Ecology Letters

Article	Citations
Co‐occurrence is not evidence of ecological interactions	426
The effectiveness of flower strips and hedgerows on pest control, pollination services and crop yield: a quantitative synthesis	320
AVONET: morphological, ecological and geographical data for all birds	284
Designing optimal human‐modified landscapes for forest biodiversity conservation	277
A process‐based metacommunity framework linking local and regional scale community ecology	191
The effects of livestock grazing on biodiversity are multi‐trophic: a meta‐analysis	138
Effect of allelopathy on plant performance: a meta‐analysis	133
Uncovering ecological state dynamics with hidden Markov models	108
Ecological impacts of human‐induced animal behaviour change	102
Soil carbon persistence governed by plant input and mineral protection at regional and global scales	98
A global agenda for advancing freshwater biodiversity research	97
The worldwide impact of urbanisation on avian functional diversity	95
Biotic interactions are more often important at species’ warm versus cool range edges	88
Biodiversity promotes ecosystem functioning despite environmental change	85
Global trends in phenotypic plasticity of plants	81
The context dependence of non‐consumptive predator effects	80
Species distribution models have limited spatial transferability for invasive species	78
The seventh macronutrient: how sodium shortfall ramifies through populations, food webs and ecosystems	76
Functional roles of microbial symbionts in plant cold tolerance	76
Plant community composition steers grassland vegetation via soil legacy effects	76
A group of ectomycorrhizal fungi restricts organic matter accumulation in boreal forest	76
Root‐derived inputs are major contributors to soil carbon in temperate forests, but vary by mycorrhizal type	75
Biodiversity loss underlies the dilution effect of biodiversity	71
A tipping point in carbon storage when forest expands into tundra is related to mycorrhizal recycling of nitrogen	70
Sick plants in grassland communities: a growth‐defense trade‐off is the main driver of fungal pathogen abundance	69

Global functional and phylogenetic structure of avian assemblages across elevation and latitude	68
We should not necessarily expect positive relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in observational field data	67
Long‐term change in the avifauna of undisturbed Amazonian rainforest: ground‐foraging birds disappear and the baseline shifts	65
The dimensionality and structure of species trait spaces	64
Winter in water: differential responses and the maintenance of biodiversity	64
Tree growth sensitivity to climate is temporally variable	63
Quantifying 25 years of disease‐caused declines in Tasmanian devil populations: host density drives spatial pathogen spread	63
Seeing through the static: the temporal dimension of plant–animal mutualistic interactions	63
Reduced phenotypic plasticity evolves in less predictable environments	62
Towards the fully automated monitoring of ecological communities	62
Latitudinal patterns of terrestrial phosphorus limitation over the globe	62
Floral resource diversification promotes solitary bee reproduction and may offset insecticide effects – evidence from a semi‐field experiment	58
Consistently positive effect of species diversity on ecosystem, but not population, temporal stability	58
A global analysis of song frequency in passerines provides no support for the acoustic adaptation hypothesis but suggests a role for sexual selection	58
The jury is still out regarding the generality of adaptive ‘transgenerational’ effects	58
Landscape simplification increases vineyard pest outbreaks and insecticide use	57
Adaptation and coordinated evolution of plant hydraulic traits	57
Number of growth days and not length of the growth period determines radial stem growth of temperate trees	57
High water use in desert plants exposed to extreme heat	57
Montane species track rising temperatures better in the tropics than in the temperate zone	56
Landscape simplification shapes pathogen prevalence in plant‐pollinator networks	56
Trait matching and phenological overlap increase the spatio‐temporal stability and functionality of plant–pollinator interactions	56
Intuitive and broadly applicable definitions of niche and fitness differences	55
Bee phenology is predicted by climatic variation and functional traits	55
Future climate risks from stress, insects and fire across US forests	54
Seed size predicts global effects of small mammal seed predation on plant recruitment	53
