Ecology Letters

Article	Citations
Co‐occurrence is not evidence of ecological interactions	402
The effectiveness of flower strips and hedgerows on pest control, pollination services and crop yield: a quantitative synthesis	301
Designing optimal human‐modified landscapes for forest biodiversity conservation	254
AVONET: morphological, ecological and geographical data for all birds	248
A process‐based metacommunity framework linking local and regional scale community ecology	180
Ghosts of the past: how drought legacy effects shape forest functioning and carbon cycling	158
The effects of livestock grazing on biodiversity are multi‐trophic: a meta‐analysis	130
Support for the habitat amount hypothesis from a global synthesis of species density studies	128
Effect of allelopathy on plant performance: a meta‐analysis	126
Alpine grassland plants grow earlier and faster but biomass remains unchanged over 35 years of climate change	120
Enemies with benefits: integrating positive and negative interactions among terrestrial carnivores	116
Uncovering ecological state dynamics with hidden Markov models	102
Ecological impacts of human‐induced animal behaviour change	99
The worldwide impact of urbanisation on avian functional diversity	91
Soil carbon persistence governed by plant input and mineral protection at regional and global scales	90
A global agenda for advancing freshwater biodiversity research	87
Evolutionary temperature compensation of carbon fixation in marine phytoplankton	83
Biotic interactions are more often important at species’ warm versus cool range edges	79
Plant community composition steers grassland vegetation via soil legacy effects	76
Global trends in phenotypic plasticity of plants	76
Species distribution models have limited spatial transferability for invasive species	74
The context dependence of non‐consumptive predator effects	74
The seventh macronutrient: how sodium shortfall ramifies through populations, food webs and ecosystems	74
Angiosperm speciation cools down in the tropics	74
Functional roles of microbial symbionts in plant cold tolerance	73

Biodiversity promotes ecosystem functioning despite environmental change	71
A group of ectomycorrhizal fungi restricts organic matter accumulation in boreal forest	70
Root‐derived inputs are major contributors to soil carbon in temperate forests, but vary by mycorrhizal type	70
Sick plants in grassland communities: a growth‐defense trade‐off is the main driver of fungal pathogen abundance	66
Biodiversity loss underlies the dilution effect of biodiversity	65
Global functional and phylogenetic structure of avian assemblages across elevation and latitude	65
A tipping point in carbon storage when forest expands into tundra is related to mycorrhizal recycling of nitrogen	64
Long‐term change in the avifauna of undisturbed Amazonian rainforest: ground‐foraging birds disappear and the baseline shifts	63
Seeing through the static: the temporal dimension of plant–animal mutualistic interactions	62
Reduced phenotypic plasticity evolves in less predictable environments	60
Tree growth sensitivity to climate is temporally variable	60
The dimensionality and structure of species trait spaces	60
Latitudinal patterns of terrestrial phosphorus limitation over the globe	57
The jury is still out regarding the generality of adaptive ‘transgenerational’ effects	56
We should not necessarily expect positive relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in observational field data	55
Landscape simplification shapes pathogen prevalence in plant‐pollinator networks	55
Floral resource diversification promotes solitary bee reproduction and may offset insecticide effects – evidence from a semi‐field experiment	55
Quantifying 25 years of disease‐caused declines in Tasmanian devil populations: host density drives spatial pathogen spread	55
A global analysis of song frequency in passerines provides no support for the acoustic adaptation hypothesis but suggests a role for sexual selection	53
Consistently positive effect of species diversity on ecosystem, but not population, temporal stability	53
High water use in desert plants exposed to extreme heat	53
Intuitive and broadly applicable definitions of niche and fitness differences	52
Bee phenology is predicted by climatic variation and functional traits	52
Adaptation and coordinated evolution of plant hydraulic traits	52
Seed size predicts global effects of small mammal seed predation on plant recruitment	51
Montane species track rising temperatures better in the tropics than in the temperate zone	51
