyperspectral imaging	29
A method of citrus epidermis defects detection based on an improved YOLOv5	29
Image-based size estimation of broccoli heads under varying degrees of occlusion	29
Modelling of grain breakage of in a vertical rice mill based on DEM simulation combining particle replacement model	28
Non-destructive identification of slightly sprouted wheat kernels using hyperspectral data on both sides of wheat kernels	28
Calibration of discrete element parameters and experimental verification for modelling subsurface soils	28
In-field proximal sensing of septoria tritici blotch, stripe rust and brown rust in winter wheat by means of reflectance and textural features from multispectral imagery	28
Automatic detection of crop root rows in paddy fields based on straight-line clustering algorithm and supervised learning method	27
Microclimate and crop performance in a tunnel greenhouse shaded by organic photovoltaic modules – Comparison with conventional shaded and unshaded tunnels	27
Cooperation of unmanned systems for agricultural applications: A theoretical framework	27
A novel hyperspectral-based approach for identification of maize kernels infected with diverse Aspergillus flavus fungi	26
Distribution characteristics and parameter optimisation of an air-assisted centralised seed-metering device for rapeseed using a CFD-DEM coupled simulation	26
Improved prediction of protein content in wheat kernels with a fusion of scatter correction methods in NIR data modelling	26
Vision based volume estimation method for automatic mango grading system	26
Managing soil compaction – A choice of low-mass autonomous vehicles or controlled traffic?	26
Pig mounting behaviour recognition based on video spatial–temporal features	26
Method and bench-marking framework for coverage path planning in arable farming	25
Bag-of-visual-words-augmented Histogram of Oriented Gradients for efficient weed detection	25
Analysis of energy consumption, heat and mass transfer, drying kinetics and effective moisture diffusivity during foam-mat drying of mango in a convective hot-air dryer	25
Automated identification of citrus diseases in orchards using deep learning	24
Unrest index for estimating thermal comfort of poultry birds (Gallus gallus domesticus) using computer vision techniques	24

Determination and interpretation of bonded-particle model parameters for simulation of maize kernels	24
Modelling of heat stress in a robotic dairy farm. Part 1: Thermal comfort indices as the indicators of production loss	24
The reduction of gas concentrations in broiler houses through ventilation: Assessment of the thermal and electrical energy consumption	23
Soil organic matter prediction using smartphone-captured digital images: Use of reflectance image and image perturbation	23
Calculation of ventilation rates and ammonia emissions: Comparison of sampling strategies for a naturally ventilated dairy barn	23
Data reduction based on machine learning algorithms for fog computing in IoT smart agriculture	23
Application of non-linear partial least squares analysis on prediction of biomass of maize plants using hyperspectral images	23
Variable selection for the determination of the soluble solid content of potatoes with surface impurities in the visible/near-infrared range	23
Development of three-dimensional visualisation technology of the aerodynamic environment in a greenhouse using CFD and VR technology, part 1: Development of VR a database using CFD	23
Digital imaging assisted geometry of chicken eggs using Hügelschäffer's model	23
Examination milling non-uniformity in friction rice mills using by discrete element method and experiment	23
Comparative assessment of energy requirement and tillage effectiveness of combined (active-passive) and conventional offset disc harrows	23
Wheat straw direct shear simulation using discrete element method of fibrous bonded model	22
Bioimpedance analysis of vascular tissue and fluid flow in human and plant body: A review	22
Automatic shrimp counting method using local images and lightweight YOLOv4	22
Effect of guide strips on the distribution of threshed outputs and cleaning losses for a tangential-longitudinal flow rice combine harvester	22
Online crop height and density estimation in grain fields using LiDAR	22
A novel wireless instrumentation system for measurement of PTO (power take-off) torque requirement during rotary tillage	21
Image-based body mass prediction of heifers using deep neural networks	21
Application of an adaptive PID controller enhanced by a differential evolution algorithm for precise control of dissolved oxygen in recirculating aquaculture systems	21
Semantic segmentation: A modern approach for identifying soil clods in precision farming	21
Monitoring methane and nitrous oxide emissions from digestate storage following manure mono-digestion	21
Automatic broiler temperature measuring by thermal camera	21
On-tree apple fruit size estimation using stereo vision with deep learning-based occlusion handling	21
Optimisation of microwave-rotary drying process and quality parameters of terebinth	21
Spatial and temporal variation of photosynthetic photon flux density within agrivoltaic system in hot arid region of India	21
Effect of grain moisture content on physical, mechanical, and bulk dynamic behaviour of maize	21
Modelling carbon dioxide emissions under a maize-soy rotation using machine learning	21
Sugarcane stem cut quality investigated by finite element simulation and experiment	20
