Empirical Software Engineering

Article	Citations
Introduction to the special issue on program comprehension	179
Seeing the invisible: test prioritization for object detection system	86
Optimal priority assignment for real-time systems: a coevolution-based approach	70
Evaluating software user feedback classifier performance on unseen apps, datasets, and metadata	59
Effects of variability in models: a family of experiments	56
A study of documentation for software architecture	55
Can static analysis tools find more defects?	55
Toward effective secure code reviews: an empirical study of security-related coding weaknesses	55
An empirical study on the effectiveness of large language models for SATD identification and classification	50
Consensus task interaction trace recommender to guide developers’ software navigation	49
On the adoption and effects of source code reuse on defect proneness and maintenance effort	47
Path context augmented statement and network for learning programs	46
TestEvoViz: visualizing genetically-based test coverage evolution	39
Understanding the characteristics and the role of visual issue reports	38
Efficient static analysis and verification of featured transition systems	38
Bugs in machine learning-based systems: a faultload benchmark	37
An empirical study of IoT topics in IoT developer discussions on Stack Overflow	35
Assessing practitioner beliefs about software engineering	34
Evaluating few-shot and contrastive learning methods for code clone detection	32
More than React: Investigating the Role of Emoji Reaction in GitHub Pull Requests	32
Dynamical analysis of diversity in rule-based open source network intrusion detection systems	31
Does the first response matter for future contributions? A study of first contributions	31
Analysing Time-Stamped Co-Editing Networks in Software Development Teams using git2net	29
The human experience of comprehending source code in virtual reality	29
The impact of class imbalance techniques on crashing fault residence prediction models	28

Automatic prediction of rejected edits in Stack Overflow	27
Deep learning based identification of inconsistent method names: How far are we?	27
Smells in system user interactive tests	27
Cross-status communication and project outcomes in OSS development	26
Automated test generation for Scratch programs	26
Evaluating the impact of flaky simulators on testing autonomous driving systems	25
Collaboration failure analysis in cyber-physical system-of-systems using context fuzzy clustering	25
Practitioner’s view of the success factors for software outsourcing partnership formation: an empirical exploration	25
Deep learning techniques to detect cybersecurity attacks: a systematic mapping study	24
App review driven collaborative bug finding	24
On the use of commit-relevant mutants	24
Developers’ perception matters: machine learning to detect developer-sensitive smells	24
Testing the past: can we still run tests in past snapshots for Java projects?	23
What causes exceptions in machine learning applications? Mining machine learning-related stack traces on Stack Overflow	22
A fine-grained taxonomy of code review feedback in TypeScript projects	22
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women’s contribution to public code	22
BTLink : automatic link recovery between issues and commits based on pre-trained BERT model	21
How far are app secrets from being stolen? a case study on android	21
An empirical study of the impact of log parsers on the performance of log-based anomaly detection	21
On the impact of security vulnerabilities in the npm and RubyGems dependency networks	21
Code reviews in open source projects : how do gender biases affect participation and outcomes?	21
Towards cost-benefit evaluation for continuous software engineering activities	21
The well-being of software engineers: a systematic literature review and a theory	21
An empirical study of untangling patterns of two-class dependency cycles	20
An empirical evaluation of a novel domain-specific language – modelling vehicle routing problems with Athos	20
Visualizing the customization endeavor in product-based-evolving software product lines: a case of action design research	20
Real world projects, real faults: evaluating spectrum based fault localization techniques on Python projects	20
A large-scale empirical study of commit message generation: models, datasets and evaluation	19
A grounded theory of community package maintenance organizations	19
Experimental comparison of features, analyses, and classifiers for Android malware detection	19
Static detection of equivalent mutants in real-time model-based mutation testing	19
How far are we with automated machine learning? characterization and challenges of AutoML toolkits	18
On combining commit grouping and build skip prediction to reduce redundant continuous integration activity	18
A configurable method for benchmarking scalability of cloud-native applications	18
Lightweight dynamic build batching algorithms for continuous integration	18
Advantages and disadvantages of (dedicated) model transformation languages	18
Engineering recommender systems for modelling languages: concept, tool and evaluation	18
