Environmental Health

Article	Citations
Maternal exposure to housing renovation during the periconceptional period and the risk of offspring with isolated congenital heart disease: a case-control study	144
Impacts of COVID-19 lockdown on PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Hohhot, Northern China: characteristics, sources, and source-specific health risks	68
Occupational exposure to organic solvents during pregnancy and child behavior from early childhood to adolescence	61
Association between long-term exposure to PM2.5 and thyroid nodules in school-aged children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study in Eastern China	56
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in circulation in a Canadian population: their association with serum-liver enzyme biomarkers and piloting a novel method to reduce serum-PFAS	55
Arsenic modifies the effect of folic acid in spina bifida prevention, a large hospital-based case-control study in Bangladesh	51
A science-based agenda for health-protective chemical assessments and decisions: overview and consensus statement	51
Human-Biomonitoring derived exposure and Daily Intakes of Bisphenol A and their associations with neurodevelopmental outcomes among children of the Polish Mother and Child Cohort Study	49
The changing health effects of air pollution exposure for respiratory diseases: a multicity study during 2017–2022	48
Association of physical activity and air pollution exposure with the risk of type 2 diabetes: a large population-based prospective cohort study	45
Ambient nitrogen dioxide is associated with emergency hospital visits for atrial fibrillation: a population-based case-crossover study in Reykjavik, Iceland	45
A co-created citizen science project on the short term effects of outdoor residential woodsmoke on the respiratory health of adults in the Netherlands	42
World Health Organization repository of systematic reviews on interventions in environment, climate change and health: a new resource for decision makers, intervention implementers, and researchers	41
Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and adherence to Mediterranean diet in an adult population: the Mediterranean diet index as a pollution level index	39
Study Protocol. Evaluating the life-course health impact of a city-wide system approach to improve air quality in Bradford, UK: A quasi-experimental study with implementation and process evaluation	36
Relationship between radiofrequency-electromagnetic radiation from cellular phones and brain tumor: meta-analyses using various proxies for RF-EMR exposure-outcome assessment	36
The association between newborn cord blood steroids and ambient prenatal exposure to air pollution: findings from the ENVIRONAGE birth cohort	36
Maternal urinary concentrations of bisphenol A during pregnancy and birth size in children from the Odense Child Cohort	35
Prenatal ambient air pollution and maternal depression at 12 months postpartum in the MADRES pregnancy cohort	35
Improvement of several stress response and sleep quality hormones in men and women after sleeping in a bed that protects against electromagnetic fields	34
Exposing additional authors who suppress evidence about radiation-induced thyroid cancer in children: a Comment adding to Tsuda et al.’s response to Schüz et al. (2023)	34
Industrial odour pollution and human health: a systematic review and meta-analysis	33
Occupational factors and miscarriages in the US fire service: a cross-sectional analysis of women firefighters	33
PM2.5 constituent exposures and maternal circulatory homocysteine in early pregnancy	33
Association between increasing agricultural use of 2,4-D and population biomarkers of exposure: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2014	31

Correction: Relationship between radiofrequency-electromagnetic radiation from cellular phones and brain tumor: meta-analyses using various proxies for RF-EMR exposure-outcome assessment	31
Long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution and mental health: a retrospective cohort study in Ireland	31
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis	31
Association and mediation analyses among multiple metals exposure, plasma folate, and community-based impaired estimated glomerular filtration rate in central Taiwan	30
Association between acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and short-term exposure to ambient air pollutants in France	30
Correction: Epidemiologic and clinical features of cyanobacteria harmful algal bloom exposures reported to the National Poison Data System, United States, 2010–2022: a descriptive analysis	30
High arsenic contamination in the breast milk of mothers inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar: a major health risk to infants	30
Serum concentrations of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in Danish pregnant women—temporal trends during pregnancy, correlations with partners, associations with physical activity, and bloo	29
