Journal of Manufacturing Processes

Article	Citations
Stamping colors with solid-state superionic stamping (S4)	323
Application of unified constitutive model of 34CrNiMo6 alloy steel and microstructure simulation for flexible skew rolling hollow shafts	280
A receptance coupling procedure considering frequency-dependent behavior of holder-tool contact dynamics	275
Development of Extractor-Classifier-Regulator integrated anomaly detection model for turning process	262
Understanding the factors critical to the TIG welding of Cu components in bar wound electric motors	222
Effect of in-situ layer scanning ultrasonic vibration on mechanical and morphological properties of fused deposition modeled poly(lactic) acid specimens	210
Editorial Board	205
Reprint of: Physical modeling for digital twin of Continuous Damping Control damper	173
Material deformation mechanism of polycrystalline tin in nanometric cutting	168
A new cross-domain bearing fault diagnosis method with few samples under different working conditions	160
Surface topography in two-dimensional ultrasonic rolling 2024-T3 Al-alloy	160
Experimental and numerical analyses of geometrical and microstructural features of Tribaloy T-800 composite coating deposited via laser cladding-assisted with pre-heat (LCAP) process	153
Microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-14Li-1Al/MWCNTs composites prepared by electrophoretic deposition and accumulative roll bonding	146
A steady-state semi-analytical approximation of melt pool evolution in pulsed laser surface melting	144
An innovative process of clad teeming and rolling for preparing stainless steel/carbon steel clad plate	127
Transfer learning for autonomous chatter detection in machining	125
Defining the printing direction impact of additively manufactured sand molds on casting roughness	113
Microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ31B Mg alloy fabricated by friction stir welding with pulse current	112
Strategy for minimizing deformation of DLP 3D printed parts using sub-build plate	105
Multi-axis direct metal deposition process with effective regrouping strategy	103
Characterization of friction coefficient at near solidus forming (NSF) conditions using T-shape compression test	103
Study on the weld pool oscillation behavior during pulsed gas metal arc welding	102
Experimental investigation of temperature field and formability of compact fused granulation fabrication barrel	101
Chatter detection and spindle speed selection by scanned periodic sampling frequency	101
The flat bottom drill for bone drilling without plunging	100

Performance analysis of conventional and high-feed turning tools in machining the thermally affected zone after plasma arc cutting of low carbon manganese-alloyed steel	95
Squeeze infiltration processing of lightweight smart aluminum graphite functionally graded composite for enhanced wear resistance	95
Rheological formulation of room temperature vulcanizing silicone elastomer ink for extrusion-based 3D printing at room temperature	94
Springback prediction of multiple reciprocating bending based on different hardening models	93
A unified framework based on semantic segmentation for extraction of weld seam profiles with typical joints	90
Multilevel variable control for impulse-discharge thermochemical truing of diamond cutting edges in precision grinding	89
A new springback calculation method for double-curved medium thick plates based on the curvature of discrete points	88
Micro-extrusion: A potential approach to micro-manufacture miniaturize magnesium metal matrix composite components	87
Water-based nanosuspensions: Formulation, tribological property, lubrication mechanism, and applications	86
Effect of workpiece preheating on tool wear and delamination at the hole exit in high feed drilling of carbon fiber reinforced plastics with diamond-coated tools	85
Creating elemental gradient transition layer to improve the thermal fatigue resistance of femtosecond laser glass-metal welding	82
Modelling the keyhole profile in laser welding through energy balance including the local contribution of multiple reflections through the plasma by ray tracing	81
Prediction of the energy consumption and surface integrity in machining of Inconel 718 superalloy using an orthogonal cutting model considering the stress state	81
Study on the thinning characteristics of aviation tubes during bending forming under boundary lubrication friction	80
Efficient end milling of curved thin-walled workpieces using a composite magnetic follow-up flexible fixture	80
A modified infrared emissivity model accurately determining dynamic temperatures for belt grinding Inconel 718	79
Delayed fracture stress thresholds degraded by the shear punching process in ultra-high-strength steel sheets: Analysis using an in-plane bending test with numerical assimilation	78