Trait matching and phenological overlap increase the spatio‐temporal stability and functionality of plant–pollinator interactions	51
Towards the fully automated monitoring of ecological communities	50
Number of growth days and not length of the growth period determines radial stem growth of temperate trees	50
Landscape simplification increases vineyard pest outbreaks and insecticide use	50
The evolutionary ecology of fatty‐acid variation: Implications for consumer adaptation and diversification	50
Generalising indirect defence and resistance of plants	48
Quantifying impacts of plastic debris on marine wildlife identifies ecological breakpoints	47
Shape matters: the relationship between cell geometry and diversity in phytoplankton	46
Temporal changes in spatial variation: partitioning the extinction and colonisation components of beta diversity	46
The geography of metapopulation synchrony in dendritic river networks	46
When do Janzen–Connell effects matter? A phylogenetic meta‐analysis of conspecific negative distance and density dependence experiments	46
Habitat amount and distribution modify community dynamics under climate change	45
Latitudinal gradient in the intensity of biotic interactions in terrestrial ecosystems: Sources of variation and differences from the diversity gradient revealed by meta‐analysis	45
Trade‐off between seed dispersal in space and time	44
Assessing metacommunity processes through signatures in spatiotemporal turnover of community composition	44
The relative importance of plasticity versus genetic differentiation in explaining between population differences; a meta‐analysis	44
Grazing‐induced biodiversity loss impairs grassland ecosystem stability at multiple scales	43
Field‐realistic neonicotinoid exposure has sub‐lethal effects on non‐Apis bees: A meta‐analysis	42
Plant and soil biodiversity have non‐substitutable stabilising effects on biomass production	42
Phenological asynchrony: a ticking time‐bomb for seemingly stable populations?	41
Using a newly introduced framework to measure ecological stressor interactions	41
Smaller adult fish size in warmer water is not explained by elevated metabolism	41
Dilution effects in disease ecology	41
Towards revealing the global diversity and community assembly of soil eukaryotes	40

Insect and plant invasions follow two waves of globalisation	40
Leaf size of woody dicots predicts ecosystem primary productivity	40
Historical decrease in agricultural landscape diversity is associated with shifts in bumble bee species occurrence	40
Climate change transforms the functional identity of Mediterranean coralligenous assemblages	40
Structural forecasting of species persistence under changing environments	39
Soil fungal mycelia have unexpectedly flexible stoichiometric C:N and C:P ratios	39
Mechanisms underlying host persistence following amphibian disease emergence determine appropriate management strategies	39
Diverging functional strategies but high sensitivity to an extreme drought in tropical dry forests	38
Universal rules of life: metabolic rates, biological times and the equal fitness paradigm	38
Diversity and coexistence are influenced by time‐dependent species interactions in a predator–prey system	38
A native apex predator limits an invasive mesopredator and protects native prey: Tasmanian devils protecting bandicoots from cats	37
Directional turnover towards larger‐ranged plants over time and across habitats	37
Experimental nitrogen fertilisation globally accelerates, then slows decomposition of leaf litter	37
Interaction diversity explains the maintenance of phytochemical diversity	37
Pesticides do not significantly reduce arthropod pest densities in the presence of natural enemies	37
Drivers of local extinction risk in alpine plants under warming climate	36
Fire frequency, state change and hysteresis in tallgrass prairie	36
How long do population level field experiments need to be? Utilising data from the 40‐year‐old LTER network	36
Tracking long‐distance migration of marine fishes using compound‐specific stable isotope analysis of amino acids	35
Multiple spatial behaviours govern social network positions in a wild ungulate	35
A place to land: spatiotemporal drivers of stopover habitat use by migrating birds	35
Hot droughts compromise interannual survival across all group sizes in a cooperatively breeding bird	35
Functional traits explain the consistent resistance of biodiversity to plant invasion under nitrogen enrichment	33
Why disease ecology needs life‐history theory: a host perspective	33
Ecophylogenetics redux	32
Trophic control changes with season and nutrient loading in lakes	32