Integrated analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and plasma lipidomics profiles in multi-ethnic Asian subjects for exposome research	29
COVID-19 pandemic modifies temperature and heat-related illness ambulance transport association in Japan: a nationwide observational study	28
A call from 40 public health scientists for an end to the continuing humanitarian and environmental catastrophe in Gaza	28
Dose-response relationship between lung function and chest imaging response to silica exposures in artificial stone manufacturing workers	27
Quantifying the association between PM2.5 air pollution and IQ loss in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis	27
Long-term exposure to residential greenness and neurodegenerative disease mortality among older adults: a 13-year follow-up cohort study	26
What is the carbon footprint of primary care practices? A retrospective life-cycle analysis in Switzerland	26
Pre-natal and early life lead exposure and childhood inhibitory control: an item response theory approach to improve measurement precision of inhibitory control	25
Association between exposure to radioactive iodine after the Chernobyl accident and thyroid volume in Belarus 10-15 years later	25
Perinatal exposure to ambient fine particle air pollution and risk of childhood ewing sarcoma in a population-based case-control study in California (1988–2015)	24
Cadmium exposures and deteriorations of cognitive abilities: estimation of a reference dose for mixture risk assessments based on a systematic review and confidence rating	24
Fluoride-related changes in the fetal cord blood proteome; a pilot study	24
Residential green space improves cognitive performances in primary schoolchildren independent of traffic-related air pollution exposure	23
Scientific evidence invalidates health assumptions underlying the FCC and ICNIRP exposure limit determinations for radiofrequency radiation: implications for 5G	23
Long-term exposure to road traffic noise and stroke incidence: a Danish Nurse Cohort study	23
NO2 and PM2.5 air pollution co-exposure and temperature effect modification on pre-mature mortality in advanced age: a longitudinal cohort study in China	23
Associations between urinary concentrations of bisphenols and serum concentrations of sex hormones among US. Males	23
The health impacts of Indonesian peatland fires	23
Temporal clustering of neuroblastic tumours in children and young adults from Ontario, Canada	23
Early-life residential green spaces and traffic exposure in association with young adult body composition: a longitudinal birth cohort study of twins	22
Conducting evaluations of evidence that are transparent, timely and can lead to health-protective actions	22
Characterizing visual field loss from past mercury exposure in an Indigenous riverine community (Grassy Narrows First Nation, Canada): a cluster-based approach	22
Potential benefits of joint hypothetical interventions on diet, lead, and cadmium on mortality in US adults	22
What agro-input dealers know, sell and say to smallholder farmers about pesticides: a mystery shopping and KAP analysis in Uganda	22
Association between ambient air pollutants and meteorological factors with SARS-CoV-2 transmission and mortality in India: an exploratory study	21
Temporal and Spatial Effects of Extreme Drought Events on Human Epidemics over Ancient China in 1784–1787 CE	21
Dietary pesticide exposure and non-communicable diseases and mortality: a systematic review of prospective studies among adults	21
Reanalysis of the association between reduction in long-term PM2.5 concentrations and improved life expectancy	20
Ambient long-term exposure to organophosphorus pesticides and the human gut microbiome: an observational study	20
Estimating the burden of diseases attributable to lead exposure in the North Africa and Middle East region, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study 2019	20
Correction: Bone mass density following developmental exposures to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): a longitudinal cohort study	20
Effects of exposure to surrounding green, air pollution and traffic noise with non-accidental and cause-specific mortality in the Dutch national cohort	19
Estimating cardiovascular health gains from eradicating indoor cold in Australia	19
Household air pollution and risk of pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-Infected adults	19
Per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances and respiratory health in an Inuit community	19
Evaluation of mortality among Marines, Navy personnel, and civilian workers exposed to contaminated drinking water at USMC base Camp Lejeune: a cohort study	19
Acute association between heatwaves and stillbirth in six US states	19
In utero particulate matter exposure in association with newborn mitochondrial ND4L10550A>G heteroplasmy and its role in overweight during early childhood	19