Hybrid manufacturing of ceramic-metal composites by vat polymerization 3D printing and pulse electroplating	78
Editorial Board	78
Fatigue strength improvement of linear friction welded butt joints of low carbon steel by pressurizing after oscillation	77
Impact of hybrid cooling approach on milling and surface morphological characteristics of Nimonic 80A alloy	75
On mechanism of tool-workpiece separation in multi-dimensional vibration-assisted milling	75
Evolution of propagation and failure by laser-induced shock waves within bonding interface of metal material	74
Dual flexible contact material removal model for robotic disk grinding	74
Modeling of machining of EB-PVD ceramic coatings using smoothed particle hydrodynamics method	72
Grinding performance and parameter optimization of laser DED TiC reinforced Ni-based composite coatings	72
Bi-metal structures fabricated by extrusion-based sintering-assisted additive manufacturing	70
Vacuum melting of compressed powders and hot rolling of the as-cast Ti-48Al-2Nb-0.7Cr-0.3Si intermetallic alloy: Mechanical properties and microstructural analysis	70
Numerical simulation of weld formation in friction stir welding based on non-uniform tool-workpiece interaction: An effect of tool pin size	70
Optimisation of a novel hot air contactless single incremental point forming of polymers	69
Current trends and future prospects of electrodeposition technology for the preparation of heterogeneous structural materials	68
Influence of duplex jets MQL and nano-MQL cooling system on machining performance of Nimonic 80A	67
Characterization and formation mechanisms of rail chips from facing grinding by abrasive wheel	67
Improving bending and interlayer properties of hybrid-fiber-reinforced composites through functionally graded hybrid strategy by 3D-printing manufacturing process	67
Study on the evolution and suppression strategy of the interlayer gap in the drilling of CFRP/Al stacked materials	66
Design and setup of a jet-based technology for localized small scale Plasma electrolytic Polishing	66
Investigation of grain growth and impurity diffusion in highly conductive copper interconnect films obtained by pulsed laser scanning annealing	66
Atomization mechanism and machinability evaluation with electrically charged nanolubricant grinding of GH4169	65
Longitudinal graded porous titanium fabricated by spark plasma sintering: Design of layers, direction of crack path	64
An investigation of monitoring the damage mechanism in ultra-precision grinding of monocrystalline silicon based on AE signals processing	62
Analysis of microstructure, mechanical properties, wear characteristics and corrosion behavior of SLM-NiTi under different process parameters	62
Experimental investigations on thermo-stamping of carbon fiber reinforced polyamide 6 hat-shaped components with self-resistance electrical heating: Influence on microscopic and macroscopic properties	62
Numerical investigation on serrated chip formation during high-speed milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy	62
Study on sustainable milling performance of aluminum alloys with application of blended plant oil-based composite electrostatic spray lubrication	61
Weld formation, arc behavior, and droplet transfer in narrow-gap laser-arc hybrid welding of titanium alloy	61
Role of metal surface amorphization on enhancing interfacial bonding in TC4-UHMWPE hybrid structure	61
Additive manufacturing multi-material components of SAF 2507 duplex steel and 15-5 PH martensitic stainless steel	60
Feasibility study on sensing and prediction of backside weld geometry in cold metal transfer welding of X65 pipeline in the vertical-up position	60
Crack suppression in wire-arc directed energy deposition of a γ-TiAl alloy	59
Effect of scanning spacing on the efficiency of CFRP hole-cutting with multi-pass scanning strategy by nanosecond laser	59

Investigation of generative design for powder bed fusion technology in case of Formula Student race car components using Ti6Al4V alloy	59
The influence of post-thermal treatments on microstructure and mechanical properties in A20X alloy fabricated through powder bed fusion	59
Effect of the aging process on the micro-structure & properties of 7075 aluminum alloy using electromagnetic bulging	59
An analytical force model in sawing brittle and heterogeneous material considering the interactions of grit-granite	58
An imbalanced small sample slab defect recognition method based on image generation	58
Effect of ultrasonic vibration on the machining performance and mechanism of hybrid ultrasonic vibration/plasma oxidation assisted grinding	58
Vibration-assisted micro milling of AISI 316L produced by laser-based powder bed fusion	57
Ultrasonic system and ultrasonic metal welding performance: A status review	57