NemaNet: A convolutional neural network model for identification of soybean nematodes	20
Body size measurement and live body weight estimation for pigs based on back surface point clouds	20
Diagnosing the symptoms of sheath blight disease on rice stalk with an in-situ hyperspectral imaging technique	20
Cooperation of unmanned systems for agricultural applications: A case study in a vineyard	20
Cost analysis of autonomous battery electric field tractors in agriculture	20
Spatially variable pesticide application in vineyards: Part II, field comparison of uniform and map-based variable dose treatments	20
Mapping crop stand count and planting uniformity using high resolution imagery in a maize crop	20
Wind-induced response of rice under the action of the downwash flow field of a multi-rotor UAV	20
A two-echelon location-routing problem for biomass logistics systems	20
Maize lodging resistance: Stalk architecture is a stronger predictor of stalk bending strength than chemical composition	19
Towards re-identification for long-term tracking of group housed pigs	19
Design and validation of a centrifugal variable-diameter pneumatic high-speed precision seed-metering device for maize	19
Analysis of climate uniformity in indoor plant factory system with computational fluid dynamics (CFD)	19
Determination of overall heat transfer coefficient for greenhouse energy-saving screen using Trnsys and hotbox	19
Efficacy of adaptation measures to alleviate heat stress in confined livestock buildings in temperate climate zones	19
Field identification of weed species and glyphosate-resistant weeds using high resolution imagery in early growing season	19
Non-destructive and rapid measurement of sugar content in growing cane stalks for breeding programmes using visible-near infrared spectroscopy	19
Model-based calibration of a gas sensor array for on-line monitoring of ethanol concentration in Saccharomyces cerevisiae batch cultivation	19
Shift quality of tractors fitted with hydrostatic power split CVT during starting	19
Stress distribution on a soil tillage machine frame segment with a chisel shank simulated using discrete element and finite element methods and validate by experiment	19
Inverse estimation of thermophysical properties and initial moisture content of cereal grains during deep-bed grain drying	19
Monocular positioning of sweet peppers: An instance segmentation approach for harvest robots	19
Design and hardware-in-the-loop test of a coupled drive system for electric tractor	19
Computational intelligence and mathematical modelling in chanterelle mushrooms’ drying process under heat pump dryer	18
Effect of geometrical parameters of air-induction nozzles on droplet characteristics and behaviour	18
An end-to-end lightweight model for grape and picking point simultaneous detection	18
Rice seedling row detection based on morphological anchor points of rice stems	18
Semantic segmentation of sparse 3D point cloud based on geometrical features for trellis-structured apple orchard	18
Effect of exposed surface area on ammonia emissions from untreated, separated, and digested cattle manure	18
Suction force on high-sphericity seeds in an air-suction seed-metering device	18
Damping behaviour of a prestressed composite beam designed for the thresher of a combine harvester	18
Utilising variable sorting for normalisation to correct illumination effects in close-range spectral images of potato plants	18
RiceNet: A two stage machine learning method for rice disease identification	18
Nutritional status assessment of olive crops by means of the analysis and modelling of multispectral images taken with UAVs	18
Effect of temperature on the microwave drying process and the viability of amaranth seeds	18
Kinematic discrepancy between driving wheels evaluated for a modular traction device	18
Study on the reduction of soil adhesion and tillage force of bionic cutter teeth in secondary soil crushing	18
Design and performance of a countersunk screen in a maize cleaning device	18
Prediction of outlet dissolved oxygen in micro-irrigation sand media filters using a Gaussian process regression	17
A multi-branch convolutional neural network with density map for aphid counting	17
In-field and non-invasive determination of internal quality and ripeness stages of Feicheng peach using a portable hyperspectral imager	17
Modelling soil water infiltration variability using scaling	17
Semantic interpretation and complexity reduction of 3D point clouds of vineyards	17
A multiscale approach to estimate the cellular diffusivity during food drying	17
DEM simulations and experiments investigating the influence of feeding plate angle in a rubber-roll paddy grain huller	17
Canopy VIS-NIR spectroscopy and self-learning artificial intelligence for a generalised model of predawn leaf water potential in Vitis vinifera	17
Video and image classification using atomisation spray image patterns and deep learning	17
Study and modelling the respiration of corn seeds (Zea mays L.) during hermetic storage	17
Low-cost Edge Computing devices and novel user interfaces for monitoring pivot irrigation systems based on Internet of Things and LoRaWAN technologies	17
An optimal zone combination model for on-line nondestructive prediction of soluble solids content of apple based on full-transmittance spectroscopy	17
Estimating particle-size distribution from limited soil texture data: Introducing two new methods	17

Quantitative potato tuber phenotyping by 3D imaging	17