Take a deep breath: Benefits of neuroplasticity practices for software developers and computer workers in a family of experiments	18
Indentation and reading time: a randomized control trial on the differences between generated indented and non-indented if-statements	18
Securing dependencies: A comprehensive study of Dependabot’s impact on vulnerability mitigation	18
An empirical study on the potential of word embedding techniques in bug report management tasks	18
Towards a recipe for language decomposition: quality assessment of language product lines	17
A metrics-based approach for selecting among various refactoring candidates	17
Demystifying regular expression bugs	17
Patterns of multi-container composition for service orchestration with Docker Compose	17
Systematic Evaluation of Deep Learning Models for Log-based Failure Prediction	17
LineFlowDP: A Deep Learning-Based Two-Phase Approach for Line-Level Defect Prediction	17
Comparing effectiveness and efficiency of Interactive Application Security Testing (IAST) and Runtime Application Self-Protection (RASP) tools in a large java-based system	16
When less is more: on the value of “co-training” for semi-supervised software defect predictors	16
What really changes when developers intend to improve their source code: a commit-level study of static metric value and static analysis warning changes	16

What kinds of contracts do ML APIs need?	16
Language usage analysis for EMF metamodels on GitHub	16
Software product line testing: a systematic literature review	16
Common challenges of deep reinforcement learning applications development: an empirical study	16
Automated driver management for Selenium WebDriver	15
Software testing in the machine learning era	15
On the Investigation of Empirical Contradictions - Aggregated Results of Local Studies on Readability and Comprehensibility of Source Code	15
On systematically building a controlled natural language for functional requirements	15
Semantic matching in GUI test reuse	15
OpTrans: enhancing binary code similarity detection with function inlining re-optimization	15
Mastering uncertainty in performance estimations of configurable software systems	15
Is GitHub’s Copilot as bad as humans at introducing vulnerabilities in code?	14
An empirical study of Q&A websites for game developers	14
RAG-Driven multiple assertions generation with large language models	14
Can the configuration of static analyses make resolving security vulnerabilities more effective? - A user study	14
Test smells 20 years later: detectability, validity, and reliability	14
Präzi: from package-based to call-based dependency networks	14
Security assurance cases—state of the art of an emerging approach	14
Gamification in software engineering: the mediating role of developer engagement and job satisfaction	13
Which design decisions in AI-enabled mobile applications contribute to greener AI?	13
Applying bayesian data analysis for causal inference about requirements quality: a controlled experiment	13
A study of how Docker Compose is used to compose multi-component systems	13
An investigation of online and offline learning models for online Just-in-Time Software Defect Prediction	13
Challenges and practices of deep learning model reengineering: A case study on computer vision	13
Semantically-enhanced topic recommendation systems for software projects	13
Prioritizing test cases for deep learning-based video classifiers	13
Lessons Learnt on Reproducibility in Machine Learning Based Android Malware Detection	13
Correction to: Examining ownership models in software teams	13
Toward granular search-based automatic unit test case generation	13
SmartFast: an accurate and robust formal analysis tool for Ethereum smart contracts	12
Styler: learning formatting conventions to repair Checkstyle violations	12
A controlled experiment on the impact of microtasking on programming	12
Why secret detection tools are not enough: It’s not just about false positives - An industrial case study	12
Studying the explanations for the automated prediction of bug and non-bug issues using LIME and SHAP	12
Towards automatic labeling of exception handling bugs: A case study of 10 years bug-fixing in Apache Hadoop	12
Learning to Predict Code Review Completion Time In Modern Code Review	12
Reflections on the Empirical Software Engineering journal	12
Defect prediction using deep learning with Network Portrait Divergence for software evolution	12
CsmithEdge: more effective compiler testing by handling undefined behaviour less conservatively	12
Demystifying API misuses in deep learning applications	12
Fixing Dockerfile smells: an empirical study	12
Program transformation landscapes for automated program modification using Gin	12
Static analysis driven enhancements for comprehension in machine learning notebooks	11
CyberSAGE: The cyber security argument graph evaluation tool	11
A fine-grained data set and analysis of tangling in bug fixing commits	11
APR4Vul: an empirical study of automatic program repair techniques on real-world Java vulnerabilities	11
A fine-grained evaluation of mutation operators to boost mutation testing for deep learning systems	11
E-APR: Mapping the effectiveness of automated program repair techniques	11