Ultra-strong bonding of 30-wt% GF/PET-A2024 aluminium alloy via collaborative promotion of ultrasonic-assisted FeCl3+N2H4 corrosion and the coordination bonds by Zr4+	57
Trajectory planning method with grinding compensation strategy for robotic propeller blade sharpening application	57
Influence of tool vibration and cutting speeds on removal mechanism of SiCp/Al composites during ultrasonic elliptical vibration-assisted turning	56
Surface prediction in laser-assisted grinding process considering temperature-dependent mechanical properties of zirconia ceramic	56
Effects of laser scanning speed on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 2205 duplex stainless steel fabricated by selective laser melting	56
Directional enhancement of wettability for Al/stainless-steel system: Exploring the potential of laser-chemical hybrid surface texturing	56
Phenomenological modeling for femtosecond laser processing of fused silica	56
Compressive residual stresses in LTT elongated bead welded in all positions for fatigue crack prevention of boxing fillet joints	55
Modeling of cold pilgering of stainless-steel tubes	55
A critical review on advanced welding technologies to fabricate test blanket modules and irradiation damage behaviour of the welded joints in nuclear fusion applications	54
Surface morphology improvement and residual stress distribution of SiCp/Al composites using high-power fiber laser-CNC milling cooperative machining strategy	54
Machining of Invar 36 alloy: Chip-flow behaviors and formation mechanisms	53
Microwave joining of SS-316 plates: A multi-physics simulation study	53
Modeling and prediction on grinding force in ultrasonic assisted elliptical vibration grinding (UAEVG) of SiC ceramics using single diamond grain	52
Interfacial structure, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of Cr/TiSiN nano-multilayer coating by filtered cathode vacuum arc technique	52
Robust thermal error estimation for machine tools based on in-process multi-point temperature measurement of a single axis actuated by a ball screw feed drive system	52
Effect of nanosized carbon black content on the microstructure, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of 3D printed poly urethane acrylate	52
Hybrid additive manufacturing of AISI 316L via asynchronous powder and hot-wire laser directed energy deposition	51
Possibilities, performance and challenges of nitinol alloy fabricated by Directed Energy Deposition and Powder Bed Fusion for biomedical implants	51
Modeling of micro-tooth topography in face gear grinding considering dynamic features of geometric-kinematic	51
Asymmetry in microstructure and mechanical properties of FSWed joints using a hemispherical tool tilted towards the retreating side	51
The effects of Cr and Ni equivalents on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steels fabricated by laser powder bed fusion	50
Investigate on material removal of 3C-SiC crystals in nano-polishing via molecular dynamics	50
The effect of build orientation on tensile properties and corrosion resistance of 316L stainless steel fabricated by laser powder bed fusion	50
Development, challenges and future trends on the fabrication of micro-textured surfaces using milling technology	50
Study on the nano-cutting mechanism of monocrystalline silicon material with an amorphous layer by molecular dynamics simulations	50
Numerical study on local residual stresses induced by high frequency mechanical impact post-weld treatment using the optimized displacement-controlled simulation method	49
Vibration-based gear continuous generating grinding fault classification and interpretation with deep convolutional neural network	49
Cracking mitigation of additively manufactured Inconel 738LC through addition of micro-TiC particles	49
Study on the microstructure and properties of rail cladding layer after laser quenching	49
Revolutionizing manufacturing: A comprehensive overview of additive manufacturing processes, materials, developments, and challenges	49
Inkjet printing of a polymeric vibration damper for MEMS application adopting a step-reticulation process	48
A mixed fluid film lubrication model to predict the tool-life of IBAP tool considering abrasive and molten water interaction with workpiece	48
Impact of fast-frequency pulsed current wave on microstructure and mechanical performances of 1060 Al alloy welded by FFP-VPTIG	47
Effects of plasma electrolytic polishing on the surface and mechanical properties of Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si specimen fabricated by laser powder bed fusion	47
Editorial Board	47
Review on the effect of ceramic particles on the microstructure and mechanical properties of additively manufactured nickel-based superalloys	47
Effect of alkoxide film on chip morphology under electrostatic catalysis in cutting 1060 aluminum alloy	47
Evaluation of radially polarized femtosecond laser drilling of film cooling holes	47