Online semi-supervised learning applied to an automated insect pest monitoring system	16
A sustainable localised air distribution system for enhancing thermal environment and indoor air quality of poultry house for semiarid region	16
Machine learning approach to investigate the influence of water quality on aquatic livestock in freshwater ponds	16
YOLO5-spear: A robust and real-time spear tips locator by improving image augmentation and lightweight network for selective harvesting robot of white asparagus	16
Development of three-dimensional visualisation technology of the aerodynamic environment in a greenhouse using CFD and VR technology, Part 2: Development of an educational VR simulator	16
Modelling of particle size characteristics and specific energy demand for mechanical size reduction of wheat straw by knife mill	16
Generalisation of tea moisture content models based on VNIR spectra subjected to fractional differential treatment	16
Prediction of human odour assessments based on hedonic tone method using instrument measurements and multi-sensor data fusion integrated neural networks	16
Soil detachment caused by flowing water erosion in six typical herbaceous plant root systems on the Loess Plateau, China	16
Monitoring the hot-air drying process of organically grown apples (cv. Gala) using computer vision	16
Assessment of a tomography-informed polyhedral discrete element modelling approach for complex-shaped granular woody biomass in stress consolidation	16
Spatiotemporal graph convolutional network for automated detection and analysis of social behaviours among pre-weaning piglets	15
Stereo-vision-based multi-crop harvesting edge detection for precise automatic steering of combine harvester	15
Methodology for designing tractor accelerated structure tests for an indoor drum-type test bench	15
Effects of housing system, measurement methods and environmental factors on estimating ammonia and methane emission rates in dairy barns: A meta-analysis	15
Intelligent fish feeding based on machine vision: A review	15
Additives and methods for the mitigation of methane emission from stored liquid manure	15
Rapid and non-destructive detection of cassava flour adulterants in wheat flour using a handheld MicroNIR spectrometer	15
Modelling and simulation of fruit drop tests by discrete element method	15
Analysis of effect of bentleg opener geometry on performance in cohesive soil using the discrete element method	15
Energy of activation, instantaneous energy consumption, and coupled heat and mass transfer modeling in drying of sorghum grains	15
Dynamic energy modelling for analysis of the thermal and hygroscopic environment in a mechanically ventilated duck house	15
Path tracking control with slip compensation of a global navigation satellite system based tractor-scraper land levelling system	15
Development and validation of a DEM model for predicting impact damage of maize kernels	15
The effect of spray structure of oil-based emulsion spray on the droplet characteristics	15
Individual neon tetras (Paracheirodon innesi, Myers) optimise their position in the group depending on external selective contexts: Lesson learned from a fish-robot hybrid school	15
Multi-layer hierarchical optimisation of greenhouse climate setpoints for energy conservation and improvement of crop yield	15
RTD-SEPs: Real-time detection of stem emerging points and classification of crop-weed for robotic weed control in producing tomato	15
A precise crop row detection algorithm in complex farmland for unmanned agricultural machines	15
Effect of concentric and non-concentric threshing gaps on damage of rice straw during threshing for combine harvester	15
Deep learning and computer vision for assessing the number of actual berries in commercial vineyards	14
Reduction of ammonia emissions by applying a urease inhibitor in naturally ventilated dairy barns	14
Simultaneous and nondestructive diagnostics of nitrogen/magnesium/potassium-deficient cucumber leaf based on chlorophyll density distribution features	14
Modelling the aggregate structure of a bulk soil to quantify fragmentation properties and energy demand of soil tillage tools in the formation of seedbeds	14
Optimal spraying task assignment problem in crop protection with multi-UAV systems and its order irrelevant enumeration solution	14
Burgers viscoelastic model-based variable stiffness design of compliant clamping mechanism for leafy greens harvesting	14
Real-time control of high-resolution micro-jet sprayer integrated with machine vision for precision weed control	14
Comparison of Vis/SWNIR and NIR spectrometers combined with different multivariate techniques for estimating soil fertility parameters of calcareous topsoil in an arid climate	14
Exploring hyperspectral reflectance indices for the estimation of water and nitrogen status of spinach	14
Micro-CT imaging of tomato seeds: Predictive potential of 3D morphometry on germination	14
Calibration of contact parameters for complex shaped fruits based on discrete element method: The case of pod pepper (Capsicum annuum)	14
Tomato tablet drying enhancement by intervention of infrared - A response surface strategy for experimental design and optimization	14
An algorithm to automate the filtering and classifying of 2D LiDAR data for site-specific estimations of canopy height and width in vineyards	14
Prediction of the fruit development stage of sweet pepper (Capsicum annum var. annuum) by an ensemble model of convolutional and multilayer perceptron	14
The elastoplastic flexural behaviour of corn stalks	14