The burden and trend prediction of ischemic heart disease associated with lead exposure: Insights from the Global Burden of Disease study 2021	19
Short-term exposure to PM2.5 and 1.5 million deaths: a time-stratified case-crossover analysis in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area	19
Association of longitudinal pet ownership with wheezing in 3-year-old children using the distributed lag model: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study	18
Respiratory function declines in children with asthma associated with chemical species of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Nagasaki, Japan	18

Prenatal and childhood exposure to chlordecone and adiposity of seven-year-old children in the Timoun mother–child cohort study in Guadeloupe (French West Indies)	18
Titanium exposure and gestational diabetes mellitus: associations and potential mediation by perturbation of amino acids in early pregnancy	18
Association between organophosphorus pesticides and obesity among American adults	17
Quantifying the climate benefits of a virtual versus an in-person format for an international conference	17
Symptoms and functional limitations related to respiratory health and carbon monoxide poisoning in Tanzania: a cross sectional study	17
Long-term exposure to PM2.5 and cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality in an Eastern Mediterranean country: findings based on a 15-year cohort study	17
Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and their associations with serum lipid profiles in the general Korean adult population	17
Assessing the health risk of living near composting facilities on lung health, fungal and bacterial disease in cystic fibrosis: a UK CF Registry study	17
Engaging communities in addressing air quality: a scoping review	17
Identifying pre-conception and pre-natal periods in which ambient air pollution exposure affects fetal growth in the predominately Hispanic MADRES cohort	17
Correction: Immune biomarkers link air pollution exposure to blood pressure in adolescents	17
Lead exposure and serum metabolite profiles in pregnant women in Mexico City	17
Association between annual concentration of air pollutants and incidence of metabolic syndrome among Korean adults: Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES)	17
Advancing environmental health sciences through implementation science	17
Ambient air pollution and non-communicable respiratory illness in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review of the literature	16
Relationship between freshwater harmful algal blooms and neurodegenerative disease incidence rates in South Korea	16
Maternal serum concentrations of one-carbon metabolism factors modify the association between biomarkers of arsenic methylation efficiency and birth weight	16
Association of Ozone Exposures with the risk of thyroid nodules in Hunan Province: a population-based cohort study	16
The last decade of air pollution epidemiology and the challenges of quantitative risk assessment	16
Non-disclosure of developmental neurotoxicity studies obstructs the safety assessment of pesticides in the European Union	16
Sex differences in the impact of extreme heat on cardiovascular disease outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis	16
Ambient air pollution and thyroid function in Spanish adults. A nationwide population-based study ([email protected] study)	16
Exposure to second-hand smoke during early life and subsequent sleep problems in children: a population-based cross-sectional study	15
Changes in the short-term relationship between air pollution and mortality in New York City, 1990–2019	15
Air pollution associated acute respiratory inflammation and modification by GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms: a panel study of healthy undergraduates	15
The association of in-utero exposure to air pollution and atherogenic index of plasma in newborns	15
Air pollution and survival in patients with malignant mesothelioma and asbestos-related lung cancer: a follow-up study of 1591 patients in South Korea	15
Benchmark dose calculations for PFAS exposure based on two data sets on immunotoxic effects	15
Sex difference of pre- and post-natal exposure to six developmental neurotoxicants on intellectual abilities: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human studies	15
Prospective association between phthalate exposure in childhood and liver function in adolescence: the Ewha Birth and Growth Cohort Study	15
Air pollution is linked to cognitive decline independent of hypersensitive C-reactive protein: insights from middle-aged and older Chinese	15
Diabetes mellitus and serum organochlorine pesticides mixtures in Mexican women	15
Use of biomarkers of metals to improve prediction performance of cardiovascular disease mortality	15
Impact of long-term exposure to PM2.5 and temperature on coronavirus disease mortality: observed trends in France	15
Using non-parametric Bayes shrinkage to assess relationships between multiple environmental and social stressors and neonatal size and body composition in the Healthy Start cohort	14
