Cell Communication and Signaling

Article	Citations
The exosome journey: from biogenesis to uptake and intracellular signalling	806
A review on exosomes application in clinical trials: perspective, questions, and challenges	230
Types of nuclear localization signals and mechanisms of protein import into the nucleus	207
Tumor immunotherapies by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs); the pros and cons	164
Drug resistance and Cancer stem cells	158
Plant-derived extracellular vesicles: a novel nanomedicine approach with advantages and challenges	105
How vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype switching contributes to vascular disease	102
Extracellular vesicles: mediators of intercellular communication in tissue injury and disease	95
Regulatory role of short-chain fatty acids in inflammatory bowel disease	91
Intrinsically disordered proteins play diverse roles in cell signaling	88
Cancer combination therapies by angiogenesis inhibitors; a comprehensive review	88
A review of the regulatory mechanisms of extracellular vesicles-mediated intercellular communication	82
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the cytoskeleton in bioengineered systems	79
Short-chain fatty acids in diseases	77
Reprogramming of glutamine metabolism and its impact on immune response in the tumor microenvironment	74
Src family kinases, adaptor proteins and the actin cytoskeleton in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition	73
The biology of tardigrade disordered proteins in extreme stress tolerance	71
Eukaryotic translation initiation factors as promising targets in cancer therapy	66
An update of Nrf2 activators and inhibitors in cancer prevention/promotion	66
On the roles of intrinsically disordered proteins and regions in cell communication and signaling	66
Role of oxidative stress and inflammation-related signaling pathways in doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy	57
Regulated cell death: discovery, features and implications for neurodegenerative diseases	55
Mitochondrial DNA leakage induces odontoblast inflammation via the cGAS-STING pathway	53
The role of mitophagy in innate immune responses triggered by mitochondrial stress	53
Scavenger receptors in host defense: from functional aspects to mode of action	52

Tumor-associated macrophages promote epithelial–mesenchymal transition and the cancer stem cell properties in triple-negative breast cancer through CCL2/AKT/β-catenin signaling	51
Cancer-derived exosomal miR-7641 promotes breast cancer progression and metastasis	51
The potential use of mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes as microRNAs delivery systems in different diseases	48
Interactions among mTORC, AMPK and SIRT: a computational model for cell energy balance and metabolism	47
The implications of exosomes in pregnancy: emerging as new diagnostic markers and therapeutics targets	47
Long-term differentiating primary human airway epithelial cell cultures: how far are we?	45
The emerging role of the KCTD proteins in cancer	44
Circadian clock: a regulator of the immunity in cancer	43
Cellular dynamics of EMT: lessons from live in vivo imaging of embryonic development	43
Intrinsic disorder is an essential characteristic of components in the conserved circadian circuit	42
Baicalein inhibits heparin-induced Tau aggregation by initializing non-toxic Tau oligomer formation	42
ACT001 attenuates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury via inhibiting AKT/NFκB/NLRP3 pathway	42
Role of autophagy on cancer immune escape	40
PI3K/AKT signaling pathway as a critical regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal tumor cells	40
Interplay of oxidative stress, cellular communication and signaling pathways in cancer	39
c-MYC mediates the crosstalk between breast cancer cells and tumor microenvironment	39
Effects of therapeutic probiotics on modulation of microRNAs	38
Mild exacerbation of obesity- and age-dependent liver disease progression by senolytic cocktail dasatinib + quercetin	38
Small extracellular vesicles: from mediating cancer cell metastasis to therapeutic value in pancreatic cancer	38
TNFα priming through its interaction with TNFR2 enhances endothelial progenitor cell immunosuppressive effect: new hope for their widespread clinical application	38
Multi-omics analysis of tumor angiogenesis characteristics and potential epigenetic regulation mechanisms in renal clear cell carcinoma	37
