Empirical Software Engineering

Article	Citations
Introduction to the special issue on program comprehension	186
Optimal priority assignment for real-time systems: a coevolution-based approach	95
Effects of variability in models: a family of experiments	72
Toward effective secure code reviews: an empirical study of security-related coding weaknesses	63
Consensus task interaction trace recommender to guide developers’ software navigation	59
An empirical study on the effectiveness of large language models for SATD identification and classification	59
On the adoption and effects of source code reuse on defect proneness and maintenance effort	56
Path context augmented statement and network for learning programs	55
TestEvoViz: visualizing genetically-based test coverage evolution	52
Understanding the characteristics and the role of visual issue reports	49
Dynamical analysis of diversity in rule-based open source network intrusion detection systems	42
Does the first response matter for future contributions? A study of first contributions	42
The human experience of comprehending source code in virtual reality	40
Can static analysis tools find more defects?	38
Seeing the invisible: test prioritization for object detection system	36
More than React: Investigating the Role of Emoji Reaction in GitHub Pull Requests	36
A study of documentation for software architecture	34
Evaluating few-shot and contrastive learning methods for code clone detection	32
An empirical study of IoT topics in IoT developer discussions on Stack Overflow	32
Bugs in machine learning-based systems: a faultload benchmark	32
Evaluating software user feedback classifier performance on unseen apps, datasets, and metadata	32
Efficient static analysis and verification of featured transition systems	31
The impact of class imbalance techniques on crashing fault residence prediction models	31
Deep learning based identification of inconsistent method names: How far are we?	28
Smells in system user interactive tests	28

Cross-status communication and project outcomes in OSS development	28
Automatic prediction of rejected edits in Stack Overflow	28
Collaboration failure analysis in cyber-physical system-of-systems using context fuzzy clustering	27
App review driven collaborative bug finding	27
A fine-grained taxonomy of code review feedback in TypeScript projects	27
On the use of commit-relevant mutants	26
Testing the past: can we still run tests in past snapshots for Java projects?	26
Deep learning techniques to detect cybersecurity attacks: a systematic mapping study	26
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women’s contribution to public code	25
What causes exceptions in machine learning applications? Mining machine learning-related stack traces on Stack Overflow	25
Practitioner’s view of the success factors for software outsourcing partnership formation: an empirical exploration	24
Automated test generation for Scratch programs	24
Towards cost-benefit evaluation for continuous software engineering activities	24
Developers’ perception matters: machine learning to detect developer-sensitive smells	23
On the impact of security vulnerabilities in the npm and RubyGems dependency networks	23
Evaluating the impact of flaky simulators on testing autonomous driving systems	23
BTLink : automatic link recovery between issues and commits based on pre-trained BERT model	22
An empirical study of the impact of log parsers on the performance of log-based anomaly detection	22
Code reviews in open source projects : how do gender biases affect participation and outcomes?	21
Visualizing the customization endeavor in product-based-evolving software product lines: a case of action design research	21
Static detection of equivalent mutants in real-time model-based mutation testing	21
How far are we with automated machine learning? characterization and challenges of AutoML toolkits	21
An empirical study of untangling patterns of two-class dependency cycles	21
Experimental comparison of features, analyses, and classifiers for Android malware detection	21
An empirical evaluation of a novel domain-specific language – modelling vehicle routing problems with Athos	21
A large-scale empirical study of commit message generation: models, datasets and evaluation	21
JNFuzz-Droid: a lightweight fuzzing and taint analysis framework for native code of Android applications	20
On combining commit grouping and build skip prediction to reduce redundant continuous integration activity	20
The well-being of software engineers: a systematic literature review and a theory	20
Indentation and reading time: a randomized control trial on the differences between generated indented and non-indented if-statements	20
Advantages and disadvantages of (dedicated) model transformation languages	20
A grounded theory of community package maintenance organizations	20
Securing dependencies: A comprehensive study of Dependabot’s impact on vulnerability mitigation	19
Real world projects, real faults: evaluating spectrum based fault localization techniques on Python projects	19
An empirical study on the potential of word embedding techniques in bug report management tasks	19
How far are app secrets from being stolen? a case study on android	19
