OOIR: Observatory of International Research

Papers

(The TQCC of IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications is 18. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2021-12-01 to 2025-12-01.)

Article	Citations
Bit-Metric Decoding Rate in Multi-User MIMO Systems: Applications	631
Density Evolution Analysis of the Iterative Joint Ordered-Statistics Decoding for NOMA	328
BanditLinQ: A Scalable Link Scheduling for Dense D2D Networks With One-Bit Feedback	313
Analysis and Optimization of Cache-Enabled mmWave HetNets With Integrated Access and Backhaul	246
Table of Contents	218
IEEE Communications Society	216
Joint Design of Equalization and Beamforming for Single-Carrier MIMO Transmission Over Millimeter-Wave and Sub-Terahertz Channels	211
Geometric View on Integrated Cascaded Channel of IRS-Aided Communications	209
Channel Characterization for the 90 GHz Band in Aviation Environments	203
IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications Society Information	201
Optimal and Constrained RIS Profile Design for User Localization in OFDM Systems	200
Signal Domain Multicomponent-Based Secure Hybrid Precoding for mmWave Systems	192
Seeing the Unseen: The REVEAL Protocol to Expose the Wireless Man-in-the-Middle	190
Robust Symbol Level Precoding for Overlay Cognitive Radio Networks	187
Quantum-Assisted Resource Management for Data Access in Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks	182
Frame-Level Cross-Layer Power Optimization for Uplink Wireless Low-Latency Streaming	182
Resource Management for MEC Assisted Multi-Layer Federated Learning Framework	181
Faster-Than-Nyquist Signaling for MIMO Communications	181
Memory AMP for Generalized MIMO: Coding Principle and Information-Theoretic Optimality	179
Optimization of IRS-Aided Sub-THz Communications Under Practical Design Constraints	177
Symbiotic Radio With Orthogonal Time Frequency Space Modulation Over High-Mobility Channels	177
How to Proactively Monitor Untrusted Communications with Cell-Free Massive MIMO?	168
SWIPT-Enabled MISO Ad Hoc Network Underlay RSMA-Based System With IRS	167
Deep Learning Assisted Multiuser MIMO Load Modulated Systems for Enhanced Downlink mmWave Communications	166
Global Optimal Closed-Form Solutions for Intelligent Surfaces With Mutual Coupling: Is Mutual Coupling Detrimental or Beneficial?	166

Quadratic Displacement Operators—Theory and Application to Millimeter-Wave Channel Tracking	165
Resource-Aware Hierarchical Federated Learning in Wireless Video Caching Networks	164
An Online Zero-Forcing Precoder for Weighted Sum-Rate Maximization in Green CoMP Systems	162
Global Resource Allocation for High Throughput and Low Delay in High-Density VANETs	160
Coverage and Capacity of Terahertz Cellular Networks With Joint Transmission	159
Autonomous On-Demand Deployment for UAV Assisted Wireless Networks	157
Index Modulation for Fluid Antenna-Assisted MIMO Communications: System Design and Performance Analysis	155
Weighted Sum Rate Maximization of the mmWave Cell-Free MIMO Downlink Relying on Hybrid Precoding	151
Toward RIS-Aided Non-Coherent Communications: A Joint Index Keying M-ary Differential Chaos Shift Keying System	150
Spinal Codes Over Fading Channel: Error Probability Analysis and Encoding Structure Improvement	149
GNN-Assisted BiG-AMP: Joint Channel Estimation and Data Detection for Massive MIMO Receiver	146
Joint Detection and Communication System Design via Combination of Index and Phase Modulations	145
On the Statistical Channel Distribution and Effective Capacity Analysis of STAR-RIS-Assisted BAC-NOMA Systems	145
Modeling and Analysis of Downlink Communications in a Heterogeneous LEO Satellite Network	144
Passive Reflection Codebook Design for IRS-Integrated Access Point	143
MIMO Over-the-Air Computation for Device-Edge Collaborative Inference	143
SemHARQ: Semantic-Aware Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request for Multi-Task Semantic Communications	141