A multi-model framework for semantically enhancing detection of quality-related bug report descriptions	11
Correction to: Towards a recipe for language decomposition: quality assessment of language product lines	11
Cross-project defect prediction via semantic and syntactic encoding	11
DDImage: an image reduction based approach for automatically explaining black-box classifiers	11
On the spread and evolution of dead methods in Java desktop applications: an exploratory study	11
Unveiling overlooked performance variance in serverless computing	11
A comprehensive overview of software product management challenges	11
Modeling function-level interactions for file-level bug localization	11
Seeing confusion through a new lens: on the impact of atoms of confusion on novices’ code comprehension	10
Empirically evaluating flaky test detection techniques combining test case rerunning and machine learning models	10
Refactoring practices in the context of data-intensive systems	10
Exposed! A case study on the vulnerability-proneness of Google Play Apps	10
Predicting merge conflicts considering social and technical assets	10
SoftNER: Mining knowledge graphs from cloud incidents	10
Propagating frugal user feedback through closeness of code dependencies to improve IR-based traceability recovery	10
A qualitative study on refactorings induced by code review	10
Finding the sweet spot for organizational control and team autonomy in large-scale agile software development	10
Story points changes in agile iterative development	10
Automatic bi-modal question title generation for Stack Overflow with prompt learning	10
Agile software development one year into the COVID-19 pandemic	10
Explainable automated debugging via large language model-driven scientific debugging	10
What have we learned? A conceptual framework on New Zealand software professionals and companies’ response to COVID-19	10
An empirical study of same-day releases of popular packages in the npm ecosystem	10
Assessing the exposure of software changes	10
Towards understanding quality challenges of the federated learning for neural networks: a first look from the lens of robustness	10
Understanding and effectively mitigating code review anxiety	10
An empirical study on self-admitted technical debt in Dockerfiles	10
Model vs system level testing of autonomous driving systems: a replication and extension study	9
Studying differentiated code to support smart contract update	9
Inter-team communication in large-scale co-located software engineering: a case study	9
GitHub Discussions: An exploratory study of early adoption	9
Silent bugs in deep learning frameworks: an empirical study of Keras and TensorFlow	9

Can search-based testing with pareto optimization effectively cover failure-revealing test inputs?	9
Transformer-based code model with compressed hierarchy representation	9
From guidelines to practice: assessing Android app developer compliance with google’s security recommendations	9
Two N-of-1 self-trials on readability differences between anonymous inner classes (AICs) and lambda expressions (LEs) on Java code snippets	9
Navigating fairness: practitioners’ understanding, challenges, and strategies in AI/ML development	9
IRJIT: A simple, online, information retrieval approach for just-in-time software defect prediction	9
How programmers find online learning resources	9
Studying the characteristics of AIOps projects on GitHub	9
Beyond the virus: a first look at coronavirus-themed Android malware	9
A qualitative study of developers’ discussions of their problems and joys during the early COVID-19 months	9
An empirical study on developers’ shared conversations with ChatGPT in GitHub pull requests and issues	9
Characterizing refactoring graphs in Java and JavaScript projects	9
On the assignment of commits to releases	9
Software selection in large-scale software engineering: A model and criteria based on interactive rapid reviews	8
Evaluating pre-trained models for user feedback analysis in software engineering: a study on classification of app-reviews	8
Reuse and maintenance practices among divergent forks in three software ecosystems	8
How to cherry pick the bug report for better summarization?	8
Multi-granular software annotation using file-level weak labelling	8
Toward a theory on programmer’s block inspired by writer’s block	8
Machine learning-based test smell detection	8
Industrial adoption of machine learning techniques for early identification of invalid bug reports	8
Predicting the objective and priority of issue reports in software repositories	8
Extracting enhanced artificial intelligence model metadata from software repositories	8
An empirical study of the systemic and technical migration towards microservices	8
How do i refactor this? An empirical study on refactoring trends and topics in Stack Overflow	8
What happens in my code reviews? An investigation on automatically classifying review changes	8
Deep learning approaches for bad smell detection: a systematic literature review	8
The forgotten role of search queries in IR-based bug localization: an empirical study	8
Hyperfuzzing: black-box security hypertesting with a grey-box fuzzer	8