Endoplasmic reticulum stress promotes the release of exosomal PD-L1 from head and neck cancer cells and facilitates M2 macrophage polarization	36
Reprogramming of synovial macrophage metabolism by synovial fibroblasts under inflammatory conditions	36
Circular RNAs and glioblastoma multiforme: focus on molecular mechanisms	36
Lactic acid promotes metastatic niche formation in bone metastasis of colorectal cancer	35
Methylation as a key regulator of Tau aggregation and neuronal health in Alzheimer’s disease	35
Aiduqing formula inhibits breast cancer metastasis by suppressing TAM/CXCL1-induced Treg differentiation and infiltration	34
Chlorogenic acid exerts neuroprotective effect against hypoxia-ischemia brain injury in neonatal rats by activating Sirt1 to regulate the Nrf2-NF-κB signaling pathway	34
Immune checkpoint inhibition for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: limitations and prospects: a systematic review	34
Structural and non-structural proteins in SARS-CoV-2: potential aspects to COVID-19 treatment or prevention of progression of related diseases	33
Follicular fluid-derived exosomal miR-143-3p/miR-155-5p regulate follicular dysplasia by modulating glycolysis in granulosa cells in polycystic ovary syndrome	32
Icariside I specifically facilitates ATP or nigericin-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and causes idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity	31
Cancer derived exosomes induce macrophages immunosuppressive polarization to promote bladder cancer progression	31
The activation of PPARγ enhances Treg responses through up-regulating CD36/CPT1-mediated fatty acid oxidation and subsequent N-glycan branching of TβRII/IL-2Rα	31
Mechanisms and functions of endocytosis in T cells	30
Phosphatidylserine inside out: a possible underlying mechanism in the inflammation and coagulation abnormalities of COVID-19	30
Salidroside attenuates HALI via IL-17A-mediated ferroptosis of alveolar epithelial cells by regulating Act1-TRAF6-p38 MAPK pathway	30
The E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM31 attenuates NLRP3 inflammasome activation in Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis by regulating ROS and autophagy	30
It is the time for quorum sensing inhibition as alternative strategy of antimicrobial therapy	30
Acquired radioresistance in cancer associated fibroblasts is concomitant with enhanced antioxidant potential and DNA repair capacity	30
TLR4 signaling in the development of colitis-associated cancer and its possible interplay with microRNA-155	30
M2 macrophage-secreted exosomes promote metastasis and increase vascular permeability in hepatocellular carcinoma	30
Protein corona and exosomes: new challenges and prospects	29
Unveiling the mechanisms and challenges of cancer drug resistance	29
A comprehensive review about immune responses and exhaustion during coronavirus disease (COVID-19)	29
Signaling pathways in intestinal homeostasis and colorectal cancer: KRAS at centre stage	29
Phosphoinositides signaling modulates microglial actin remodeling and phagocytosis in Alzheimer’s disease	29
The roles of metabolic profiles and intracellular signaling pathways of tumor microenvironment cells in angiogenesis of solid tumors	28
mTOR-dependent dysregulation of autophagy contributes to the retinal ganglion cell loss in streptozotocin-induced diabetic retinopathy	28
Inflammasome activation controlled by the interplay between post-translational modifications: emerging drug target opportunities	28

STAT3-mediated osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis in osteoporosis	28
Mesenchymal stromal cell-associated migrasomes: a new source of chemoattractant for cells of hematopoietic origin	28
Extracellular vesicle PD-L1 in reshaping tumor immune microenvironment: biological function and potential therapy strategies	27
The roles of connexins and gap junctions in the progression of cancer	27
Neutrophil degranulation and myocardial infarction	27
HK2: a potential regulator of osteoarthritis via glycolytic and non-glycolytic pathways	27
Melatonin and 5-fluorouracil combination chemotherapy: opportunities and efficacy in cancer therapy	27
Histone deacetylase 3 inhibition alleviates type 2 diabetes mellitus-induced endothelial dysfunction via Nrf2	26
Concanavalin A as a promising lectin-based anti-cancer agent: the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential	26
The tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 increases robustness and information transfer within IL-6-induced JAK/STAT signalling	26
Beclin1 controls caspase-4 inflammsome activation and pyroptosis in mouse myocardial reperfusion-induced microvascular injury	25
Migrasomes, a new mode of intercellular communication	25
Drug delivery strategy in hepatocellular carcinoma therapy	25
Extracellular vesicles derived from glioblastoma promote proliferation and migration of neural progenitor cells via PI3K-Akt pathway	25
mTORC2: a multifaceted regulator of autophagy	25
Regulation and therapy, the role of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in OA: a systematic review	25
Neutrophil extracellular traps induced by the hypoxic microenvironment in gastric cancer augment tumour growth	24
The tail of cryptochromes: an intrinsically disordered cog within the mammalian circadian clock	23
The emerging roles of MAPK-AMPK in ferroptosis regulatory network	23
Single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing reveal ligands and receptors associated with worse overall survival in serous ovarian cancer	23
A comprehensive evaluation of the immune system response and type-I Interferon signaling pathway in hospitalized COVID-19 patients	23
METTL14-mediated N6-methyladenosine modification of ITGB4 mRNA inhibits metastasis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma	23
Mesenchymal stem cell-released oncolytic virus: an innovative strategy for cancer treatment	23
Tumor endothelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles contribute to tumor microenvironment remodeling	22
The impact of lipid metabolism on breast cancer: a review about its role in tumorigenesis and immune escape	22
Iron and copper: critical executioners of ferroptosis, cuproptosis and other forms of cell death	22
Phenolic compounds as Nrf2 inhibitors: potential applications in cancer therapy	22
JMJD3: a critical epigenetic regulator in stem cell fate	21
E3 ligase TRIM15 facilitates non-small cell lung cancer progression through mediating Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway	21
The inhibitory effect of melatonin on human prostate cancer	21
Crosstalk between macrophages and cardiac cells after myocardial infarction	21
Role of the ABL tyrosine kinases in the epithelial–mesenchymal transition and the metastatic cascade	21
Endothelial colony-forming cell-derived exosomal miR-21-5p regulates autophagic flux to promote vascular endothelial repair by inhibiting SIPL1A2 in atherosclerosis	21
FZD5 prevents epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastric cancer	21
Melanoma cells with diverse invasive potential differentially induce the activation of normal human fibroblasts	21
Neutrophil extracellular traps promote angiogenesis in gastric cancer	21
Cellular crosstalk during liver regeneration: unity in diversity	20
Role of miRNAs interference on ovarian functions and premature ovarian failure	20
Comprehensive analysis of a TNF family based-signature in diffuse gliomas with regard to prognosis and immune significance	20
Targeting and regulation of autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma: revisiting the molecular interactions and mechanisms for new therapy approaches	20
Small extracellular vesicles: from promoting pre-metastatic niche formation to therapeutic strategies in breast cancer	20
STING protects against cardiac dysfunction and remodelling by blocking autophagy	20
Integrin signaling in cancer: bidirectional mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities	20
tRF-Val-CAC-016 modulates the transduction of CACNA1d-mediated MAPK signaling pathways to suppress the proliferation of gastric carcinoma	20
Opportunities and challenges of glioma organoids	20
Anoikis resistance––protagonists of breast cancer cells survive and metastasize after ECM detachment	19
Transplantation of A2 type astrocytes promotes neural repair and remyelination after spinal cord injury	19
Pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy cross-talk in glioblastoma opens up new avenues for glioblastoma treatment	19
Cholecystectomy promotes colon carcinogenesis by activating the Wnt signaling pathway by increasing the deoxycholic acid level	19
Toward the next generation EGFR inhibitors: an overview of osimertinib resistance mediated by EGFR mutations in non-small cell lung cancer	19
Platelets involved tumor cell EMT during circulation: communications and interventions	19