SkyLink: Joint Deployment and Scheduling in Collaborative Integrated Ground-Air-Space Network	140
Fast-Adaptive Beamforming for Rate-Splitting Multiple Access-aided Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks with Few-Shot Samples	139
Joint User-Side Recommendation and D2D-Assisted Offloading for Cache-Enabled Cellular Networks With Mobility Consideration	137
Index Modulation With Circularly-Shifted Chirps for Dual-Function Radar and Communications	135
Channel Gain Map Estimation for Wireless Networks Based on Scatterer Model	133
A Bipartite Graph Neural Network Approach for Scalable Beamforming Optimization	132
Near Field Sparse Representation and Dictionary Design Using Discrete Fresnel Transform	132
Data-Driven Online Resource Allocation for User Experience Improvement in Mobile Edge Clouds	131
Dual-Sided Active-IOS-Enhanced Secure Multi-Cell Systems Exploiting Eavesdroppers’ Statistical CSI	131
Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Anti-Jamming Algorithm Using Dual Action Network	131
Distributed Coordinated Precoding for MIMO Cellular Network Virtualization	131
Beyond Diagonal Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces in Wideband OFDM Communications: Circuit-Based Modeling and Optimization	129
Proactive Eavesdropping for Wireless Information Surveillance Under Suspicious Communication Quality-of-Service Constraint	129
Scenario-Adaptive Meta-Learning for mmWave Beam Alignment	129
Dynamic Delay-Doppler-Angle Domain Channel Tracking for THz Massive MIMO-OTFS Communication Systems	128
On the Design and Performance of QRD-Based Beamforming Feedback for Wi-Fi Sensing	128
Secrecy Wireless Information and Power Transfer in Ultra-Dense Cloud Radio Access Networks	127
Waveform Design for High-Order QAM Faster-Than-Nyquist Transmission in the Presence of Phase Noise	125
Efficient Localization via Soft Information With Generic Sensing Measurements	125
Electromagnetic Channel Modeling and Capacity Analysis for HMIMO Communications	124
Cooperative UAVs Placement Optimization for Best Multistatic Time-of-Arrival Localization in 5G Networks	122
Analysis of Age of Information in Dual Updating Systems	122
Metasurface-Based Filters for High Data Rate THz Wireless Communication: Experimental Validation of a 14 Gbps OOK and 104 Gbps QAM-16 Wireless Link in the 300 GHz Band	121
Joint Precoding for Active Intelligent Transmitting Surface Empowered Outdoor-to-Indoor Communication in mmWave Cellular Networks	118
Angle-Based Downlink Beam Selection and User Scheduling for Massive MIMO Systems	117
HDnGAN: A Channel Estimation Method for Time-Varying mmWave Massive MIMO	115
Imperfect CSI Analysis in RIS-Aided Wireless Systems	114
Lossy Beyond Diagonal Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: Modeling and Optimization	114
Learning the CSI Recovery in FDD Systems	114
Hybrid Analog/Digital Precoding for Downlink Massive MIMO LEO Satellite Communications	113
Positioning Using Visible Light Communications: A Perspective Arcs Approach	113
Dynamic Role Switching Scheme With Joint Trajectory and Power Control for Multi-UAV Cooperative Secure Communication	112
RadiOrchestra: Proactive Management of Millimeter-Wave Self-Backhauled Small Cells via Joint Optimization of Beamforming, User Association, Rate Selection, and Admission Control	112

CSI-Based Multi-Antenna and Multi-Point Indoor Positioning Using Probability Fusion	112
A Hybrid Differential Detection Scheme for the Ultra-Wideband Orientational Beamforming System	111
Beam Focusing for Near-Field Integrated Sensing and Communications With Hybrid Analog/Digital Architecture	110
Federated Learning via Over-the-Air Computation With Statistical Channel State Information	110
Performance Optimization of RIS-Aided Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems With DRL Approach	110
Communication-Efficient Personalized Federated Edge Learning for Massive MIMO CSI Feedback	109
On the Maximum Energy Efficiency of Random Access-Based OMA and NOMA in Multirate Environment	109