The evolutionary ecology of fatty‐acid variation: Implications for consumer adaptation and diversification	53
Dilution effects in disease ecology	52
Shape matters: the relationship between cell geometry and diversity in phytoplankton	51
Generalising indirect defence and resistance of plants	51
Temporal changes in spatial variation: partitioning the extinction and colonisation components of beta diversity	50
When do Janzen–Connell effects matter? A phylogenetic meta‐analysis of conspecific negative distance and density dependence experiments	49
Smaller adult fish size in warmer water is not explained by elevated metabolism	49
Field‐realistic neonicotinoid exposure has sub‐lethal effects on non‐Apis bees: A meta‐analysis	49
The relative importance of plasticity versus genetic differentiation in explaining between population differences; a meta‐analysis	48
Quantifying impacts of plastic debris on marine wildlife identifies ecological breakpoints	48
Habitat amount and distribution modify community dynamics under climate change	48
Grazing‐induced biodiversity loss impairs grassland ecosystem stability at multiple scales	47
Latitudinal gradient in the intensity of biotic interactions in terrestrial ecosystems: Sources of variation and differences from the diversity gradient revealed by meta‐analysis	47
Towards revealing the global diversity and community assembly of soil eukaryotes	47
The geography of metapopulation synchrony in dendritic river networks	47
Trade‐off between seed dispersal in space and time	47
Assessing metacommunity processes through signatures in spatiotemporal turnover of community composition	45
Historical decrease in agricultural landscape diversity is associated with shifts in bumble bee species occurrence	43
Using a newly introduced framework to measure ecological stressor interactions	43
Climate change transforms the functional identity of Mediterranean coralligenous assemblages	43
Plant and soil biodiversity have non‐substitutable stabilising effects on biomass production	43
Insect and plant invasions follow two waves of globalisation	43
Mechanisms underlying host persistence following amphibian disease emergence determine appropriate management strategies	43
Interaction diversity explains the maintenance of phytochemical diversity	42

Bugs scaring bugs: enemy‐risk effects in biological control systems	41
Phenological asynchrony: a ticking time‐bomb for seemingly stable populations?	41
Functional traits explain the consistent resistance of biodiversity to plant invasion under nitrogen enrichment	41
Structural forecasting of species persistence under changing environments	41
Leaf size of woody dicots predicts ecosystem primary productivity	41
Developmental plasticity in thermal tolerance: Ontogenetic variation, persistence, and future directions	41
Experimental nitrogen fertilisation globally accelerates, then slows decomposition of leaf litter	41
Soil fungal mycelia have unexpectedly flexible stoichiometric C:N and C:P ratios	41
Directional turnover towards larger‐ranged plants over time and across habitats	39
Pesticides do not significantly reduce arthropod pest densities in the presence of natural enemies	39
Universal rules of life: metabolic rates, biological times and the equal fitness paradigm	39
Diversity and coexistence are influenced by time‐dependent species interactions in a predator–prey system	39
Diverging functional strategies but high sensitivity to an extreme drought in tropical dry forests	38
Fire frequency, state change and hysteresis in tallgrass prairie	38
Why disease ecology needs life‐history theory: a host perspective	37
How long do population level field experiments need to be? Utilising data from the 40‐year‐old LTER network	37
Drivers of local extinction risk in alpine plants under warming climate	37
Measuring habitat complexity and spatial heterogeneity in ecology	36
Multiple spatial behaviours govern social network positions in a wild ungulate	36
Ecophylogenetics redux	36
A place to land: spatiotemporal drivers of stopover habitat use by migrating birds	36
Combining range and phenology shifts offers a winning strategy for boreal Lepidoptera	35
Hot droughts compromise interannual survival across all group sizes in a cooperatively breeding bird	35
Microbe‐mediated adaptation in plants	34
Trophic control changes with season and nutrient loading in lakes	33
Thermal performance under constant temperatures can accurately predict insect development times across naturally variable microclimates	33
Tractable models of ecological assembly	32
The allometry of plant height explains species loss under nitrogen addition	32