Acoustic field-assisted inkjet-based additive manufacturing of carbon fiber-reinforced polydimethylsiloxane composites	47
Proposal of tilted helical grinding for grooving ZrO2 ceramics – Investigation of groove profile formation and machining performance	46
Laser-assisted 3D printing of carbon fibre reinforced plastic parts	46
Influence of alloy composition and lubrication on the formability of Al-Mg-Si alloy blanks	46
Enhancing wire arc directed energy deposition for challenging printing tasks: A VR-based skill-learning approach	46
Closed-loop controlled conformal 3D printing on moving objects via tool-localized object position sensing	46
Study of underwater plasma arc ignition and cutting process for surface nonconductive steel structures for offshore decommissioning	46
High-quality machining of thin copper plate based on error proofing method	46
Tailored microwave thermal crack heating model and its application in cutting ceramics	46
An experimental investigation into the quasi-static compression behavior of open-cell aluminum foams focusing on controlling the space holder particle size	46
Research on the characteristics of multiphysics coupling fields in the electrochemical trepanning of an inward facing blisk	45
Intelligent electrical discharge machining (EDM) molybdenum‑titanium‑zirconium alloy by an extended adaptive control system	45
CO2 laser cutting of reinforced polyester (CGFRP and GFRP) sheets: An experimental investigation into specific point energy, cutting volume efficiency and material removal rate (MRR)	45
Self-piercing rivetability of steel/aluminum and its improvement using reinforcing plate	45
Effects of welding speed on welding process stability, microstructure and mechanical performance of SUS304 welded by local dry underwater pulsed MIG	45
Study on temperature control and bonding properties of Ti/Al composite plates rolled by differential temperature rolling with mobile induction heating	44
A data-driven predictive maintenance framework for injection molding process	44
Mechanism and technology of laser adaptive cleaning for aircraft skin multilayer coatings of airbus A320	44
Research on entrance delamination characteristics and damage suppression strategy in drilling CFRP/Ti6Al4V stacks	44
Arc instability in hybrid laser-GMAW welding process using Ni based filler wire NiCrMo-4	43
Smoothing interpolation of five-axis tool path with less feedrate fluctuation and higher computation efficiency	43
Review of in-situ process monitoring for ultra-short pulse laser micromanufacturing	43
Study on hole wall morphology and defects in burst mode of femtosecond laser drilling	43
Investigation of tailored softening behavior of aluminized boron steel (22MnB5) in hot stamping process using die surface relief patterns	43
Modeling and analysis of the instantaneous undeformed chip thickness in multi-axis torus milling in the aspect of tool wear	43
Advanced approach of forming cutting edge radii on cemented carbide cutting tools using plasma discharges in electrolyte	43
Anvil state identification based on acceleration signals in ultrasonic metal welding of lithium batteries	43
Feedback control of variable width in gas metal arc-based additive manufacturing	43
Machine learning driven prediction of mechanical properties of rolled aluminum and development of an in-situ quality control method based on electrical resistivity measurement	43
Springback behavior after air bending of pre-strained AA 6016-T4 sheets: Influence of dislocation density and backstress on model accuracy	43
Research on the multilayer injection molding of thick-walled polymer optical products	43
Numerical and experimental study of the size effect on deformation behavior and quality of microembossed multi-channel structures	42
Recent progress of sensing and machine learning technologies for process monitoring and defects detection in wire arc additive manufacturing	42

Study on microstructural evolution of near-net shape forging process of AA6082 wheel – Dynamic recrystallization and processing map analysis	42
Drilling performance of micro-textured twist drill bit for TI-6AL-4V alloy: Validated FEM and statistical approaches	42
Strength and microstructure of friction stir welded additively manufactured Scalmalloy® in as-welded and heat-treated conditions	42
High bonding strength of Ti /steel clad plates prepared by a developed electromagnetic induction heating followed by rolling	42
Single start end tool path generation for arbitrary porous surfaces	42
A laser-shock-enabled hybrid additive manufacturing strategy with molten pool modulation of Fe-based alloy	42
The application of ultrasound in Joining: Principles, processes and properties	42
High-speed-rate direct energy deposition of Fe-based stainless steel: Process optimization, microstructural features, corrosion and wear resistance	42