User Connection and Resource Allocation Optimization in Blockchain Empowered Metaverse Over 6G Wireless Communications	109
Age of Information-Oriented Link Scheduling in Device-to-Device Networks	109
Robust Group Target Awareness Inference in Multi-UAV-Enabled ISCC Networks Based on Split Deep Reinforcement Learning	108
Near-Field Wideband Beamforming for RIS-Assisted THz Communications With FTTDs	107
Adaptive Compressive Spectrum Sensing Using a Deterministic Estimation Model for Wideband Cognitive Radios	106
Unsourced Random Access Using Multiple Stages of Orthogonal Pilots: MIMO and Single-Antenna Structures	104
A Universal Framework for Multiport Network Analysis of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces	104
Learning-Based Reliable and Secure Transmission for UAV-RIS-Assisted Communication Systems	104
Coexisting Passive RIS and Active Relay-Assisted NOMA Systems	103
Joint Power Allocation and User Association Optimization for IRS-Assisted mmWave Systems	101
FDD Massive MIMO Channel Training: Optimal Rate-Distortion Bounds and the Spectral Efficiency of “One-Shot” Schemes	101
Flexible Intelligent Metasurfaces for Downlink Multiuser MISO Communications	101
Federated Learning over Device-Centric Cell-Free Networks: A Long-Term Perspective	101
Ambient LoRa Backscatter System With Chirp Interval Modulation	100
Task-Oriented Communication for Edge Video Analytics	98
Joint Scattering Environment Sensing and Channel Estimation Based on Non-Stationary Markov Random Field	98
Joint Power Allocation and Trajectory Design for UAV-Enabled Covert Communication	97
Changeable Rate and Novel Quantization for CSI Feedback Based on Deep Learning	96
Online Client Selection for Asynchronous Federated Learning With Fairness Consideration	94
Energy-Efficient Edge Learning via Joint Data Deepening-and-Prefetching	93
Performance Optimization on Cell-Free Massive MIMO-Aided URLLC Systems With User Grouping	92
Attacking and Defending Deep-Learning-Based Off-Device Wireless Positioning Systems	92
Regularized Zero-Forcing Aided Hybrid Beamforming for Millimeter-Wave Multiuser MIMO Systems	91
Multi-Scenario Broadband Channel Measurement and Modeling for Sub-6 GHz RIS-Assisted Wireless Communication Systems	91
Affine Frequency Division Multiplexing for Next Generation Wireless Communications	91
Sparse Code Multiple Access With Enhanced K-Repetition Scheme: Analysis and Design	91
Differential Modulation for Short Packet Transmission in URLLC	91
Full-Duplex Cooperative Rate-Splitting for Multigroup Multicast With SWIPT	90
Ergodic Achievable Rate Analysis and Optimization of RIS-Assisted Millimeter-Wave MIMO Communication Systems	90
Over-the-Air Computing With Imperfect CSI: Design and Performance Optimization	89
Convergence of Federated Learning Over a Noisy Downlink	88
Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Enabled Full-Duplex/Half-Duplex Cooperative Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access	88
Cost-Optimal Deployment of Millimeter-Wave Base Stations Under Outage Requirement	88
Deep Learning for Beamforming in Multi-User Continuous Aperture Array Systems	87
Waveform and Beamforming Design for Intelligent Reflecting Surface Aided Wireless Power Transfer: Single-User and Multi-User Solutions	87
Enhancing Secrecy Energy Efficiency in UAV-RIS Assisted Mobile IoV Networks Through DRL	85
An Energy-Efficient Aerial Backhaul System With Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface	84
Robust Hybrid Beamforming Design for Multi-RIS Assisted MIMO System With Imperfect CSI	84
Channel Estimation for Movable Antenna Communication Systems: A Framework Based on Compressed Sensing	84
Orthogonal Time Sequency Multiplexing Modulation: Analysis and Low-Complexity Receiver Design	84
Collaborative Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning for Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation in Heterogeneous Mobile Edge Computing Networks	84
Latency Minimization for UAV-Enabled URLLC-Based Mobile Edge Computing Systems	84