Quality–quantity trade‐offs drive functional trait evolution in a model microalgal ‘climate change winner’	32
Hydraulic prediction of drought‐induced plant dieback and top‐kill depends on leaf habit and growth form	31
Combining range and phenology shifts offers a winning strategy for boreal Lepidoptera	31
Tractable models of ecological assembly	31
General statistical scaling laws for stability in ecological systems	31
Developmental plasticity in thermal tolerance: Ontogenetic variation, persistence, and future directions	31
Advancing nature‐based approaches to address the biodiversity and climate emergency	30
Measuring habitat complexity and spatial heterogeneity in ecology	30
Ecological and conceptual consequences of Arctic pollution	29
Skewed distributions of lifetime reproductive success: beyond mean and variance	29
Silver‐spoon upbringing improves early‐life fitness but promotes reproductive ageing in a wild bird	29
The hidden ageing costs of sperm competition	29
On the sensitivity of food webs to multiple stressors	28
The allometry of plant height explains species loss under nitrogen addition	28
Geographic mosaic of selection by avian predators on hindwing warning colour in a polymorphic aposematic moth	28
Reconstructing large interaction networks from empirical time series data	28
Landscape modification and nutrient‐driven instability at a distance	28
Decay by ectomycorrhizal fungi couples soil organic matter to nitrogen availability	28
A meta‐analysis of global avian survival across species and latitude	27
Was the COVID‐19 pandemic avoidable? A call for a “solution‐oriented” approach in pathogen evolutionary ecology to prevent future outbreaks	27
Determinants of community compositional change are equally affected by global change	27
A shift from phenol to silica‐based leaf defences during long‐term soil and ecosystem development	27
Nonlinear responses of ecosystem carbon fluxes to nitrogen deposition in an old‐growth boreal forest	27
Interactive effects of multiple stressors vary with consumer interactions, stressor dynamics and magnitude	27
Bryophyte C:N:P stoichiometry, biogeochemical niches and elementome plasticity driven by environment and coexistence	26
Persistent soil seed banks promote naturalisation and invasiveness in flowering plants	26
Predictive models aren't for causal inference	26
Efficient movement strategies mitigate the energetic cost of dispersal	26
Assessing the risk of human‐to‐wildlife pathogen transmission for conservation and public health	26
Pesticide resistance in arthropods: Ecology matters too	25
Climate change impacts on seabirds and marine mammals: The importance of study duration, thermal tolerance and generation time	25
Predicting how climate change threatens the prey base of Arctic marine predators	25
A broadscale analysis of host‐symbiont cophylogeny reveals the drivers of phylogenetic congruence	25
Global impacts of climate change on avian functional diversity	25
Local canopy disturbance as an explanation for long‐term increases in liana abundance	24
Effects of multiple stressors on the dimensionality of ecological stability	24
Rapid adaptive evolution to drought in a subset of plant traits in a large‐scale climate change experiment	24
Soil properties as key predictors of global grassland production: Have we overlooked micronutrients?	24
The influence of vector‐borne disease on human history: socio‐ecological mechanisms	24
Dispersers and environment drive global variation in fruit colour syndromes	23
Shifting limitation of primary production: experimental support for a new model in lake ecosystems	23
Plant community impact on productivity: Trait diversity or key(stone) species effects?	23
Leaf trait network architecture shifts with species‐richness and climate across forests at continental scale	23
Direct and indirect disturbance impacts in forests	23
Herbivory meets fungivory: insect herbivores feed on plant pathogenic fungi for their own benefit	23
Towards a more precise – and accurate – view of eco‐evolution	23
Terrestrial ecosystem restoration increases biodiversity and reduces its variability, but not to reference levels: A global meta‐analysis	22
Sampling bias exaggerates a textbook example of a trophic cascade	22
Three questions about the eco‐physiology of overwintering underground	22
Global biogeographic patterns of avian morphological diversity	22
Enhanced light interception and light use efficiency explain overyielding in young tree communities	22
A general theory of avian migratory connectivity	22
The origins of global biodiversity on land, sea and freshwater	22
Temporal turnover of the soil microbiome composition is guild‐specific	21