What is new in cancer-associated fibroblast biomarkers?	19
EGF stimulates human trophoblast cell invasion by downregulating ID3-mediated KISS1 expression	19
The Warburg effect modulates DHODH role in ferroptosis: a review	19
Proximal tubule-derived exosomes contribute to mesangial cell injury in diabetic nephropathy via miR-92a-1-5p transfer	19
Caveolin-1 accelerates hypoxia-induced endothelial dysfunction in high-altitude cerebral edema	19
NF-κB signaling in neoplastic transition from epithelial to mesenchymal phenotype	19
Mitochondrial apolipoprotein A-I binding protein alleviates atherosclerosis by regulating mitophagy and macrophage polarization	19
Up-regulated CD38 by daphnetin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury via inhibiting MAPK/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway	19
Endoplasmic reticulum stress targeted therapy for breast cancer	19
Calcium signaling in hepatitis B virus infection and its potential as a therapeutic target	18
Communication between cells: exosomes as a delivery system in prostate cancer	18
Extracellular vesicles from maternal uterine cells exposed to risk factors cause fetal inflammatory response	18
Effects of platelet-rich fibrin on osteogenic differentiation of Schneiderian membrane derived mesenchymal stem cells and bone formation in maxillary sinus	18
Fusobacterium nucleatum triggers proinflammatory cell death via Z-DNA binding protein 1 in apical periodontitis	18
The role of lactate in cardiovascular diseases	18
Polyamines: their significance for maintaining health and contributing to diseases	18
Exosomes: the key of sophisticated cell–cell communication and targeted metastasis in pancreatic cancer	18
Exosomal AP000439.2 from clear cell renal cell carcinoma induces M2 macrophage polarization to promote tumor progression through activation of STAT3	18
MicroRNAs as the critical regulators of tyrosine kinase inhibitors resistance in lung tumor cells	17
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of acetyltransferase NAT10 by PARP1 is required for its nucleoplasmic translocation and function in response to DNA damage	17
MiRNA-93: a novel signature in human disorders and drug resistance	17
Protein phosphatases in TLR signaling	17
Single-cell analysis reveals cell communication triggered by macrophages associated with the reduction and exhaustion of CD8+ T cells in COVID-19	17
Exosomal transmission of viruses, a two-edged biological sword	17
The extracellular HDAC6 ZnF UBP domain modulates the actin network and post-translational modifications of Tau	17
Systemic and topical administration of spermidine accelerates skin wound healing	16
The role of tumor microenvironment on cancer stem cell fate in solid tumors	16
Impact of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification on immunity	16
The attributes of plakins in cancer and disease: perspectives on ovarian cancer progression, chemoresistance and recurrence	16

Recent advances in the roles of exosomal microRNAs (exomiRs) in hematologic neoplasms: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment	16
Apoptin mediates mitophagy and endogenous apoptosis by regulating the level of ROS in hepatocellular carcinoma	16
Hepatitis B virus X protein promotes vimentin expression via LIM and SH3 domain protein 1 to facilitate epithelial-mesenchymal transition and hepatocarcinogenesis	16
Potential role of autophagy induced by FLT3-ITD and acid ceramidase in acute myeloid leukemia chemo-resistance: new insights	16
Advances in the study of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells and cardiac cells for the treatment of myocardial infarction	16
Zinc-mediated activation of CREB pathway in proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in pulmonary hypertension	16
FGF19 increases mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion in chondrocytes via the AMPKα-p38/MAPK pathway	16
Alpha5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor mediated immune escape of lung adenocarcinoma via STAT3/Jab1-PD-L1 signalling	16
The COX-2-derived PGE2 autocrine contributes to bradykinin-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression and astrocytic migration via STAT3 signaling	16
Pathogenic effects of inhibition of mTORC1/STAT3 axis facilitates Staphylococcus aureus-induced pyroptosis in human macrophages	15
Role of α- and β-adrenergic signaling in phenotypic targeting: significance in benign and malignant urologic disease	15