Adaptive Wireless Video Streaming: Joint Transcoding and Transmission Resource Allocation	83
Graph Learning-Based Cooperative Spectrum Sensing With Corrupted RSSs in Spectrum-Heterogeneous Cognitive Radio Networks	82
Embedding Model-Based Fast Meta Learning for Downlink Beamforming Adaptation	81
Delay-Phase Precoding for Wideband THz Massive MIMO	81
Table of Contents	80
Federated Learning on the Road Autonomous Controller Design for Connected and Autonomous Vehicles	80
Hybrid Reinforcement Learning for Joint Beamforming in STAR-RIS-Assisted CoMP Systems	79
Cross-Channel Model-Driven Learning for Massive MIMO Detection by HyperNetwork	79
Optical Wireless Integrated Sensing and Communication Based on Optical Phased Array: Performance Metric and Optimal Beamforming	79
Wireless-powered Multi-access Edge Computing with Cascaded zeRISs	79
IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications Publication Information	79
Real-World Evaluation of Full-Duplex Millimeter Wave Communication Systems	78
Modeling and Coverage Analysis of RIS-Assisted Integrated Sensing and Communication Networks	78
ROME: Robust Model Ensembling for Semantic Communication Against Semantic Jamming Attacks	77
Joint Communication and Computation for Federated Learning over Cell-Free MIMO Network	77
A Novel Framework for User Positioning and Environment Sensing During Initial Random Access	77
Reordered Amplitude Phase Shift Keying Aided Differential Spatial Modulation: DFDD-Based Low-Complexity Detector and Performance Analysis Over Fading Channels	76
A Physics-Informed Deep Ray Tracing Network for Regional Channel Impulse Response Estimation	75
New Game-Theoretic Approach to Decentralized Path Selection and Sleep Scheduling for Mobile Edge Computing	75
Spectrum Sensing and SINR Estimation in IEEE 802.11s Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks With Heterogeneous Interference	75
Channel Norm-Based Energy Detection With Diversity Reception for Amplitude-Shift Keying in Rayleigh Fading	75
How Wireless Queues Benefit from Motion: An Analysis of the Continuum Between Zero and Infinite Mobility	74
Index Modulation Pattern Design for Non-Orthogonal Multicarrier Signal Waveforms	73
Exploiting Low-Density Signal Structure via Approximate Message Passing With Side Information for Grant-Free NOMA	73
Joint Multi-Branch Weighted Combining and Equalization Detector for Cooperative Communication	73
Hybrid Driven Learning for Joint Activity Detection and Channel Estimation in IRS-Assisted Massive Connectivity	73
STAR-RIS Aided Multi-Antenna NOMA Downlink and Uplink Transmissions: A Low-Complexity Approach	73
Mobile Edge Adversarial Detection for Digital Twinning to the Metaverse: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach	73
A Projective Geometric View for 6D Pose Estimation in mmWave MIMO Systems	73
Joint Offloading Decision and Trajectory Design for UAV-Enabled Edge Computing With Task Dependency	72
Pilot Design and Signal Detection for Symbiotic Radio Over OFDM Carriers	71

A Deep Neural Architecture for Real-Time Access Point Scheduling in Uplink Cell-Free Massive MIMO	71
Analysis of Wireless Communication Over Electromagnetic Impulse Noise Channel	70
VSLM: Virtual Signal Large Model for Few-Shot Wideband Signal Detection and Recognition	70
System Design and Parameter Optimization for Remote Coverage From NOMA-Based High-Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS)	70
Delay-Constrained Maximum Information Output Rate in Fading Channels	69
Positioning Security in 5G and Beyond: Model and Detection of Physical Layer Threats	69
Scalable User-Centric Distributed Massive MIMO Systems With Restricted Processing Capacity	69
Hybrid Beamforming for mmWave Integrated Sensing and Communication with Multi-static Cooperative Localization	69
Sparsity-Aware Intelligent Massive Random Access Control for Massive MIMO Networks: A Reinforcement Learning Based Approach	69
Coordinate Interleaved OFDM With Repeated In-Phase/Quadrature Index Modulation	69