Assessment of rice seed vigour using selected frequencies of electrical impedance spectroscopy	14
Optimal vibration parameters for olive harvesting from finite element analysis and vibration tests	14
Analysing the space-usage-pattern of a cow herd using video surveillance and automated motion detection	14
Simultaneous fruit detection and size estimation using multitask deep neural networks	14
Effect of penetration depth and particle size on detection of wheat flour adulterant using hyperspectral imaging	14
From benchtop to handheld MIR for soil analysis: Predicting lime requirement and organic matter in agricultural soils	14
Non-destructive measurement of chicken egg characteristics: Improved formulae for calculating egg volume and surface area	14
Numerical simulation approach to predict the abrasion rate of rice during milling	13
RoseSegNet: An attention-based deep learning architecture for organ segmentation of plants	13
A model of distributed parameters for non-Fickian diffusion in grain drying based on the fractional calculus approach	13
Optimal control as a tool to investigate the profitability of a Chinese plant factory - lettuce production system	13
Construction of a plant spectral library based on an optimised feature selection method	13
Role of particle shape and plant roots in the discrete element model of soil–sweep interaction	13
Identifying tractor overturning scenarios using a driving simulator with a motion system	13
Unsupervised modelling of rice aroma change during ageing based on electronic nose coupled with bio-inspired algorithms	13
Computational modelling applied to predict the pressure coefficients in deformed single arch-shape greenhouses	13
Strategies to mitigate dead-zones in on-farm stored grain silos fitted with aeration ducting modelled using computational fluid dynamics	13
Improving rice nitrogen stress diagnosis by denoising strips in hyperspectral images via deep learning	13
Wind tunnel study of the effect of planting Haloxylon ammodendron on aeolian sediment transport	13
Modelling of heat stress in a robotic dairy farm. Part 2: Identifying the specific thresholds with production factors	13
Low-damage transplanting method for leafy vegetable seedlings based on machine vision	13
Digital monitoring of grain conditions in large-scale bulk storage facilities based on spatiotemporal distributions of grain temperature	13
Mapping spatially distributed material properties in finite element models of plant tissue using computed tomography	13
Effect of mechanical bruises on optical properties of mature peaches in the near-infrared wavelength range	13
Detection of broiler heat stress by using the generalised sequential pattern algorithm	13
Origins classification of egg with different storage durations using FT-NIR: A characteristic wavelength selection approach based on information entropy	13
Assigning apples to individual trees in dense orchards using 3D colour point clouds	13
Optimisation and dynamic simulation of a conveying and top breaking system for whole-stalk sugarcane harvesters	13
Tracing algorithm and control strategy for crawler rice combine harvester auxiliary navigation system	13
Application of infrared thermography and machine learning techniques in cattle health assessments: A review	13
Measuring soil coverage using image feature descriptors and the decision tree learning algorithm	13
Current understanding of the airborne transmission of important viral animal pathogens in spreading disease	12
Boosting plant-part segmentation of cucumber plants by enriching incomplete 3D point clouds with spectral data	12
Droplet distribution characteristics of impact sprinklers with circular and noncircular nozzles: Effect of nozzle aspect ratios and equivalent diameters	12
Effective excitation conditions for the intense motion of the ginkgo seed-stem system during mechanical vibration harvesting	12
Development and evaluation of automated localisation and reconstruction of all fruits on tomato plants in a greenhouse based on multi-view perception and 3D multi-object tracking	12
Path following control of tractor with an electro-hydraulic coupling steering system: Layered multi-loop robust control architecture	12
Online detection of naturally DON contaminated wheat grains from China using Vis-NIR spectroscopy and computer vision	12
Modelling of heat stress in a robotic dairy farm. Part 3: Rumination and milking performance	12
Bison muscle discrimination and color stability prediction using near-infrared hyperspectral imaging	12
Automated classification of stems and leaves of potted plants based on point cloud data	12
Discrete element method optimisation of a scraper to remove soil from ridges formed to cold-proof grapevines	12
Evaluation of a combination of NIR micro-spectrometers to predict chemical properties of sugarcane forage using a multi-block approach	12
Fusion of RGB, optical flow and skeleton features for the detection of lameness in dairy cows	12
Optimisation of no-tube seeding and its application in rice planting	12
Modeling drying kinetics of Jacaranda mimosifolia seeds with variable effective diffusivity via diffusion model	12
An adaptive method for fish growth prediction with empirical knowledge extraction	12
Aquaculture production optimisation in multi-cage farms subject to commercial and operational constraints	12
Effects on relaxation properties of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L.) subjected to different compression directions	12