Empirical Software Engineering

Article	Citations
Introduction to the special issue on program comprehension	254
Consensus task interaction trace recommender to guide developers’ software navigation	87
Path context augmented statement and network for learning programs	85
Effects of variability in models: a family of experiments	76
TestEvoViz: visualizing genetically-based test coverage evolution	67
Shaky structures: The wobbly world of causal graphs in software analytics	57
Evaluating software user feedback classifier performance on unseen apps, datasets, and metadata	55
More than React: Investigating the Role of Emoji Reaction in GitHub Pull Requests	53
Does the first response matter for future contributions? A study of first contributions	50
Underproduction analysis of open source software	49
Toward effective secure code reviews: an empirical study of security-related coding weaknesses	44
Bugs in machine learning-based systems: a faultload benchmark	43
Optimal priority assignment for real-time systems: a coevolution-based approach	41
Can static analysis tools find more defects?	39
On the adoption and effects of source code reuse on defect proneness and maintenance effort	37
Fuzzing-based mutation testing of C/C++ software in cyber-physical systems	36
Understanding the characteristics and the role of visual issue reports	36
A study of documentation for software architecture	35
Evaluating few-shot and contrastive learning methods for code clone detection	34
(In)Security of mobile apps in developing countries: a systematic literature review	34
Seeing the invisible: test prioritization for object detection system	34
An empirical study on the effectiveness of large language models for SATD identification and classification	33
The human experience of comprehending source code in virtual reality	32
Practitioner’s view of the success factors for software outsourcing partnership formation: an empirical exploration	32
Analyzing and mitigating (with LLMs) the security misconfigurations of Helm charts from Artifact Hub	30

A fine-grained taxonomy of code review feedback in TypeScript projects	29
Testing the past: can we still run tests in past snapshots for Java projects?	29
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women’s contribution to public code	29
Deep learning based identification of inconsistent method names: How far are we?	29
What causes exceptions in machine learning applications? Mining machine learning-related stack traces on Stack Overflow	29
Cross-status communication and project outcomes in OSS development	28
App review driven collaborative bug finding	27
Deep learning techniques to detect cybersecurity attacks: a systematic mapping study	26
Output format biases in the evaluation of large language models for code translation	26
Smells in system user interactive tests	26
Maintaining shared understanding of non-functional requirements in small companies using continuous software engineering	26
Automated test generation for Scratch programs	26
Automatic prediction of rejected edits in Stack Overflow	26
Evaluating the impact of flaky simulators on testing autonomous driving systems	25
The Influence of Code Comments on the Perceived Helpfulness of Stack Overflow Posts	25
The impact of class imbalance techniques on crashing fault residence prediction models	25
BTLink : automatic link recovery between issues and commits based on pre-trained BERT model	24
On the use of commit-relevant mutants	24
Towards cost-benefit evaluation for continuous software engineering activities	23
On the impact of security vulnerabilities in the npm and RubyGems dependency networks	23
Collaboration failure analysis in cyber-physical system-of-systems using context fuzzy clustering	22
AI support for data scientists: An empirical study on workflow and alternative code recommendations	22
Developers’ perception matters: machine learning to detect developer-sensitive smells	22
An empirical study of untangling patterns of two-class dependency cycles	21
Understanding practitioners’ reasoning and requirements for efficient tool support in technical debt management	21
The effect of stereotypes on perceived competence of indigenous software practitioners: a study of dress style in professional photos	21
Indentation and reading time: a randomized control trial on the differences between generated indented and non-indented if-statements	21
JNFuzz-Droid: a lightweight fuzzing and taint analysis framework for native code of Android applications	21
How far are app secrets from being stolen? a case study on android	20
Static detection of equivalent mutants in real-time model-based mutation testing	20
An empirical study of the impact of log parsers on the performance of log-based anomaly detection	20
Why android app testing falls short: empirical insights from open-source projects and a practitioner survey	20
Real world projects, real faults: evaluating spectrum based fault localization techniques on Python projects	20
Visualizing the customization endeavor in product-based-evolving software product lines: a case of action design research	20
A grounded theory of community package maintenance organizations	20
A large-scale empirical study of commit message generation: models, datasets and evaluation	20
On combining commit grouping and build skip prediction to reduce redundant continuous integration activity	20
The well-being of software engineers: a systematic literature review and a theory	19
Advantages and disadvantages of (dedicated) model transformation languages	19
A configurable method for benchmarking scalability of cloud-native applications	19
Experimental comparison of features, analyses, and classifiers for Android malware detection	19
Code reviews in open source projects : how do gender biases affect participation and outcomes?	19