A configurable method for benchmarking scalability of cloud-native applications	19
Engineering recommender systems for modelling languages: concept, tool and evaluation	18
What really changes when developers intend to improve their source code: a commit-level study of static metric value and static analysis warning changes	18
LineFlowDP: A Deep Learning-Based Two-Phase Approach for Line-Level Defect Prediction	18
Patterns of multi-container composition for service orchestration with Docker Compose	18
Towards a recipe for language decomposition: quality assessment of language product lines	18
Software product line testing: a systematic literature review	18
Demystifying regular expression bugs	18
A metrics-based approach for selecting among various refactoring candidates	17
What kinds of contracts do ML APIs need?	17
Take a deep breath: Benefits of neuroplasticity practices for software developers and computer workers in a family of experiments	17
Systematic Evaluation of Deep Learning Models for Log-based Failure Prediction	17
Lightweight dynamic build batching algorithms for continuous integration	17
When less is more: on the value of “co-training” for semi-supervised software defect predictors	16

Software testing in the machine learning era	16
OpTrans: enhancing binary code similarity detection with function inlining re-optimization	16
On the Investigation of Empirical Contradictions - Aggregated Results of Local Studies on Readability and Comprehensibility of Source Code	16
Test smells 20 years later: detectability, validity, and reliability	16
RAG-Driven multiple assertions generation with large language models	16
Common challenges of deep reinforcement learning applications development: an empirical study	16
Mastering uncertainty in performance estimations of configurable software systems	16
Language usage analysis for EMF metamodels on GitHub	16
On systematically building a controlled natural language for functional requirements	16
An empirical study of Q&A websites for game developers	15
Automated driver management for Selenium WebDriver	15
Semantic matching in GUI test reuse	15
Is GitHub’s Copilot as bad as humans at introducing vulnerabilities in code?	15
Can the configuration of static analyses make resolving security vulnerabilities more effective? - A user study	14
Gamification in software engineering: the mediating role of developer engagement and job satisfaction	14
Applying bayesian data analysis for causal inference about requirements quality: a controlled experiment	14
Comparing effectiveness and efficiency of Interactive Application Security Testing (IAST) and Runtime Application Self-Protection (RASP) tools in a large java-based system	14
An investigation of online and offline learning models for online Just-in-Time Software Defect Prediction	14
Toward granular search-based automatic unit test case generation	14
Prioritizing test cases for deep learning-based video classifiers	14
Präzi: from package-based to call-based dependency networks	14
Correction to: Examining ownership models in software teams	14
A study of how Docker Compose is used to compose multi-component systems	14
SmartFast: an accurate and robust formal analysis tool for Ethereum smart contracts	13
Semantically-enhanced topic recommendation systems for software projects	13
Demystifying API misuses in deep learning applications	13
Which design decisions in AI-enabled mobile applications contribute to greener AI?	13
Why secret detection tools are not enough: It’s not just about false positives - An industrial case study	13
Studying the explanations for the automated prediction of bug and non-bug issues using LIME and SHAP	13
Defect prediction using deep learning with Network Portrait Divergence for software evolution	13
A controlled experiment on the impact of microtasking on programming	13
Program transformation landscapes for automated program modification using Gin	13
Challenges and practices of deep learning model reengineering: A case study on computer vision	13
Reflections on the Empirical Software Engineering journal	13
DDImage: an image reduction based approach for automatically explaining black-box classifiers	13
Finding the sweet spot for organizational control and team autonomy in large-scale agile software development	12
A multi-model framework for semantically enhancing detection of quality-related bug report descriptions	12
Correction to: Towards a recipe for language decomposition: quality assessment of language product lines	12
Styler: learning formatting conventions to repair Checkstyle violations	12
Static analysis driven enhancements for comprehension in machine learning notebooks	12
Modeling function-level interactions for file-level bug localization	12
Unveiling overlooked performance variance in serverless computing	12
E-APR: Mapping the effectiveness of automated program repair techniques	12
A fine-grained data set and analysis of tangling in bug fixing commits	12
Cross-project defect prediction via semantic and syntactic encoding	12
What have we learned? A conceptual framework on New Zealand software professionals and companies’ response to COVID-19	11
Towards automatic labeling of exception handling bugs: A case study of 10 years bug-fixing in Apache Hadoop	11
