Empirical Software Engineering

Article	Citations
Introduction to the special issue on program comprehension	222
Consensus task interaction trace recommender to guide developers’ software navigation	105
Path context augmented statement and network for learning programs	71
Optimal priority assignment for real-time systems: a coevolution-based approach	67
An empirical study on the effectiveness of large language models for SATD identification and classification	67
Does the first response matter for future contributions? A study of first contributions	66
The human experience of comprehending source code in virtual reality	59
Can static analysis tools find more defects?	55
More than React: Investigating the Role of Emoji Reaction in GitHub Pull Requests	50
Toward effective secure code reviews: an empirical study of security-related coding weaknesses	46
Understanding the characteristics and the role of visual issue reports	44
Shaky structures: The wobbly world of causal graphs in software analytics	43
Seeing the invisible: test prioritization for object detection system	43
A study of documentation for software architecture	41
Evaluating few-shot and contrastive learning methods for code clone detection	40
Evaluating software user feedback classifier performance on unseen apps, datasets, and metadata	37
Bugs in machine learning-based systems: a faultload benchmark	37
TestEvoViz: visualizing genetically-based test coverage evolution	33
(In)Security of mobile apps in developing countries: a systematic literature review	32
An empirical study of IoT topics in IoT developer discussions on Stack Overflow	31
Dynamical analysis of diversity in rule-based open source network intrusion detection systems	30
Efficient static analysis and verification of featured transition systems	29
Effects of variability in models: a family of experiments	29
On the adoption and effects of source code reuse on defect proneness and maintenance effort	29
Smells in system user interactive tests	28

Collaboration failure analysis in cyber-physical system-of-systems using context fuzzy clustering	28
Cross-status communication and project outcomes in OSS development	28
Deep learning based identification of inconsistent method names: How far are we?	27
Towards cost-benefit evaluation for continuous software engineering activities	27
Automatic prediction of rejected edits in Stack Overflow	27
Evaluating the impact of flaky simulators on testing autonomous driving systems	27
A fine-grained taxonomy of code review feedback in TypeScript projects	27
Testing the past: can we still run tests in past snapshots for Java projects?	26
On the use of commit-relevant mutants	26
Analyzing and mitigating (with LLMs) the security misconfigurations of Helm charts from Artifact Hub	26
What causes exceptions in machine learning applications? Mining machine learning-related stack traces on Stack Overflow	25
App review driven collaborative bug finding	24
Practitioner’s view of the success factors for software outsourcing partnership formation: an empirical exploration	24
BTLink : automatic link recovery between issues and commits based on pre-trained BERT model	24
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women’s contribution to public code	24
Developers’ perception matters: machine learning to detect developer-sensitive smells	23
Automated test generation for Scratch programs	23
Deep learning techniques to detect cybersecurity attacks: a systematic mapping study	23
The impact of class imbalance techniques on crashing fault residence prediction models	23
On the impact of security vulnerabilities in the npm and RubyGems dependency networks	23
Indentation and reading time: a randomized control trial on the differences between generated indented and non-indented if-statements	22
Static detection of equivalent mutants in real-time model-based mutation testing	22
A grounded theory of community package maintenance organizations	22
How far are we with automated machine learning? characterization and challenges of AutoML toolkits	22
A large-scale empirical study of commit message generation: models, datasets and evaluation	22
Experimental comparison of features, analyses, and classifiers for Android malware detection	22
JNFuzz-Droid: a lightweight fuzzing and taint analysis framework for native code of Android applications	21
Advantages and disadvantages of (dedicated) model transformation languages	21
How far are app secrets from being stolen? a case study on android	21
Code reviews in open source projects : how do gender biases affect participation and outcomes?	20
Securing dependencies: A comprehensive study of Dependabot’s impact on vulnerability mitigation	20
On combining commit grouping and build skip prediction to reduce redundant continuous integration activity	19
Understanding practitioners’ reasoning and requirements for efficient tool support in technical debt management	19
Real world projects, real faults: evaluating spectrum based fault localization techniques on Python projects	19
The well-being of software engineers: a systematic literature review and a theory	19
An empirical study of untangling patterns of two-class dependency cycles	19
An empirical study of the impact of log parsers on the performance of log-based anomaly detection	19