Hydraulic prediction of drought‐induced plant dieback and top‐kill depends on leaf habit and growth form	32
Plant volatiles induced by herbivore eggs prime defences and mediate shifts in the reproductive strategy of receiving plants	32
General statistical scaling laws for stability in ecological systems	31
Ecological and conceptual consequences of Arctic pollution	31
Flowering synchrony drives reproductive success in a wind‐pollinated tree	31
Landscape‐scale habitat fragmentation is positively related to biodiversity, despite patch‐scale ecosystem decay	31
Decay by ectomycorrhizal fungi couples soil organic matter to nitrogen availability	31
Making sense of virus size and the tradeoffs shaping viral fitness	31
Persistent soil seed banks promote naturalisation and invasiveness in flowering plants	31
Advancing nature‐based approaches to address the biodiversity and climate emergency	31
A shift from phenol to silica‐based leaf defences during long‐term soil and ecosystem development	30
Geographic mosaic of selection by avian predators on hindwing warning colour in a polymorphic aposematic moth	30
Assessing the risk of human‐to‐wildlife pathogen transmission for conservation and public health	30
On the sensitivity of food webs to multiple stressors	30
The hidden ageing costs of sperm competition	30
Implications of scale dependence for cross‐study syntheses of biodiversity differences	29
Nonlinear responses of ecosystem carbon fluxes to nitrogen deposition in an old‐growth boreal forest	29
Leaf trait network architecture shifts with species‐richness and climate across forests at continental scale	29
Grassland ecosystem recovery after soil disturbance depends on nutrient supply rate	29
Integrating data mining and transmission theory in the ecology of infectious diseases	29
Experimental (co)evolution in a multi‐species microbial community results in local maladaptation	29
Interactive effects of multiple stressors vary with consumer interactions, stressor dynamics and magnitude	29
Reconstructing large interaction networks from empirical time series data	29
Landscape modification and nutrient‐driven instability at a distance	29
The deep sea is a hot spot of fish body shape evolution	29
Impacts of invasive plants on animal behaviour	29
Silver‐spoon upbringing improves early‐life fitness but promotes reproductive ageing in a wild bird	29
Pesticide resistance in arthropods: Ecology matters too	28
Soil properties as key predictors of global grassland production: Have we overlooked micronutrients?	28
Predicting how climate change threatens the prey base of Arctic marine predators	28
The influence of vector‐borne disease on human history: socio‐ecological mechanisms	28
Determinants of community compositional change are equally affected by global change	27
A meta‐analysis of global avian survival across species and latitude	27
Bryophyte C:N:P stoichiometry, biogeochemical niches and elementome plasticity driven by environment and coexistence	27
Systematic bias in studies of consumer functional responses	27
Predictive models aren't for causal inference	27
Was the COVID‐19 pandemic avoidable? A call for a “solution‐oriented” approach in pathogen evolutionary ecology to prevent future outbreaks	27
Global impacts of climate change on avian functional diversity	26
Terrestrial ecosystem restoration increases biodiversity and reduces its variability, but not to reference levels: A global meta‐analysis	26
Climate change impacts on seabirds and marine mammals: The importance of study duration, thermal tolerance and generation time	26
Macrogenetic studies must not ignore limitations of genetic markers and scale	26
A broadscale analysis of host‐symbiont cophylogeny reveals the drivers of phylogenetic congruence	26
Efficient movement strategies mitigate the energetic cost of dispersal	26
How community adaptation affects biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships	25
Rapid adaptive evolution to drought in a subset of plant traits in a large‐scale climate change experiment	25
Local canopy disturbance as an explanation for long‐term increases in liana abundance	25
Towards a more precise – and accurate – view of eco‐evolution	25
Plant community impact on productivity: Trait diversity or key(stone) species effects?	25
Direct and indirect disturbance impacts in forests	24
Herbivory meets fungivory: insect herbivores feed on plant pathogenic fungi for their own benefit	24
A case for associational resistance: Apparent support for the stress gradient hypothesis varies with study system	24
Process‐explicit models reveal pathway to extinction for woolly mammoth using pattern‐oriented validation	24