Fixing Dockerfile smells: an empirical study	11
CsmithEdge: more effective compiler testing by handling undefined behaviour less conservatively	11
APR4Vul: an empirical study of automatic program repair techniques on real-world Java vulnerabilities	11
CyberSAGE: The cyber security argument graph evaluation tool	11
An empirical study of same-day releases of popular packages in the npm ecosystem	11
On the spread and evolution of dead methods in Java desktop applications: an exploratory study	11
A comprehensive overview of software product management challenges	11
Propagating frugal user feedback through closeness of code dependencies to improve IR-based traceability recovery	11
Seeing confusion through a new lens: on the impact of atoms of confusion on novices’ code comprehension	11
Learning to Predict Code Review Completion Time In Modern Code Review	11
A fine-grained evaluation of mutation operators to boost mutation testing for deep learning systems	11
Explainable automated debugging via large language model-driven scientific debugging	11
An empirical study on self-admitted technical debt in Dockerfiles	11
Story points changes in agile iterative development	10
Model vs system level testing of autonomous driving systems: a replication and extension study	10
Empirically evaluating flaky test detection techniques combining test case rerunning and machine learning models	10
Assessing the exposure of software changes	10
Understanding and effectively mitigating code review anxiety	10
Studying differentiated code to support smart contract update	10
Refactoring practices in the context of data-intensive systems	10
Two N-of-1 self-trials on readability differences between anonymous inner classes (AICs) and lambda expressions (LEs) on Java code snippets	10
Predicting merge conflicts considering social and technical assets	10
SoftNER: Mining knowledge graphs from cloud incidents	10
From guidelines to practice: assessing Android app developer compliance with google’s security recommendations	10
Studying the characteristics of AIOps projects on GitHub	10
An empirical study on developers’ shared conversations with ChatGPT in GitHub pull requests and issues	10
A qualitative study on refactorings induced by code review	10
Exposed! A case study on the vulnerability-proneness of Google Play Apps	10
Towards understanding quality challenges of the federated learning for neural networks: a first look from the lens of robustness	9
GitHub Discussions: An exploratory study of early adoption	9
A qualitative study of developers’ discussions of their problems and joys during the early COVID-19 months	9
Can search-based testing with pareto optimization effectively cover failure-revealing test inputs?	9
On the assignment of commits to releases	9

Hyperfuzzing: black-box security hypertesting with a grey-box fuzzer	9
IRJIT: A simple, online, information retrieval approach for just-in-time software defect prediction	9
Detecting data manipulation errors in android applications using scene-guided exploration	9
Inter-team communication in large-scale co-located software engineering: a case study	9
Transformer-based code model with compressed hierarchy representation	9
Automatic bi-modal question title generation for Stack Overflow with prompt learning	9
Characterizing refactoring graphs in Java and JavaScript projects	9
Multi-granular software annotation using file-level weak labelling	9
How to cherry pick the bug report for better summarization?	9
Navigating fairness: practitioners’ understanding, challenges, and strategies in AI/ML development	9
Agile software development one year into the COVID-19 pandemic	9
Beyond the virus: a first look at coronavirus-themed Android malware	9
Silent bugs in deep learning frameworks: an empirical study of Keras and TensorFlow	9
How programmers find online learning resources	9
Extracting enhanced artificial intelligence model metadata from software repositories	9
Toward a theory on programmer’s block inspired by writer’s block	9
Deep learning approaches for bad smell detection: a systematic literature review	8
Just-in-Time crash prediction for mobile apps	8
What happens in my code reviews? An investigation on automatically classifying review changes	8
Quality issues in machine learning software systems	8
Industrial adoption of machine learning techniques for early identification of invalid bug reports	8
Mining Python fix patterns via analyzing fine-grained source code changes	8
FeatCompare: Feature comparison for competing mobile apps leveraging user reviews	8
Does code review speed matter for practitioners?	8
Machine learning-based test smell detection	8
How do i refactor this? An empirical study on refactoring trends and topics in Stack Overflow	8
Understanding refactorings in Elixir functional language	8
Improving hardware/software interface management in systems of systems through documentation as code	8
The forgotten role of search queries in IR-based bug localization: an empirical study	8
Evaluating pre-trained models for user feedback analysis in software engineering: a study on classification of app-reviews	8
Investigating user feedback from a crowd in requirements management in software ecosystems	8