AI support for data scientists: An empirical study on workflow and alternative code recommendations	19
A configurable method for benchmarking scalability of cloud-native applications	19
An empirical evaluation of a novel domain-specific language – modelling vehicle routing problems with Athos	19
Engineering recommender systems for modelling languages: concept, tool and evaluation	18
Systematic Evaluation of Deep Learning Models for Log-based Failure Prediction	18
LineFlowDP: A Deep Learning-Based Two-Phase Approach for Line-Level Defect Prediction	18
Demystifying regular expression bugs	18
Visualizing the customization endeavor in product-based-evolving software product lines: a case of action design research	18
An empirical study on the potential of word embedding techniques in bug report management tasks	18
Take a deep breath: Benefits of neuroplasticity practices for software developers and computer workers in a family of experiments	18
Lightweight dynamic build batching algorithms for continuous integration	17
Patterns of multi-container composition for service orchestration with Docker Compose	17
Language usage analysis for EMF metamodels on GitHub	16

What really changes when developers intend to improve their source code: a commit-level study of static metric value and static analysis warning changes	16
Gamification in software engineering: the mediating role of developer engagement and job satisfaction	16
Software product line testing: a systematic literature review	16
When less is more: on the value of “co-training” for semi-supervised software defect predictors	16
Towards a recipe for language decomposition: quality assessment of language product lines	16
A metrics-based approach for selecting among various refactoring candidates	16
Semantic matching in GUI test reuse	15
Software testing in the machine learning era	15
On the Investigation of Empirical Contradictions - Aggregated Results of Local Studies on Readability and Comprehensibility of Source Code	15
Enhanced SQL error messages facilitate faster error fixing	15
Mastering uncertainty in performance estimations of configurable software systems	15
RAG-Driven multiple assertions generation with large language models	15
What kinds of contracts do ML APIs need?	15
Semantically-enhanced topic recommendation systems for software projects	14
Common challenges of deep reinforcement learning applications development: an empirical study	14
Test smells 20 years later: detectability, validity, and reliability	14
Correction to: Examining ownership models in software teams	14
Applying bayesian data analysis for causal inference about requirements quality: a controlled experiment	14
Comparing effectiveness and efficiency of Interactive Application Security Testing (IAST) and Runtime Application Self-Protection (RASP) tools in a large java-based system	14
Can the configuration of static analyses make resolving security vulnerabilities more effective? - A user study	14
Program transformation landscapes for automated program modification using Gin	14
OpTrans: enhancing binary code similarity detection with function inlining re-optimization	14
Präzi: from package-based to call-based dependency networks	14
An investigation of online and offline learning models for online Just-in-Time Software Defect Prediction	14
Is GitHub’s Copilot as bad as humans at introducing vulnerabilities in code?	14
Why secret detection tools are not enough: It’s not just about false positives - An industrial case study	13
Toward granular search-based automatic unit test case generation	13
Towards understanding the challenges of bug localization in deep learning systems	13
A study of how Docker Compose is used to compose multi-component systems	13
Defect prediction using deep learning with Network Portrait Divergence for software evolution	13
Challenges and practices of deep learning model reengineering: A case study on computer vision	13
Prioritizing test cases for deep learning-based video classifiers	13
Which design decisions in AI-enabled mobile applications contribute to greener AI?	13
A multi-model framework for semantically enhancing detection of quality-related bug report descriptions	12
Studying the explanations for the automated prediction of bug and non-bug issues using LIME and SHAP	12
A controlled experiment on the impact of microtasking on programming	12
Correction to: Towards a recipe for language decomposition: quality assessment of language product lines	12
Seeing confusion through a new lens: on the impact of atoms of confusion on novices’ code comprehension	12
Fixing Dockerfile smells: an empirical study	12
SmartFast: an accurate and robust formal analysis tool for Ethereum smart contracts	12
Experimental Evaluation of a Checklist-Based Inspection Technique to Verify the Compliance of Software Systems with the Brazilian General Data Protection Law	12
Cross-project defect prediction via semantic and syntactic encoding	12
What have we learned? A conceptual framework on New Zealand software professionals and companies’ response to COVID-19	12
On the spread and evolution of dead methods in Java desktop applications: an exploratory study	12
Demystifying API misuses in deep learning applications	12