Cooperative breeding and the emergence of multilevel societies in birds	24
Biodiversity and yield trade‐offs for organic farming	24
Three questions about the eco‐physiology of overwintering underground	24
Effects of multiple stressors on the dimensionality of ecological stability	24
Enhanced light interception and light use efficiency explain overyielding in young tree communities	24
Coexistence barriers confine the poleward range of a globally distributed plant	23
Sampling bias exaggerates a textbook example of a trophic cascade	23
Dispersers and environment drive global variation in fruit colour syndromes	23
Shifting limitation of primary production: experimental support for a new model in lake ecosystems	23
A plant–pollinator metanetwork along a habitat fragmentation gradient	22
Untangling the complexity of priority effects in multispecies communities	22
A general theory of avian migratory connectivity	22
Global distribution and evolutionary transitions of angiosperm sexual systems	22
Global plant‐frugivore trait matching is shaped by climate and biogeographic history	22
Temporal turnover of the soil microbiome composition is guild‐specific	22
Systematic variation in the temperature dependence of bacterial carbon use efficiency	22
An individual‐based model for the eco‐evolutionary emergence of bipartite interaction networks	22
The origins of global biodiversity on land, sea and freshwater	22
Ecology and evolutionary biology must elevate BIPOC scholars	22
Forest fire induces short‐term shifts in soil food webs with consequences for carbon cycling	22
Local stressors mask the effects of warming in freshwater ecosystems	22
Global biogeographic patterns of avian morphological diversity	22
The ecological causes and consequences of hard and soft selection	22
Can I afford to publish? A dilemma for African scholars	21
Species interactions have predictable impacts on diversification	21
Uncovering patterns of freshwater positive interactions using meta‐analysis: Identifying the roles of common participants, invasive species and environmental context	21
Detecting and interpreting higher‐order interactions in ecological communities	21
Microbiome influence on host community dynamics: Conceptual integration of microbiome feedback with classical host–microbe theory	21
Towards robust statistical inference for complex computer models	21
Biota‐mediated carbon cycling—A synthesis of biotic‐interaction controls on blue carbon	21
Unveiling ecological assembly rules from commonalities in trait distributions	21
Species–habitat networks elucidate landscape effects on habitat specialisation of natural enemies and pollinators	21
Phenotypic plasticity masks range‐wide genetic differentiation for vegetative but not reproductive traits in a short‐lived plant	21
Stress causes interspecific facilitation within a compost community	21
Artificial selection of stable rhizosphere microbiota leads to heritable plant phenotype changes	20
Trait dimensions in bacteria and archaea compared to vascular plants	20
Meta‐population structure and the evolutionary transition to multicellularity	20
Climate‐driven, but dynamic and complex? A reconciliation of competing hypotheses for species’ distributions	20
The latitudinal gradient in plant community assembly processes: A meta‐analysis	20
Understanding the relationship between dispersal and range size	20
Is habitat selection in the wild shaped by individual‐level cognitive biases in orientation strategy?	20
Ecology and evolution of cycad‐feeding Lepidoptera	20
Offspring polymorphism and bet hedging: a large‐scale, phylogenetic analysis	20
Life history mediates the trade‐offs among different components of demographic resilience	20
Industrial rearing of edible insects could be a major source of new biological invasions	20
Siderophores drive invasion dynamics in bacterial communities through their dual role as public good versus public bad	20
Light availability and light demand of plants shape the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in their roots	19
How disturbance history alters invasion success: biotic legacies and regime change	19
Behavioural heat‐stress compensation in a cold‐adapted ungulate: Forage‐mediated responses to warming Alpine summers	19
Environmental and anthropogenic constraints on animal space use drive extinction risk worldwide	19
Specific sequence of arrival promotes coexistence via spatial niche pre‐emption by the weak competitor	19
No complementarity no gain—Net diversity effects on tree productivity occur once complementarity emerges during early stand development	19