Radial expansion approach and its mechanism to reduce residual stress and distortion of girth joint structure	41
Investigation on mass transfer mechanism of inter-wire arc in skew-coupling arc welding	41
Interface formation and interlayer factors of three-dissimilar-metal layers joint in impact welding	41
Welding process with hybrid arc by compositing two free arcs into constraint arc	41
Electrically assisted pulse forming using closed-loop force control	41
Evolution mechanism of fracture interface wave and microstructure during resistance butt spot welding	41
Filtered kriging for improved interpolation of periodic manufacturing surfaces	41
Compensation method of wire electrode wear for reciprocating micro wire electrical discharge machining	40
Residual stress simulation for bimetallic sleeve roll constructed by shrink-fitting in comparison with bimetallic solid roll	40
Turning of titanium alloy with PCD tool and high-pressure cooling	40
Double-pulse laser micro sintering of iron powder in multiple overlapping tracks: Experimental study and material characterizations	40
Experimental investigations into sustainable machining of Hastelloy C-276 under different lubricating strategies	40
Coupling vibration characteristics and vibration suppression of rolling mill rolls with dynamic vibration absorber	40
Surface characteristics and tribological performance of Ti6Al4V peened by sinking bead abrasive waterjet	40
Corrigendum to “Development of a critical edge-based adaptive toolpath strategy to improve geometrical accuracy of incrementally formed titanium implants” [J. Manuf. Process. volume 110, pages 114–125	40
On the use of LIPSS in single- and multi-scale laser-structured tool surfaces under lubricated conditions	40
Improving flatness of machined surface in rotating cathode electrochemical milling	40
Custom post-processor based on the PSO algorithm for 5 axis machine tool compensation	40
A novel electric field-assisted material extrusion process for clean additive manufacturing	40
Heuristic algorithm for the topological optimization of runner system for the thermoplastics injection molding	39
In-situ alleviation of surface modifier passivation effects in silver nanoparticle laser sintering process	39
Variable polarity plasma arc welding: Process development and its recent developments of detecting, modeling, and controlling	39
Digital twin with dynamic mechanistic simulation core for milling tool wear prediction	39
Method of ensemble modeling for abrasive water jet machinability of metal materials	39
Predicting solidification cracking in directed energy deposition of Hastelloy X alloys based on thermal-mechanical model	39
Geometrical and grain size effects on the forming quality and defects of ribbed cladding tubes	39
Laser keyhole welding of dissimilar metals with spiral contours: Metal mixing, microstructure, and mechanical strength	39
Machine vision–based automatic planning for microdroplet coating trajectory on irregularly shaped regions of metal surfaces	39
Evaluation of graphene nanoplatelets addition and machining methods on the hole quality and bearing strength of glass and carbon fibre reinforced epoxy laminates	39
Theoretical and experimental investigation on material removal mechanism in dual-rotation polishing of fused silica glass	38
Laser transmission welding of Polyphenylsulfone resin using Sn film absorbent: Weld formation control and mechanical properties enhancement	38
On the mechanical behavior of the sintered Nd-Fe-B permanent magnet during diamond scratching	38
Performance evaluation of DLC and NCD coatings in micro-milling of Al7075-T6 alloy	38
A predictive wear model in grinding using single-layer electroplated cBN tools	38
Laser powder bed fusion for the fabrication of triply periodic minimal surface lattice structures: Synergistic macroscopic and microscopic optimization	38
Advanced feeding strategy driven by staged growth velocity for groove-section profiled ring rolling	38
Development of microencapsulated phase change material slurry for diamond wire sawing silicon wafer and its effect on cutting quality	38
Adaptive modeling of rolling force for hot rolled plate based on industrial data	38
Diffusion bonding mechanisms of pure Zr with a Ti interlayer: Microstructural characterization and polycrystalline molecular dynamics simulations	38
Selective laser melting manufacturing and heat transfer performance study of porous wick in loop heat pipe	38
Anisotropic material removal in ultra-precision grinding of rounded diamond cutting tools	38
Investigation of force modeling in ultrasonic vibration-assisted drilling SiCf/SiC ceramic matrix composites	38
Surface integrity of Nomex honeycomb composites after ultrasonic vibration machining by using disc cutters	38
Enhancement of optical surface quality based on real-time compensation of temperature-driven thermal errors in diamond turning	38