RRP9 promotes gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer via activating AKT signaling pathway	15
Tyrosine 192 within the SH2 domain of the Src-protein tyrosine kinase p56Lck regulates T-cell activation independently of Lck/CD45 interactions	15
Interleukin-17 receptor D (Sef) is a multi-functional regulator of cell signaling	15
CCM signaling complex (CSC) couples both classic and non-classic Progesterone receptor signaling	15
Intracellular cholesterol transport inhibition Impairs autophagy flux by decreasing autophagosome–lysosome fusion	15
Regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition by protein lysine acetylation	15
Macrophage polarization in inflammatory bowel disease	15
Regulation of anoikis by extrinsic death receptor pathways	15
The role of PD-L1 in the immune dysfunction that mediates hypoxia-induced multiple organ injury	15
TGF-β1 regulates chondrocyte proliferation and extracellular matrix synthesis via circPhf21a-Vegfa axis in osteoarthritis	15
Mesenchymal stem cells protect against TBI-induced pyroptosis in vivo and in vitro through TSG-6	15
Coordinated regulation of immune contexture: crosstalk between STAT3 and immune cells during breast cancer progression	15
Phospholipid scramblase 1: a protein with multiple functions via multiple molecular interactors	15
PI3K/AKT signaling allows for MAPK/ERK pathway independency mediating dedifferentiation-driven treatment resistance in melanoma	15
Common mechanisms underlying diabetic vascular complications: focus on the interaction of metabolic disorders, immuno-inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction	15
Inhibition of the Otub1/c-Maf axis by the herbal acevaltrate induces myeloma cell apoptosis	15
A novel isolation method for spontaneously released extracellular vesicles from brain tissue and its implications for stress-driven brain pathology	14
The emerging role of exosomes in radiotherapy	14
Endoplasmic reticulum stress downregulates PGC-1α in skeletal muscle through ATF4 and an mTOR-mediated reduction of CRTC2	14
A state-of-the-art review on the MicroRNAs roles in hematopoietic stem cell aging and longevity	14
Novel dual-targeting c-Myc inhibitor D347-2761 represses myeloma growth via blocking c-Myc/Max heterodimerization and disturbing its stability	14
Divergent functions of NLRP3 inflammasomes in cancer: a review	14
Reconstruction and analysis of a large-scale binary Ras-effector signaling network	14
Lrpap1 deficiency leads to myopia through TGF-β-induced apoptosis in zebrafish	14
Inhibition of mutant KRAS-driven overexpression of ARF6 and MYC by an eIF4A inhibitor drug improves the effects of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer	14
Differential RNA packaging into small extracellular vesicles by neurons and astrocytes	14
FAK displacement from focal adhesions: a promising strategy to target processes implicated in cancer progression and metastasis	14
CPNE1 promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression by interacting with RACK1 via the MET signaling pathway	14
Zika virus triggers autophagy to exploit host lipid metabolism and drive viral replication	13
Phosphatases in toll-like receptors signaling: the unfairly-forgotten	13
PVT1 signals an androgen-dependent transcriptional repression program in prostate cancer cells and a set of the repressed genes predicts high-risk tumors	13
FGF12 is a novel component of the nucleolar NOLC1/TCOF1 ribosome biogenesis complex	13
Intrinsic signalling factors associated with cancer cell-cell fusion	13
Combination of artesunate and WNT974 induces KRAS protein degradation by upregulating E3 ligase ANACP2 and β-TrCP in the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway	13
QR code model: a new possibility for GPCR phosphorylation recognition	13
Sequence determinants of in cell condensate morphology, dynamics, and oligomerization as measured by number and brightness analysis	13
Proteomics identifies differences in fibrotic potential of extracellular vesicles from human tendon and muscle fibroblasts	13
Perturbation of PI3K/Akt signaling affected autophagy modulation in dystrophin-deficient myoblasts	13
Transcription factor AP2 enhances malignancy of non-small cell lung cancer through upregulation of USP22 gene expression	13
Role of store-operated Ca2+ entry in cardiovascular disease	13
Alternative autophagy: mechanisms and roles in different diseases	13