Urinary mycoestrogens and gestational weight gain in the UPSIDE pregnancy cohort	14
From inequalities to vulnerability paradoxes: juxtaposing older adults’ heat mortality risk and heat experiences	14
Olfactory and cognitive decrements in 1991 Gulf War veterans with gulf war illness/chronic multisymptom illness	14
Emerging environmental health risks associated with the land application of biosolids: a scoping review	14
Is the cholesterol-perfluoroalkyl substance association confounded by dietary fiber intake?: a Bayesian analysis of NHANES data with adjustment for measurement error in fiber intake	14
Short-term exposure to fine particulate matter and asthma exacerbation: a large population-based case-crossover study in Southern Thailand	14
Neighborhood greenspace and risk of type 2 diabetes in a prospective cohort: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis	14
Integrating human biomonitoring exposure data into a primary care morbidity database: a feasibility study	14
Critical windows of exposure to air pollution and gestational diabetes: assessing effect modification by maternal pre-existing conditions and environmental factors	14
Associations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and their mixture with risk of rheumatoid arthritis in the U.S. adult population	14
Association between light rare earth elements in maternal plasma and the risk of spontaneous preterm birth: a nested case-control study from the Beijing birth cohort study	13
Effective communications strategies to increase the impact of environmental health research	13
The short-term effects and burden of particle air pollution on hospitalization for coronary heart disease: a time-stratified case-crossover study in Sichuan, China	13
Short-term attributable risk and economic burden of hospital admissions for anxiety disorders due to air pollution: a multicity time-stratified case-crossover study	13
Correction to: Residential proximity to industrial combustion facilities and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a case-control study	13
Correction: Modification of the PM2.5- and extreme heat-mortality relationships by historical redlining: A case-crossover study in thirteen U.S. states	13
Effects of Benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adducts, dietary vitamins, folate, and carotene intakes on preterm birth: a nested case–control study from the birth cohort in China	13
Demonstrating the undermining of science and health policy after the Fukushima nuclear accident by applying the Toolkit for detecting misused epidemiological methods	13
Quantitative association between lead exposure and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a Bayesian network-based predictive study	13
Effects of long-term PM2.5 exposure on metabolic syndrome among adults and elderly in Guangdong, China	12
Prenatal metal exposures and kidney function in adolescence in Project Viva	12
Prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides and risk-taking behaviors in early adulthood	12
Translating community-based participatory research into broadscale sociopolitical change: insights from a coalition of women firefighters, scientists, and environmental health advocates	12
Neighborhood environmental factors linked to hospitalizations of older people for viral lower respiratory tract infections in Spain: a case-crossover study	12
Association of Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) exposures and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: a case–control study in China	12
Greater exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 was associated with lower corneal nerve measures: the Maastricht study - a cross-sectional study	12
Relation of blood lead levels and lead in gasoline: an updated systematic review	12
The effect of exposure to traffic related air pollutants in pregnancy on birth anthropometry: a cohort study in a heavily polluted low-middle income country	12
Prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and BMI Z-scores from 5 to 14 years	12
Correction: Gestational exposure to organochlorine compounds and metals and infant birth weight: effect modification by maternal hardships	11
Birch pollen, air pollution and their interactive effects on airway symptoms and peak expiratory flow in allergic asthma during pollen season – a panel study in Northern and Southern Sweden	11
PFOA and testis cancer in the Veneto Region (Italy)	11
Correction: Associations of residential green space with internalizing and externalizing behavior in early childhood	11
Exposure to cadmium and lead is associated with diabetic kidney disease in diabetic patients	11
How ambient temperature affects mood: an ecological momentary assessment study in Switzerland	11
Development of health-based exposure limits for radiofrequency radiation from wireless devices using a benchmark dose approach	11
Glyphosate exposure in early pregnancy and reduced fetal growth: a prospective observational study of high-risk pregnancies	11