How far are we with automated machine learning? characterization and challenges of AutoML toolkits	19
Securing dependencies: A comprehensive study of Dependabot’s impact on vulnerability mitigation	19
A Comprehensive Study of the Lifecycle of Dormant npm Packages	18
Software product line testing: a systematic literature review	18
Towards a recipe for language decomposition: quality assessment of language product lines	18
Engineering recommender systems for modelling languages: concept, tool and evaluation	18
Lightweight dynamic build batching algorithms for continuous integration	18
An empirical evaluation of a novel domain-specific language – modelling vehicle routing problems with Athos	18

Patterns of multi-container composition for service orchestration with Docker Compose	16
LineFlowDP: A Deep Learning-Based Two-Phase Approach for Line-Level Defect Prediction	16
A metrics-based approach for selecting among various refactoring candidates	16
Systematic Evaluation of Deep Learning Models for Log-based Failure Prediction	16
What really changes when developers intend to improve their source code: a commit-level study of static metric value and static analysis warning changes	16
Take a deep breath: Benefits of neuroplasticity practices for software developers and computer workers in a family of experiments	15
Semantic matching in GUI test reuse	15
Präzi: from package-based to call-based dependency networks	15
Enhanced SQL error messages facilitate faster error fixing	15
OpTrans: enhancing binary code similarity detection with function inlining re-optimization	15
Software testing in the machine learning era	15
Tools and benchmarks evolve: what is their impact on parameter tuning in SBSE experiments?	15
Can the configuration of static analyses make resolving security vulnerabilities more effective? - A user study	15
An empirical study on the potential of word embedding techniques in bug report management tasks	15
On the Investigation of Empirical Contradictions - Aggregated Results of Local Studies on Readability and Comprehensibility of Source Code	15
RAG-Driven multiple assertions generation with large language models	15
What kinds of contracts do ML APIs need?	15
Is GitHub’s Copilot as bad as humans at introducing vulnerabilities in code?	14
Test smells 20 years later: detectability, validity, and reliability	14
Common challenges of deep reinforcement learning applications development: an empirical study	14
A zero-shot framework for cross-project vulnerability detection in source code	14
An investigation of online and offline learning models for online Just-in-Time Software Defect Prediction	14
When less is more: on the value of “co-training” for semi-supervised software defect predictors	14
Comparing effectiveness and efficiency of Interactive Application Security Testing (IAST) and Runtime Application Self-Protection (RASP) tools in a large java-based system	14
Toward granular search-based automatic unit test case generation	14
Language usage analysis for EMF metamodels on GitHub	14
Mastering uncertainty in performance estimations of configurable software systems	14
Correction to: Examining ownership models in software teams	14
Prioritizing test cases for deep learning-based video classifiers	13
Measuring SES-related traits relating to technology usage: Two validated surveys	13
Which design decisions in AI-enabled mobile applications contribute to greener AI?	13
Defect prediction using deep learning with Network Portrait Divergence for software evolution	13
Semantically-enhanced topic recommendation systems for software projects	13
Challenges and practices of deep learning model reengineering: A case study on computer vision	13
Applying bayesian data analysis for causal inference about requirements quality: a controlled experiment	13
Exploring the black box: analysing explainable AI challenges and best practices through stack exchange discussions	13
Why secret detection tools are not enough: It’s not just about false positives - An industrial case study	13
Studying the explanations for the automated prediction of bug and non-bug issues using LIME and SHAP	13
On the spread and evolution of dead methods in Java desktop applications: an exploratory study	13
Test schedule generation for acceptance testing of mission-critical satellite systems	13
Towards understanding the challenges of bug localization in deep learning systems	13
Program transformation landscapes for automated program modification using Gin	13
SmartFast: an accurate and robust formal analysis tool for Ethereum smart contracts	13
A multi-model framework for semantically enhancing detection of quality-related bug report descriptions	13
A fine-grained evaluation of mutation operators to boost mutation testing for deep learning systems	12
CyberSAGE: The cyber security argument graph evaluation tool	12
Demystifying API misuses in deep learning applications	12
Seeing confusion through a new lens: on the impact of atoms of confusion on novices’ code comprehension	12
Experimental Evaluation of a Checklist-Based Inspection Technique to Verify the Compliance of Software Systems with the Brazilian General Data Protection Law	12
KPIRoot+: An efficient integrated framework for anomaly detection and root cause analysis in large-scale cloud systems	12
CsmithEdge: more effective compiler testing by handling undefined behaviour less conservatively	12
DDImage: an image reduction based approach for automatically explaining black-box classifiers	12
Towards automatic labeling of exception handling bugs: A case study of 10 years bug-fixing in Apache Hadoop	12
A controlled experiment on the impact of microtasking on programming	12
Fixing Dockerfile smells: an empirical study	12
Styler: learning formatting conventions to repair Checkstyle violations	12