The granulosa cell response to luteinizing hormone is partly mediated by YAP1-dependent induction of amphiregulin	13
Hhex inhibits cell migration via regulating RHOA/CDC42-CFL1 axis in human lung cancer cells	13
Developing PspCas13b-based enhanced RESCUE system, eRESCUE, with efficient RNA base editing	13
Metformin alleviates bone loss in ovariectomized mice through inhibition of autophagy of osteoclast precursors mediated by E2F1	13
Discernment between candidate mechanisms for KRAS G13D colorectal cancer sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors	12
Tribbles homolog 2 (Trib2), a pseudo serine/threonine kinase in tumorigenesis and stem cell fate decisions	12
Protein cargo in extracellular vesicles as the key mediator in the progression of cancer	12
Anti-Warburg effect by targeting HRD1-PFKP pathway may inhibit breast cancer progression	12
Promotion or remission: a role of noncoding RNAs in colorectal cancer resistance to anti-EGFR therapy	12
Absence of progesterone receptor membrane component 1 reduces migration and metastasis of breast cancer	12
Extracellular matrix-induced signaling pathways in mesenchymal stem/stromal cells	12
GDF-11 promotes human trophoblast cell invasion by increasing ID2-mediated MMP2 expression	12
PIM kinases inhibit AMPK activation and promote tumorigenicity by phosphorylating LKB1	12
Macrophage PTEN controls STING-induced inflammation and necroptosis through NICD/NRF2 signaling in APAP-induced liver injury	12
Ghost messages: cell death signals spread	12
Ahi1 regulates serotonin production by the GR/ERβ/TPH2 pathway involving sexual differences in depressive behaviors	12
Inhibition of AKT induces p53/SIRT6/PARP1-dependent parthanatos to suppress tumor growth	12
Exosomes-based therapy of stroke, an emerging approach toward recovery	12
Bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 inhibition destabilizes microtubules promoting the activation of lysosomes and cell death of lung cancer cells	12
Spotlight on the impact of viral infections on Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) with a focus on COVID-19 effects	12
Abelson kinase’s intrinsically disordered region plays essential roles in protein function and protein stability	12
FUT2 inhibits the EMT and metastasis of colorectal cancer by increasing LRP1 fucosylation	12
p38 MAPK signaling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease pathogenesis and inhibitor therapeutics	11
Advances in biological functions and applications of apoptotic vesicles	11
Identification of Desmoglein-2 as a novel target of Helicobacter pylori HtrA in epithelial cells	11
Intratumoural microbiota: from theory to clinical application	11
Immuno-oncology: are TAM receptors in glioblastoma friends or foes?	11
Targeting CD24 as a novel immunotherapy for solid cancers	11
Discovery of LAMP-2A as potential biomarkers for glioblastoma development by modulating apoptosis through N-CoR degradation	11
Effect of tumor-associated macrophages on the pyroptosis of breast cancer tumor cells	11
Osteoarthritic chondrocytes undergo a glycolysis-related metabolic switch upon exposure to IL-1b or TNF	11
PDIA3 inhibits mitochondrial respiratory function in brain endothelial cells and C. elegans through STAT3 signaling and decreases survival after OGD	11
Receptor activity‐modifying protein 1 regulates mouse skin fibroblast proliferation via the Gαi3-PKA-CREB-YAP axis	11
Regulating cell fate of human amnion epithelial cells using natural compounds: an example of enhanced neural and pigment differentiation by 3,4,5-tri-O-caffeoylquinic acid	11
CYP1B1-catalyzed 4-OHE2 promotes the castration resistance of prostate cancer stem cells by estrogen receptor α-mediated IL6 activation	11
The role of MSCs and CAR-MSCs in cellular immunotherapy	11
The Gαi protein subclass selectivity to the dopamine D2 receptor is also decided by their location at the cell membrane	11
Docetaxel suppressed cell proliferation through Smad3/HIF-1α-mediated glycolysis in prostate cancer cells	11
The role of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis	11
A new type of flexible CP12 protein in the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana	11
S-1-propenylcysteine improves TNF-α-induced vascular endothelial barrier dysfunction by suppressing the GEF-H1/RhoA/Rac pathway	11
The dual role of microRNA (miR)-20b in cancers: Friend or foe?	11
Snail mediates GDF-8-stimulated human extravillous trophoblast cell invasion by upregulating MMP2 expression	11