Urinary cadmium concentration is associated with the severity and clinical outcomes of COVID-19: a bicenter observational cohort study	11
Wildfire smoke exposure and early childhood respiratory health: a study of prescription claims data	11
Exposure to violence and socioeconomic deprivation in susceptibility to nitrogen dioxide on term infant birthweight in New York City	11
Health impact of the Tajogaite volcano eruption in La Palma population (ISVOLCAN study): rationale, design, and preliminary results from the first 1002 participants	11
Maternal multivitamin supplementation mitigates the risk of fetal congenital heart disease associated with high indoor total volatile organic compounds exposure in east china: a case-control study	11
Pervasive structural racism in environmental epidemiology	11
Climate change, extreme events, and increased risk of salmonellosis: foodborne diseases active surveillance network (FoodNet), 2004-2014	11
Extended two-stage designs for environmental research	11

Adverse effects and underlying mechanism of rare earth elements	11
The CHANGE (Climate Health ANalysis Grading Evaluation) tool for weight of evidence reviews on climate change and health research	11
Extreme heat and pediatric health in a warming world: a space-time stratified case-crossover investigation in Ontario, Canada	10
Portable HEPA filter air cleaner use during pregnancy and children’s behavior problem scores: a secondary analysis of the UGAAR randomized controlled trial	10
Modification of the PM2.5- and extreme heat-mortality relationships by historical redlining: a case-crossover study in thirteen U.S. states	10
ChatGPT in the health sciences: pause and ponder	10
Prenatal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and asthma at age 8–9 years in a multi-site longitudinal study	10
Systems for rating bodies of evidence used in systematic reviews of air pollution exposure and reproductive and children’s health: a methodological survey	9
As the world turns: scientific publishing in the digital era	9
Adult asthma associated with roadway density and housing in rural Appalachia: the Mountain Air Project (MAP)	9
Early life stress, prenatal secondhand smoke exposure, and the development of internalizing symptoms across childhood	9
Consideration of pathways for immunotoxicity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)	9
Long-term exposure to particulate matter and risk of Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia in Korea: a national population-based Cohort Study	9
Air pollution after acute bronchiolitis is a risk factor for preschool asthma: a nested case-control study	9
Temperature-related mortality and associated vulnerabilities: evidence from Scotland using extended time-series datasets	9
Potential impacts of synthetic food dyes on activity and attention in children: a review of the human and animal evidence	9
Effects of particulate matter on hospital admissions for respiratory diseases: an ecological study based on 12.5 years of time series data in Shanghai	9
A hypothesis to derive the shape of the dose–response curve for teratogenic radiation effects	9
Association of air pollution exposure and increased coronary artery disease risk: the modifying effect of genetic susceptibility	9
Urinary fluoride levels and metal co-exposures among pregnant women in Los Angeles, California	9
Short-term exposure to ambient fine particulate pollution aggravates ventilator-associated pneumonia in pediatric intensive care patients undergoing cardiovascular surgeries	9
Temporal variation of the temperature-mortality association in Spain: a nationwide analysis	9
Prospective association between dietary pesticide exposure profiles and type 2 diabetes risk in the NutriNet-Santé cohort	8
Seasonal extreme temperatures and short-term fine particulate matter increases pediatric respiratory healthcare encounters in a sparsely populated region of the intermountain western United States	8
Trajectories of long-term exposure to PCB153 and Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) air pollution and risk of breast cancer	8
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), thyroid hormones, sexual hormones and pubertal development in adolescents residing in the neighborhood of a 3M factory	8
Accommodating detection limits of multiple exposures in environmental mixture analyses: an overview of statistical approaches	8
Long-term exposure to air pollution and risk of venous thromboembolism in a large administrative cohort	8
Maternal metabolomics linking prenatal exposure to fine particulate matter and birth weight: a cross-sectional analysis of the MADRES cohort	8
Prenatal exposure to air pollution and maternal and fetal thyroid function: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence	8
Correction: Temperature‑related mortality and associated vulnerabilities: evidence from Scotland using extended time‑series datasets	8