Forest fire induces short‐term shifts in soil food webs with consequences for carbon cycling	21
Global distribution and evolutionary transitions of angiosperm sexual systems	21
Towards robust statistical inference for complex computer models	21
Biota‐mediated carbon cycling—A synthesis of biotic‐interaction controls on blue carbon	21
Cooperative breeding and the emergence of multilevel societies in birds	21
Microbiome influence on host community dynamics: Conceptual integration of microbiome feedback with classical host–microbe theory	21
Uncovering patterns of freshwater positive interactions using meta‐analysis: Identifying the roles of common participants, invasive species and environmental context	21
Coexistence barriers confine the poleward range of a globally distributed plant	21
Biogeographic historical legacies in the net primary productivity of Northern Hemisphere forests	21
An individual‐based model for the eco‐evolutionary emergence of bipartite interaction networks	21
Global plant‐frugivore trait matching is shaped by climate and biogeographic history	20
Ecology and evolutionary biology must elevate BIPOC scholars	20
Unveiling ecological assembly rules from commonalities in trait distributions	20
Species interactions have predictable impacts on diversification	20
A plant–pollinator metanetwork along a habitat fragmentation gradient	20
The ecological causes and consequences of hard and soft selection	20
Is habitat selection in the wild shaped by individual‐level cognitive biases in orientation strategy?	20
Biodiversity and yield trade‐offs for organic farming	19
Detecting and interpreting higher‐order interactions in ecological communities	19
Local stressors mask the effects of warming in freshwater ecosystems	19
Quantifying the relative importance of variation in predation and the environment for species coexistence	19
The functional roles of species in metacommunities, as revealed by metanetwork analyses of bird–plant frugivory networks	19
A case for associational resistance: Apparent support for the stress gradient hypothesis varies with study system	19
Reducing dispersal limitation via seed addition increases species richness but not above‐ground biomass	19
Climate‐driven, but dynamic and complex? A reconciliation of competing hypotheses for species’ distributions	19
Untangling the complexity of priority effects in multispecies communities	19
Species richness and food‐web structure jointly drive community biomass and its temporal stability in fish communities	18
Industrial rearing of edible insects could be a major source of new biological invasions	18
Changes in flight period predict trends in abundance of Massachusetts butterflies	18
Systematic variation in the temperature dependence of bacterial carbon use efficiency	18
Sex roles in birds: Phylogenetic analyses of the influence of climate, life histories and social environment	18
Offspring polymorphism and bet hedging: a large‐scale, phylogenetic analysis	18
Stress causes interspecific facilitation within a compost community	18
Soils and topography control natural disturbance rates and thereby forest structure in a lowland tropical landscape	18
Siderophores drive invasion dynamics in bacterial communities through their dual role as public good versus public bad	18
Understanding the relationship between dispersal and range size	18
Life history mediates the trade‐offs among different components of demographic resilience	18
Optimisation of energetic and reproductive gains explains behavioural responses to environmental variation across seasons and years	18
Body size and digestive system shape resource selection by ungulates: A cross‐taxa test of the forage maturation hypothesis	18
Landscape‐scale habitat fragmentation is positively related to biodiversity, despite patch‐scale ecosystem decay	17
Life‐history strategy varies with the strength of competition in a food‐limited ungulate population	17
Predation risk shapes the degree of placentation in natural populations of live‐bearing fish	17
Demographic consequences of foraging ecology explain genetic diversification in Neotropical bird species	17
Technical Comment on Pande et al. (2020): Why invasion analysis is important for understanding coexistence	17
Residence time determines invasiveness and performance of garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) in North America	17
Climatic and evolutionary contexts are required to infer plant life history strategies from functional traits at a global scale	17
Phenotypic plasticity masks range‐wide genetic differentiation for vegetative but not reproductive traits in a short‐lived plant	17