Reliability Enhancement for VR Delivery in Mobile-Edge Empowered Dual-Connectivity Sub-6 GHz and mmWave HetNets	68
CoMP Transmission in Downlink NOMA-Based Cellular-Connected UAV Networks	68
Joint Localization and Signal Detection for Ambient Backscatter Communication Systems	68
Channel Orthogonalization With Reconfigurable Surfaces: General Models, Theoretical Limits, and Effective Configuration	68
Massive MIMO With Dual-Polarized Antennas	68
Transceiver Design and Power Control for Full-Duplex Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication Systems	68
Robust Transmission Design for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface and Movable Antenna Enabled Symbiotic Radio Communications	68
QoS-Driven Load Balancing in Hybrid LiFi and WiFi Networks	67
Globally Optimal Resource Allocation Design for Discrete Phase Shift IRS-Assisted Multiuser Networks With Perfect and Imperfect CSI	67
Low-Complexity CSI Feedback for FDD Massive MIMO Systems via Learning to Optimize	67
Empirical Study on Near-Field and Spatial Non-Stationarity Modeling for THz XL-MIMO Channel in Indoor Scenario	66
Performance Analysis and Optimization of MIMO Covert Communications with Finite-Alphabet Inputs	66
IRS-Assisted Aggregated VLC-RF System: Resource Allocation for Energy Efficiency Maximization	66
Optical IRS-Enhanced Indoor Visible Light Positioning: Maximizing the Minimum Euclidean Distance of RSS Fingerprints	66
IRS-Enabled Beam-Space Channel	66
Intelligent Computation Offloading for Joint Communication and Sensing-Based Vehicular Networks	65
An Adaptive Power Allocation for NOMA-Based Multi-Layer Satellite System	65
Power and Discrete Rate Adaptation in Wideband NOMA in Frequency-Selective Channels	65
Frequency Division Duplexing Resonant Beam Communication	65
Digital Twin-Assisted Explainable AI for Robust Beam Prediction in mmWave MIMO Systems	65
Joint Physical and Network Layers Design for STARS-Assisted Multi-Cellular Edge Caching	64
Moving Aerial Anchors Assisted Network Localization	64
Over-the-Air Federated Learning Over MIMO Channels: A Sparse-Coded Multiplexing Approach	64
Blockchain-Based Edge Collaboration With Incentive Mechanism for MEC-Enabled VR Systems	64
A Fast Fuzzy DRL-Based Joint Beam Design and Power Allocation for Multi-Beam GEO-LEO Coexisting Satellite Networks	64
Hybrid Position and Orientation Estimation for Visible Light Systems in the Presence of Prior Information on the Orientation	64
An Intelligent Coexistence Strategy for eMBB/URLLC Traffic in Multi-UAV Relay Networks via Deep Reinforcement Learning	64
Multi-RIS-Enabled 3D Sidelink Positioning	64
Dynamic Laser Inter-Satellite Link Scheduling Based on Federated Reinforcement Learning: An Asynchronous Hierarchical Architecture	63
Sparse Neural Network for Detection and Decoding of Non-Binary Polar-Coded SCMA	63
Deep Learning for Secure UAV Swarm Communication Under Malicious Attacks	63
Fundamentals of RIS-Aided Localization in the Far-Field	63
Interference Characterization and Mitigation for Multi-Beam ISAC Systems in Vehicular Networks	63
Integrated Sensing, Computation, and Communication: System Framework and Performance Optimization	62
Adaptive Waveform Design for Communication-Enabled Automotive Radars	62
Joint Resource, Deployment, and Caching Optimization for AR Applications in Dynamic UAV NOMA Networks	62
Spectrally-Efficient Modulation on Conjugate-Reciprocal Zeros (SE-MOCZ) for Non-Coherent Short Packet Communications	62
HF Skywave Massive MIMO Communication	62
A Non-Stationary Model With Time-Space Consistency for 6G Massive MIMO mmWave UAV Channels	62
A Reliable Reinforcement Learning for Resource Allocation in Uplink NOMA-URLLC Networks	62
Joint Vehicular Localization and Reflective Mapping Based on Team Channel-SLAM	61
Cell-Free Massive MIMO With Finite Fronthaul Capacity: A Stochastic Geometry Perspective	61
System-Level Analysis of Full-Duplex Self-Backhauled Millimeter Wave Networks	61
Semi-Data-Aided Channel Estimation for MIMO Systems via Reinforcement Learning	60