The functional roles of species in metacommunities, as revealed by metanetwork analyses of bird–plant frugivory networks	19
Defining an epidemiological landscape that connects movement ecology to pathogen transmission and pace‐of‐life	19
Nitrogen enrichment alters multiple dimensions of grassland functional stability via changing compositional stability	19
Quantifying the relative importance of variation in predation and the environment for species coexistence	19
Species richness and food‐web structure jointly drive community biomass and its temporal stability in fish communities	19
Reducing dispersal limitation via seed addition increases species richness but not above‐ground biomass	19
The effect of insect food availability on songbird reproductive success and chick body condition: Evidence from a systematic review and meta‐analysis	19
Phosphorus supply shifts the quotas of multiple elements in algae and Daphnia: ionomic basis of stoichiometric constraints	19
Body size and digestive system shape resource selection by ungulates: A cross‐taxa test of the forage maturation hypothesis	19
Disease hotspots or hot species? Infection dynamics in multi‐host metacommunities controlled by species identity, not source location	18
Demographic consequences of foraging ecology explain genetic diversification in Neotropical bird species	18
Soils and topography control natural disturbance rates and thereby forest structure in a lowland tropical landscape	18
Climatic and evolutionary contexts are required to infer plant life history strategies from functional traits at a global scale	18
Globally consistent reef size spectra integrating fishes and invertebrates	18
Cascading effects of a disease outbreak in a remote protected area	18
Ecological conditions predict the intensity of Hendra virus excretion over space and time from bat reservoir hosts	18
Changes in flight period predict trends in abundance of Massachusetts butterflies	18
Sex roles in birds: Phylogenetic analyses of the influence of climate, life histories and social environment	18
Acoustic restoration: Using soundscapes to benchmark and fast‐track recovery of ecological communities	18
Soil element coupling is driven by ecological context and atomic mass	18
Climate warming can reduce biocontrol efficacy and promote plant invasion due to both genetic and transient metabolomic changes	18
Hidden layers of density dependence in consumer feeding rates	18
Diversity and extinction risk are inversely related at a global scale	17
Are networks of trophic interactions sufficient for understanding the dynamics of multi‐trophic communities? Analysis of a tri‐trophic insect food‐web time‐series	17
Residence time determines invasiveness and performance of garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) in North America	17
The better, the choosier: A meta‐analysis on interindividual variation of male mate choice	17
Phylogenetic and functional clustering illustrate the roles of adaptive radiation and dispersal filtering in jointly shaping late‐Quaternary mammal assemblages on oceanic islands	17
Net plant interactions are highly variable and weakly dependent on climate at the global scale	17
Nutrient identity modifies the destabilising effects of eutrophication in grasslands	17
Addressing the Eltonian shortfall with trait‐based interaction models	17
Detecting patterns of vertebrate biodiversity across the multidimensional urban landscape	17
Technical Comment on Pande et al. (2020): Why invasion analysis is important for understanding coexistence	17
A global meta‐analysis reveals higher variation in breeding phenology in urban birds than in their non‐urban neighbours	17
Top predators as biodiversity indicators: A meta‐analysis	17
Phylogenetic reconstruction of ancestral ecological networks through time for pierid butterflies and their host plants	17
The hidden role of multi‐trophic interactions in driving diversity–productivity relationships	16
Disentangling key species interactions in diverse and heterogeneous communities: A Bayesian sparse modelling approach	16
Global patterns of resilience decline in vertebrate populations	16
Combining multiple tactics over time for cost‐effective eradication of invading insect populations	16
Disturbance structures canopy and understory productivity along an environmental gradient	16
Intensive human land uses negatively affect vertebrate functional diversity	16
Revisiting the growth rate hypothesis: Towards a holistic stoichiometric understanding of growth	16
Integrating eco‐evolutionary dynamics and modern coexistence theory	16