Mining and relating design contexts and design patterns from Stack Overflow	8
Studying eventual connectivity issues in Android apps	8
An empirical study of the systemic and technical migration towards microservices	8
Software selection in large-scale software engineering: A model and criteria based on interactive rapid reviews	8
Automated detection, categorisation and developers’ experience with the violations of honesty in mobile apps	8
Come for syntax, stay for speed, write secure code: an empirical study of security weaknesses in Julia programs	8
On the suitability of hugging face hub for empirical studies	8
Predicting the objective and priority of issue reports in software repositories	8
Reuse and maintenance practices among divergent forks in three software ecosystems	8
The making of accessible Android applications: an empirical study on the state of the practice	8
Correction to: Advantages and disadvantages of (dedicated) model transformation languages	8
Empirical evaluation of tools for hairy requirements engineering tasks	8
A longitudinal explanatory case study of coordination in a very large development programme: the impact of transitioning from a first- to a second-generation large-scale agile development method	7
Ethics in AI through the practitioner’s view: a grounded theory literature review	7
Correction to: Utilization of pre-trained language models for adapter-based knowledge transfer in software engineering	7
Quantum circuit mutants: Empirical analysis and recommendations	7
Fluently specifying taint-flow queries with fluentTQL	7
Tracking bad updates in mobile apps: a search-based approach	7
On the usage and development of deep learning compilers: an empirical study on TVM	7
Developer discussion topics on the adoption and barriers of low code software development platforms	7
The indolent lambdification of Java	7
What makes a code review useful to OpenDev developers? An empirical investigation	7
Software reconfiguration in robotics	7
A multi-objective effort-aware approach for early code review prediction and prioritization	7
SparseCoder: Advancing source code analysis with sparse attention and learned token pruning	7
Causal inference of server- and client-side code smells in web apps evolution	7
ROBUST: 221 bugs in the Robot Operating System	7
Deep security analysis of program code	7
Works for Me! Cannot Reproduce – A Large Scale Empirical Study of Non-reproducible Bugs	7
Rotten green tests in Java, Pharo and Python	7
WIA-SZZ: Work item aware SZZ	7
Developer-centric test amplification	7
The evolution of the code during review: an investigation on review changes	7
Revisiting the building of past snapshots — a replication and reproduction study	7
Bug characterization in machine learning-based systems	7
Integrating human values in software development using a human values dashboard	7
A preliminary investigation on using multi-task learning to predict change performance in code reviews	7
Leveraging encoder-only large language models for mobile app review feature extraction	7
DebtFree: minimizing labeling cost in self-admitted technical debt identification using semi-supervised learning	6
Investigating developers’ perception on software testability and its effects	6
Design smells in multi-language systems and bug-proneness: a survival analysis	6
Identifying self-admitted technical debt in issue tracking systems using machine learning	6
Opportunities and security risks of technical leverage: A replication study on the NPM ecosystem	6
Static test flakiness prediction: How Far Can We Go?	6
An empirical study of business process models and model clones on GitHub	6
A systematic review on smart contracts security design patterns	6
The role of psychological safety in promoting software quality in agile teams	6
From anecdote to evidence: the relationship between personality and need for cognition of developers	6
Correction to: Analysing app reviews for software engineering: a systematic literature review	6
On the acceptance by code reviewers of candidate security patches suggested by Automated Program Repair tools	6
CT-IoT: a combinatorial testing-based path selection framework for effective IoT testing	6
How are project-specific forums utilized? A study of participation, content, and sentiment in the Eclipse ecosystem	6
Newcomer OSS-Candidates: Characterizing Contributions of Novice Developers to GitHub	6
Detection and evaluation of bias-inducing features in machine learning	6
Predicting health indicators for open source projects (using hyperparameter optimization)	6
Game-based Sprint retrospectives: multiple action research	6
Does class size matter? An in-depth assessment of the effect of class size in software defect prediction	6
Fixing vulnerabilities potentially hinders maintainability	6
Do I really need all this work to find vulnerabilities?	6
What do class comments tell us? An investigation of comment evolution and practices in Pharo Smalltalk	6
Detecting outdated code element references in software repository documentation	6
An extensive replication study of the ABLoTS approach for bug localization	6
A review of automatic source code summarization	6
The best ends by the best means: ethical concerns in app reviews	6