On detection latencies of network intrusion detectors – discussion and application	12
Correction to: Towards a recipe for language decomposition: quality assessment of language product lines	12
Learning to Predict Code Review Completion Time In Modern Code Review	12
Modeling function-level interactions for file-level bug localization	11
Explainable automated debugging via large language model-driven scientific debugging	11
A fine-grained data set and analysis of tangling in bug fixing commits	11
Propagating frugal user feedback through closeness of code dependencies to improve IR-based traceability recovery	11
A comprehensive overview of software product management challenges	11
What have we learned? A conceptual framework on New Zealand software professionals and companies’ response to COVID-19	11
An empirical study on self-admitted technical debt in Dockerfiles	11
Cross-project defect prediction via semantic and syntactic encoding	11
APR4Vul: an empirical study of automatic program repair techniques on real-world Java vulnerabilities	10
Automatic bi-modal question title generation for Stack Overflow with prompt learning	10
Inter-team communication in large-scale co-located software engineering: a case study	10
A qualitative study on refactorings induced by code review	10
Agile software development one year into the COVID-19 pandemic	10
Towards understanding quality challenges of the federated learning for neural networks: a first look from the lens of robustness	10
Static analysis driven enhancements for comprehension in machine learning notebooks	10
Assessing the exposure of software changes	10
Refactoring practices in the context of data-intensive systems	10
SoftNER: Mining knowledge graphs from cloud incidents	10
Predicting merge conflicts considering social and technical assets	10
Model vs system level testing of autonomous driving systems: a replication and extension study	10
Transformer-based code model with compressed hierarchy representation	10

Studying differentiated code to support smart contract update	10
Unveiling overlooked performance variance in serverless computing	10
When uncertainty leads to unsafety: Empirical insights into the role of uncertainty in unmanned aerial vehicle safety	10
Navigating fairness: practitioners’ understanding, challenges, and strategies in AI/ML development	10
An empirical study on developers’ shared conversations with ChatGPT in GitHub pull requests and issues	10
Silent bugs in deep learning frameworks: an empirical study of Keras and TensorFlow	10
Empirically evaluating flaky test detection techniques combining test case rerunning and machine learning models	10
Detecting data manipulation errors in android applications using scene-guided exploration	10
Understanding and effectively mitigating code review anxiety	10
“What really happened to my models?” Extending co-evolution with cross-layer traceability in metamodel-model histories	9
Software selection in large-scale software engineering: A model and criteria based on interactive rapid reviews	9
Hyperfuzzing: black-box security hypertesting with a grey-box fuzzer	9
Story points changes in agile iterative development	9
From guidelines to practice: assessing Android app developer compliance with google’s security recommendations	9
How programmers find online learning resources	9
Multi-granular software annotation using file-level weak labelling	9
IRJIT: A simple, online, information retrieval approach for just-in-time software defect prediction	9
Correction to: Advantages and disadvantages of (dedicated) model transformation languages	9
Reuse and maintenance practices among divergent forks in three software ecosystems	9
An empirical study of the systemic and technical migration towards microservices	9
A comprehensive study of machine learning techniques for log-based anomaly detection	9
The whos, whats, and whys of issues related to personal data and data protection in open-source projects on GitHub	9
Toward a theory on programmer’s block inspired by writer’s block	9
A qualitative study of developers’ discussions of their problems and joys during the early COVID-19 months	9
Predicting the objective and priority of issue reports in software repositories	9
Extracting enhanced artificial intelligence model metadata from software repositories	9
Industrial adoption of machine learning techniques for early identification of invalid bug reports	9
Peer-aided repairer: empowering large language models to repair advanced student assignments	9
An efficient model maintenance approach for MLOps	9
Automated detection, categorisation and developers’ experience with the violations of honesty in mobile apps	9
Deep learning approaches for bad smell detection: a systematic literature review	9
What characteristics make ChatGPT effective for software issue resolution? An empirical study of task, project, and conversational signals in GitHub issues	9
Can search-based testing with pareto optimization effectively cover failure-revealing test inputs?	9
On the assignment of commits to releases	9
Studying the characteristics of AIOps projects on GitHub	9
Evaluating pre-trained models for user feedback analysis in software engineering: a study on classification of app-reviews	9
Come for syntax, stay for speed, write secure code: an empirical study of security weaknesses in Julia programs	9
Correction to: Utilization of pre-trained language models for adapter-based knowledge transfer in software engineering	9
Understanding refactorings in Elixir functional language	9
Correction to: Why do companies create and how do they succeed with a vendor-led open source foundation	9
Machine learning-based test smell detection	9
What happens in my code reviews? An investigation on automatically classifying review changes	9