Reflections on the Empirical Software Engineering journal	12
Static analysis driven enhancements for comprehension in machine learning notebooks	12
Unveiling overlooked performance variance in serverless computing	12
DDImage: an image reduction based approach for automatically explaining black-box classifiers	12
Propagating frugal user feedback through closeness of code dependencies to improve IR-based traceability recovery	11
A comprehensive overview of software product management challenges	11
Towards automatic labeling of exception handling bugs: A case study of 10 years bug-fixing in Apache Hadoop	11
Learning to Predict Code Review Completion Time In Modern Code Review	11
A fine-grained evaluation of mutation operators to boost mutation testing for deep learning systems	11
An empirical study on self-admitted technical debt in Dockerfiles	11
Styler: learning formatting conventions to repair Checkstyle violations	11
CyberSAGE: The cyber security argument graph evaluation tool	11
CsmithEdge: more effective compiler testing by handling undefined behaviour less conservatively	11
Modeling function-level interactions for file-level bug localization	10
SoftNER: Mining knowledge graphs from cloud incidents	10
Two N-of-1 self-trials on readability differences between anonymous inner classes (AICs) and lambda expressions (LEs) on Java code snippets	10
Transformer-based code model with compressed hierarchy representation	10
From guidelines to practice: assessing Android app developer compliance with google’s security recommendations	10
A qualitative study on refactorings induced by code review	10
A fine-grained data set and analysis of tangling in bug fixing commits	10
Predicting merge conflicts considering social and technical assets	10
Studying differentiated code to support smart contract update	10
A qualitative study of developers’ discussions of their problems and joys during the early COVID-19 months	10
Explainable automated debugging via large language model-driven scientific debugging	10
APR4Vul: an empirical study of automatic program repair techniques on real-world Java vulnerabilities	10
Understanding and effectively mitigating code review anxiety	10
Refactoring practices in the context of data-intensive systems	10
Assessing the exposure of software changes	10
Software selection in large-scale software engineering: A model and criteria based on interactive rapid reviews	9
What happens in my code reviews? An investigation on automatically classifying review changes	9
Hyperfuzzing: black-box security hypertesting with a grey-box fuzzer	9
Agile software development one year into the COVID-19 pandemic	9
Empirically evaluating flaky test detection techniques combining test case rerunning and machine learning models	9
Towards understanding quality challenges of the federated learning for neural networks: a first look from the lens of robustness	9
Inter-team communication in large-scale co-located software engineering: a case study	9

Toward a theory on programmer’s block inspired by writer’s block	9
Story points changes in agile iterative development	9
Deep learning approaches for bad smell detection: a systematic literature review	9
How programmers find online learning resources	9
Predicting the objective and priority of issue reports in software repositories	9
Come for syntax, stay for speed, write secure code: an empirical study of security weaknesses in Julia programs	9
GitHub Discussions: An exploratory study of early adoption	9
Silent bugs in deep learning frameworks: an empirical study of Keras and TensorFlow	9
Navigating fairness: practitioners’ understanding, challenges, and strategies in AI/ML development	9
An empirical study on developers’ shared conversations with ChatGPT in GitHub pull requests and issues	9
On the assignment of commits to releases	9
Characterizing refactoring graphs in Java and JavaScript projects	9
Extracting enhanced artificial intelligence model metadata from software repositories	9
Machine learning-based test smell detection	9
A comprehensive study of machine learning techniques for log-based anomaly detection	9
Can search-based testing with pareto optimization effectively cover failure-revealing test inputs?	9
Studying the characteristics of AIOps projects on GitHub	9
Automatic bi-modal question title generation for Stack Overflow with prompt learning	9
Detecting data manipulation errors in android applications using scene-guided exploration	9
Model vs system level testing of autonomous driving systems: a replication and extension study	9
Multi-granular software annotation using file-level weak labelling	9
How to cherry pick the bug report for better summarization?	9
IRJIT: A simple, online, information retrieval approach for just-in-time software defect prediction	9
Evaluating pre-trained models for user feedback analysis in software engineering: a study on classification of app-reviews	8
Understanding refactorings in Elixir functional language	8
Automated detection, categorisation and developers’ experience with the violations of honesty in mobile apps	8
Investigating user feedback from a crowd in requirements management in software ecosystems	8
Studying eventual connectivity issues in Android apps	8
Ethics in AI through the practitioner’s view: a grounded theory literature review	8