Improvement in weld quality of Al and Cu joints using dual-beam laser welding	38
Oscillatory shear rheology as an in-process control tool for 3D printing medicines production by fused deposition modeling	37
A milling tool wear predicting method with processing generalization capability	37
Nano-borosilicate glass-silica ceramic material jetting technology for additive manufacturing of multilayer LTCC substrates	37
Resistance spot welding behaviour of novel medium manganese (M-Mn) steels - Role of welding parameters on weld microstructure and mechanical properties	37
Preparation of TiNbTaZrMo high-entropy alloy with tunable Young's modulus by selective laser melting	37
Feasibility analysis and cutting process research on laser cutting medium-thick 20CrNiMo steel plates using a high-power fiber laser without assisted blowing	37
Tool path modeling and fabrication of multi-boundary lens array by tool offset end-fly-cutting	37
Weld joint penetration state sequential identification algorithm based on representation learning of weld images	37
Influences of rotary axes on nonlinear error for five-axis machine tool with different configurations: Theoretical model, deduction and simulation	37
Polymeric advancements in innovating wax injection molds using aluminum-filled epoxy resin with face-cooled waterfall cooling channels	37
High-frequency electrical discharge assisted milling of Inconel 718 under copper-beryllium bundle electrodes	37
A novel method to predict residual stress by coupling the phase transition effect for LA103Z Mg-Li alloy milling	37
Prediction and evaluation of surface roughness with hybrid kernel extreme learning machine and monitored tool wear	37
Additive manufacturing of non-planar layers using isothermal surface slicing	37
A transient cutting temperature prediction model for high-speed ultrasonic vibration turning	37
Research on the removal mechanism and surface damage of laser assisted cutting of CFRP materials	36
Influence of structure formation and properties of bimetal produced by ultrasound-assisted explosive welding	36
Data-fused and concatenated-ensemble learning for in-situ anomaly detection in wire and arc-based direct energy deposition	36
Research on the capillary penetration mechanism of cutting fluid supplied by electrostatic spraying in diamond wire sawing	36
Support-free fabrication of complex 3D structures using supporting fluid-assisted embedded photocurable 3D printing	36
Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy fabricated by multi-wire arc-based directed energy deposition	36
Control of dimensional accuracy of hollow turbine blades during investment casting	36
Scaling-up ultrasonic vibration assisted additive manufacturing to build 316 L 3 m3 waste container flange	36
Contact force stabilization based on off-line trajectory correction in automated fiber placement	36
An innovative and alternative approach toward gear fabrication	36
Effect of the substrate inclination angle on 316L stainless steel fabricated by hollow-laser direct energy deposition	36
Optimization of cutting force fitting model by Fast Fourier Transformation in milling	36
Experimental investigation on the development of hybrid composite metal foam reinforced with steel hollow spheres for higher energy absorption applications	36
Magnetic field-induced arc coupling and process stabilization in KTIG-MIG hybrid welding: Mechanism, optimization, and performance enhancement	36
A multi-spectral channel attention mechanism for prediction of welding state during pulsed GTAW	36
Morphological and mechanical evolution of α-Al2O3 reinforced Mo Cu alloy obtained by planetary ball milling	36
A coupled CPFEM-CA-based method for predicting single crystal superalloy machining-induced static surface recrystallization depth	35
Numerical simulation and experimental investigation of the effect of three-layer annular coaxial shroud on gas-powder flow in laser cladding	35
Redundant composite polishing robot with triangular parallel mechanism-assisted polishing to improve surface accuracy of thin-wall parts	35
Surface morphology and microstructure of the hole sidewall during drilling of Polyether-Ether-Ketone(PEEK) via single-pulse laser	35
Investigation on in-situ dynamic impregnation forming mechanism of fiber metal superhybrid laminates	35
Modeling and surface morphological study in drilling of Al 2024 alloy	35
Editorial Board	35
A sequential DEM-FEM coupling method to predict the ultrasonic shot peening of fir-tree shaped grooves in aero-engine turbine disk	35
Evaluation of in-line monitoring of micro-forming tribo-systems by consecutive U-bending	35
Laser surface polishing of 3D printed polylactic acid (PLA) with different levels of absorption	35
Assessment of the impact of process parameters on the final material properties in forming of EN AW 7075 employing a simulated forming process	35