Towards a paradigm shift in environmental health decision-making: a case study of oxybenzone	8
Environmental exposure to mixtures of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in Northeast China: exploring links to nodular goiter and papillary thyroid carcinoma	8
Reducing disease and death from Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM) - the urgent need for responsible mining in the context of growing global demand for minerals and metals for climate change mitig	8
Evidence-to-decision frameworks: a review and analysis to inform decision-making for environmental health interventions	8
Correction: Childhood traffic-related air pollution and adverse changes in subclinical atherosclerosis measures from childhood to adulthood	8
Carcinogenic effect of arsenic in digestive cancers: a systematic review	7
Dietary bisphenols exposure as an influencing factor of body mass index	7
What you don’t know can still hurt you - underreporting in EU pesticide regulation	7
Prenatal exposures to organophosphate ester metabolite mixtures and children’s neurobehavioral outcomes in the MADRES pregnancy cohort	7
Organochlorine pesticides and risk of papillary thyroid cancer in U.S. military personnel: a nested case-control study	7
An ecological study regarding the association between paraquat exposure and end stage renal disease	7
The effect of alcohol consumption on human physiological and perceptual responses to heat stress: a systematic scoping review	7
Short term exposure to air pollution and mortality in the US: a double negative control analysis	7
Gestational exposure to organochlorine compounds and metals and infant birth weight: effect modification by maternal hardships	7
Associations of residential green space with internalizing and externalizing behavior in early childhood	7
Age and sex differences in the effects of short- and long-term exposure to air pollution on endothelial dysfunction	7
Prenatal dietary exposure to mixtures of chemicals is associated with allergy or respiratory diseases in children in the ELFE nationwide cohort	7
Modification of heat-related effects on mortality by air pollution concentration, at small-area level, in the Attica prefecture, Greece	7
Automated classification of time-activity-location patterns for improved estimation of personal exposure to air pollution	7
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure in melanoma patients: a retrospective study on prognosis and histological features	7
Acute health effects associated with satellite-determined cyanobacterial blooms in a drinking water source in Massachusetts	7
A replicable strategy for mapping air pollution’s community-level health impacts and catalyzing prevention	7
Impact of short-term exposure to air pollution on natural mortality and vulnerable populations: a multi-city case-crossover analysis in Belgium	7
Association of deployment characteristics and exposures with persistent ill health among 1990-1991 Gulf War veterans in the VA Million Veteran Program	7
Commentary: Novel strategies and new tools to curtail the health effects of pesticides	6
Residential greenness, asthma, and lung function among children at high risk of allergic sensitization: a prospective cohort study	6
Early life exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke and eating behaviors at age 12 years	6
Association between prenatal exposure to alkylphenols and intelligence quotient among preschool children: sex-specific effects	6
A multi-step machine learning approach to assess the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on NO2 attributable deaths in Milan and Rome, Italy	6
Low-level plasticizer exposure and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in the general population	6
Combined effects of global DNA methylation, blood lead and total urinary arsenic levels on developmental delay in preschool children	6
Environmental epidemiology in a crossfire	6
The association between different timeframes of air pollution exposure and COVID-19 incidence, morbidity and mortality in German counties in 2020	6
The effects of greenness exposure on hypertension incidence among Chinese oldest-old: a prospective cohort study	6
Correction: Brief diesel exhaust exposure acutely impairs functional brain connectivity in humans: a randomized controlled crossover study	6
Health consequences of exposure to aircraft contaminated air and fume events: a narrative review and medical protocol for the investigation of exposed aircrew and passengers	6
Correction to: Neighborhood greenspace and risk of type 2 diabetes in a prospective cohort: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis	6
Associations between dietary exposure to profiles of metalloestrogens and estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer risk in the French E3N cohort	6
Impacts of dietary exposure to pesticides on faecal microbiome metabolism in adult twins	6
Prenatal exposure to ambient air pollution is associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes at 2 years of age	6