Phosphorus alleviation of nitrogen‐suppressed methane sink in global grasslands	17
Are networks of trophic interactions sufficient for understanding the dynamics of multi‐trophic communities? Analysis of a tri‐trophic insect food‐web time‐series	17
Soil element coupling is driven by ecological context and atomic mass	17
The better, the choosier: A meta‐analysis on interindividual variation of male mate choice	17
The latitudinal gradient in plant community assembly processes: A meta‐analysis	17
No complementarity no gain—Net diversity effects on tree productivity occur once complementarity emerges during early stand development	16
A global meta‐analysis reveals higher variation in breeding phenology in urban birds than in their non‐urban neighbours	16
Integrating eco‐evolutionary dynamics and modern coexistence theory	16
Environmental and anthropogenic constraints on animal space use drive extinction risk worldwide	16
Acoustic restoration: Using soundscapes to benchmark and fast‐track recovery of ecological communities	16
Defining an epidemiological landscape that connects movement ecology to pathogen transmission and pace‐of‐life	16
Can I afford to publish? A dilemma for African scholars	16
Behavioural heat‐stress compensation in a cold‐adapted ungulate: Forage‐mediated responses to warming Alpine summers	16
Climate warming can reduce biocontrol efficacy and promote plant invasion due to both genetic and transient metabolomic changes	16
Specific sequence of arrival promotes coexistence via spatial niche pre‐emption by the weak competitor	16
Nest architecture is linked with ecological success in songbirds	15
Spatiotemporal variation in the role of floral traits in shaping tropical plant‐pollinator interactions	15
Memory drives the formation of animal home ranges: Evidence from a reintroduction	15
Phenotypic structure of plant facilitation networks	15
Spatial co‐localisation of extreme weather events: a clear and present danger	15
Diversity and extinction risk are inversely related at a global scale	15
U‐shaped response Unifies views on temperature dependency of stoichiometric requirements	15
Linking changes in species composition and biomass in a globally distributed grassland experiment	15
High‐level nitrogen additions accelerate soil respiration reduction over time in a boreal forest	15
Rapid evolution promotes fluctuation‐dependent species coexistence	15
Net plant interactions are highly variable and weakly dependent on climate at the global scale	15
Resilience or Catastrophe? A possible state change for monarch butterflies in western North America	15
Phylogenetic reconstruction of ancestral ecological networks through time for pierid butterflies and their host plants	15
Eco‐genetic additivity of diploids in allopolyploid wild wheats	14
The hidden role of multi‐trophic interactions in driving diversity–productivity relationships	14
Genetic variation reveals individual‐level climate tracking across the annual cycle of a migratory bird	14
A Bayesian network approach to trophic metacommunities shows that habitat loss accelerates top species extinctions	14
Disturbance structures canopy and understory productivity along an environmental gradient	14
Disentangling key species interactions in diverse and heterogeneous communities: A Bayesian sparse modelling approach	14
Responses of soil fauna communities to the individual and combined effects of multiple global change factors	14
An evolutionary trade‐off between parasite virulence and dispersal at experimental invasion fronts	14
Top predators as biodiversity indicators: A meta‐analysis	14
Global patterns of resilience decline in vertebrate populations	14
Elements of disease in a changing world: modelling feedbacks between infectious disease and ecosystems	14
Trait plasticity alters the range of possible coexistence conditions in a competition–colonisation trade‐off	14
Species loss due to nutrient addition increases with spatial scale in global grasslands	13
Revisiting the growth rate hypothesis: Towards a holistic stoichiometric understanding of growth	13
Phenology and flowering overlap drive specialisation in plant–pollinator networks	13
Evolutionary interactions between thermal ecology and sexual selection	13
Addressing the Eltonian shortfall with trait‐based interaction models	13
Temporal stability vs. community matrix measures of stability and the role of weak interactions	13
Consistent sociality but flexible social associations across temporal and spatial foraging contexts in a colonial breeder	13
The mycorrhizal tragedy of the commons	13