Joint Sensing and Age of Information Optimization for Energy Constrained UAV-Assisted Integrated Sensing, Calculation, and Communication	60
Fast Beam Training and Alignment for IRS-Assisted Millimeter Wave/Terahertz Systems	60
Efficient Allocation of the Amount of Radio Resources in 5G NR to Efficient Allocation of Radio Resources in 5G NR	60
Modeling and Analysis of mmWave UAV Swarm Networks: A Stochastic Geometry Approach	60
Personalized Federated Learning Over the Air	59
Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Resource Allocation for Integrated Sensing, Communication, and Computation in Vehicular Network	59
Integrated Sensing-Communication-Computation for Over-the-Air Edge AI Inference	58
A Heterogeneous 6G Networked Sensing Architecture With Active and Passive Anchors	58
Coexisting Terahertz and RF Finite Wireless Networks: Coverage and Rate Analysis	58
UAV-RIS-Aided Space-Air-Ground Integrated Network: Interference Alignment Design and DoF Analysis	58
Line-of-Sight MIMO via Intelligent Reflecting Surface	58
Energy Efficiency Maximization of Massive MIMO Communications With Dynamic Metasurface Antennas	57
Semi-Passive Elements Assisted Channel Estimation for Intelligent Reflecting Surface-Aided Communications	57
Synergizing Beyond Diagonal Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface and Rate-Splitting Multiple Access	57
Handoff-Aware Distributed Computing in High Altitude Platform Station (HAPS)–Assisted Vehicular Networks	57
A Non-Stationary Channel Model for 6G Multi-UAV Cooperative Communication	57
Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Assisted Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems Over Spatially-Correlated Channels	57
Near-Field Beam Focusing for Extremely Large-Scale IRS-Aided Communication Systems	57
Analysis and Optimization of Wireless Federated Learning With Data Heterogeneity	56
Precoding for Multi-Cell ISAC: From Coordinated Beamforming to Coordinated Multipoint and Bi-Static Sensing	56
Location Information Assisted Beamforming Design for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Aided Communication Systems	56
Efficient Multiuser AI Downloading via Reusable Knowledge Broadcasting	56
Resource Allocation for Intelligent Reflecting Surface Assisted Wireless Powered IoT Systems With Power Splitting	56
Secure Body-Centric Internet of Things Networks: Physical Layer Security versus Covert Communication	56
Bias-Reduced Closed-Form Method for 3-D Moving Object Localization by AOA Using Sensors at Known and Unknown Positions	55
Federated Learning via Intelligent Reflecting Surface	55
Air-to-Ground Communications Beyond 5G: UAV Swarm Formation Control and Tracking	55
An Optimization Framework for Federated Edge Learning	55
Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning for Massive Access in 5G and Beyond Ultra-Dense NOMA System	55
Placement and Resource Allocation of Wireless-Powered Multiantenna UAV for Energy-Efficient Multiuser NOMA	55
LTrust: An Adaptive Trust Model Based on LSTM for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks	55
Distributed Handoff Problem in Heterogeneous Networks With End-to-End Network Slicing: Decentralized Markov Decision Process-Based Modeling and Solution	54
RIS Partition-Assisted Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) and Quadrature-NOMA With Imperfect SIC	54
Neural Codebook Design for MIMO Network Beam Management	54
Blind Federated Learning at the Wireless Edge With Low-Resolution ADC and DAC	54
Finite-Time Analysis of Over-the-Air Federated TD Learning	54
Understanding Deep MIMO Detection	54
Table of Contents	53
Expectation Propagation Aided Signal Detection for Uplink Massive Generalized Spatial Modulation MIMO Systems	53
A Novel Optical Wireless Modulation Exploiting Time, Frequency, and Amplitude Divisions Enabling Link and Illumination Reliability	53
Doubly-Dispersive MIMO Channels with Stacked Intelligent Metasurfaces: Modeling, Parametrization, and Receiver Design	53