What makes a code review useful to OpenDev developers? An empirical investigation	8
Correction to: Utilization of pre-trained language models for adapter-based knowledge transfer in software engineering	8
How do i refactor this? An empirical study on refactoring trends and topics in Stack Overflow	8
Reuse and maintenance practices among divergent forks in three software ecosystems	8
Does code review speed matter for practitioners?	8
Developer-centric test amplification	8
Quantum circuit mutants: Empirical analysis and recommendations	8
Just-in-Time crash prediction for mobile apps	8
“I see models being a whole other thing”: an empirical study of pre-trained model naming conventions and a tool for enhancing naming consistency	8
WIA-SZZ: Work item aware SZZ	8
Industrial adoption of machine learning techniques for early identification of invalid bug reports	8
On the suitability of hugging face hub for empirical studies	8
Correction to: Advantages and disadvantages of (dedicated) model transformation languages	8
An empirical study of the systemic and technical migration towards microservices	8
Quality issues in machine learning software systems	8
Improving hardware/software interface management in systems of systems through documentation as code	8
A multi-objective effort-aware approach for early code review prediction and prioritization	8
SparseCoder: Advancing source code analysis with sparse attention and learned token pruning	8
Revisiting the building of past snapshots — a replication and reproduction study	7
On the usage and development of deep learning compilers: an empirical study on TVM	7
Integrating human values in software development using a human values dashboard	7
Software reconfiguration in robotics	7
Mining and relating design contexts and design patterns from Stack Overflow	7
Works for Me! Cannot Reproduce – A Large Scale Empirical Study of Non-reproducible Bugs	7
Rotten green tests in Java, Pharo and Python	7
A systematic review on smart contracts security design patterns	7
Correction to: Analysing app reviews for software engineering: a systematic literature review	7
Vulnerabilities in infrastructure as code: what, how many, and who?	7
On the acceptance by code reviewers of candidate security patches suggested by Automated Program Repair tools	7
Bug characterization in machine learning-based systems	7
Tracking bad updates in mobile apps: a search-based approach	7
A preliminary investigation on using multi-task learning to predict change performance in code reviews	7
The indolent lambdification of Java	7
A longitudinal explanatory case study of coordination in a very large development programme: the impact of transitioning from a first- to a second-generation large-scale agile development method	7
The evolution of the code during review: an investigation on review changes	7
Deep security analysis of program code	7
Opportunities and security risks of technical leverage: A replication study on the NPM ecosystem	7
Detecting outdated code element references in software repository documentation	7
Identifying self-admitted technical debt in issue tracking systems using machine learning	7
Causal inference of server- and client-side code smells in web apps evolution	7
Leveraging encoder-only large language models for mobile app review feature extraction	7
Fixing vulnerabilities potentially hinders maintainability	7
ROBUST: 221 bugs in the Robot Operating System	7
Fluently specifying taint-flow queries with fluentTQL	7
Mining Python fix patterns via analyzing fine-grained source code changes	7
The making of accessible Android applications: an empirical study on the state of the practice	7
Do I really need all this work to find vulnerabilities?	7
Guiding principles for mixed methods research in software engineering	7
Investigating developers’ perception on software testability and its effects	7
Design smells in multi-language systems and bug-proneness: a survival analysis	7
Developer discussion topics on the adoption and barriers of low code software development platforms	7
Enhancing the defectiveness prediction of methods and classes via JIT	6
Balancing technology heterogeneity in microservice architectures	6
Adversarial attack classification and robustness testing for large language models for code	6
Mining and measuring the impact of change patterns for improving the size and build time of docker images	6
PTM4Tag+: Tag recommendation of stack overflow posts with pre-trained models	6
Taxonomy of inline code comment smells	6
MPDA: a data augmentation approach to improve deep learning for software vulnerability detection	6
Large scale reuse of microservices using CI/CD and InnerSource practices - a case study	6
A theory of factors affecting continuous experimentation (FACE)	6
Analysis of a many-objective optimization approach for identifying microservices from legacy systems	6
Assessing the opportunity of combining state-of-the-art Android malware detectors	6
Using acceptance tests to predict merge conflict risk	6
Simplifying software compliance: AI technologies in drafting technical documentation for the AI Act	6
The broken windows theory applies to technical debt	6
Analyzing the BizDev interface in an enterprise context: a case of developers acting in business	6