Come for syntax, stay for speed, write secure code: an empirical study of security weaknesses in Julia programs	8
Empirical evaluation of tools for hairy requirements engineering tasks	8
Revisiting the building of past snapshots — a replication and reproduction study	7
The indolent lambdification of Java	7
A longitudinal explanatory case study of coordination in a very large development programme: the impact of transitioning from a first- to a second-generation large-scale agile development method	7
Software reconfiguration in robotics	7
Does code review speed matter for practitioners?	7
Just-in-Time crash prediction for mobile apps	7
Mining Python fix patterns via analyzing fine-grained source code changes	7
On the suitability of hugging face hub for empirical studies	7
WIA-SZZ: Work item aware SZZ	7
A preliminary investigation on using multi-task learning to predict change performance in code reviews	7
Fluently specifying taint-flow queries with fluentTQL	7
Deep security analysis of program code	7
Rotten green tests in Java, Pharo and Python	7
SparseCoder: Advancing source code analysis with sparse attention and learned token pruning	7
Quality issues in machine learning software systems	7
Correction to: Advantages and disadvantages of (dedicated) model transformation languages	7
Investigating user feedback from a crowd in requirements management in software ecosystems	7
A multi-objective effort-aware approach for early code review prediction and prioritization	7
Quantum circuit mutants: Empirical analysis and recommendations	7
Automated detection, categorisation and developers’ experience with the violations of honesty in mobile apps	7
Studying eventual connectivity issues in Android apps	7
The making of accessible Android applications: an empirical study on the state of the practice	7
Causal inference of server- and client-side code smells in web apps evolution	7
Integrating human values in software development using a human values dashboard	7
On the usage and development of deep learning compilers: an empirical study on TVM	7
The evolution of the code during review: an investigation on review changes	7
Mining and relating design contexts and design patterns from Stack Overflow	7
Ethics in AI through the practitioner’s view: a grounded theory literature review	7
FeatCompare: Feature comparison for competing mobile apps leveraging user reviews	7
Improving hardware/software interface management in systems of systems through documentation as code	7
Developer-centric test amplification	7
What makes a code review useful to OpenDev developers? An empirical investigation	7
Tracking bad updates in mobile apps: a search-based approach	7
Works for Me! Cannot Reproduce – A Large Scale Empirical Study of Non-reproducible Bugs	7
Does class size matter? An in-depth assessment of the effect of class size in software defect prediction	6
Game-based Sprint retrospectives: multiple action research	6
Detecting outdated code element references in software repository documentation	6
An eye tracking study assessing source code readability rules for program comprehension	6
ROBUST: 221 bugs in the Robot Operating System	6
On the acceptance by code reviewers of candidate security patches suggested by Automated Program Repair tools	6
Generating API tags for tutorial fragments from Stack Overflow	6
What do class comments tell us? An investigation of comment evolution and practices in Pharo Smalltalk	6
How are project-specific forums utilized? A study of participation, content, and sentiment in the Eclipse ecosystem	6
From anecdote to evidence: the relationship between personality and need for cognition of developers	6
The best ends by the best means: ethical concerns in app reviews	6
A systematic review on smart contracts security design patterns	6
Design smells in multi-language systems and bug-proneness: a survival analysis	6
Bug characterization in machine learning-based systems	6
Fixing vulnerabilities potentially hinders maintainability	6
Technical leverage analysis in the Python ecosystem	6
Developer discussion topics on the adoption and barriers of low code software development platforms	6
Enhancing the defectiveness prediction of methods and classes via JIT	6
Investigating developers’ perception on software testability and its effects	6
Opportunities and security risks of technical leverage: A replication study on the NPM ecosystem	6
Correction to: Analysing app reviews for software engineering: a systematic literature review	6
CT-IoT: a combinatorial testing-based path selection framework for effective IoT testing	6
Foreword to the Special Issue on Configurable Systems	6
Leveraging encoder-only large language models for mobile app review feature extraction	6
Do I really need all this work to find vulnerabilities?	6
Identifying self-admitted technical debt in issue tracking systems using machine learning	6
The role of psychological safety in promoting software quality in agile teams	6
On the effects of program slicing for vulnerability detection during code inspection	6
An automated detection of confusing variable pairs with highly similar compound names in Java and Python programs	5
SeSG: a search string generator for Secondary Studies with hybrid search strategies using text mining	5