Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities

Article	Citations
Effect of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the mental health of carers of people with intellectual disabilities	172
Looking back, looking forward: Methodological challenges and future directions in research on persons with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities	48
Parents' knowledge of their child with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities: An interpretative synthesis	46
Experiences and needs of direct support staff working with people with intellectual disabilities during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A thematic analysis	44
The experiences of mothers of children and young people with intellectual disabilities during the first COVID‐19 lockdown period	43
“If we do not look for it, we do not see it”: Clinicians' experiences and understanding of identifying post‐traumatic stress disorder in adults with autism and intellectual disability	36
Trauma experiences of people with an intellectual disability and their implications: A scoping review	35
Factors influencing access to early intervention for families of children with developmental disabilities: A narrative review	33
A comparison of the prevalence of health problems among adults with and without intellectual disability: A total administrative population study	25
Resilience in the face of adversity in adults with an intellectual disability: A literature review	25
The impact of self‐advocacy organizations on the subjective well‐being of people with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review of the literature	25
eHealth in the support of people with mild intellectual disability in daily life: A systematic review	24
Evidence of continued reduction in the age‐at‐death disparity between adults with and without intellectual and/or developmental disabilities	23
The role of mobile technology in promoting social inclusion among adults with intellectual disabilities	21
A qualitative study on parents’ concerns about adult children with intellectual disabilities amid the COVID‐19 pandemic in South Korea	20
Effectiveness of active video game usage on body composition, physical activity level and motor proficiency in children with intellectual disability	19
Social support as a mediator of stress and life satisfaction for people with intellectual or developmental disabilities during the COVID‐19 pandemic	18
Physical activity patterns in adults with Down Syndrome	18
People with intellectual disability in Ireland are still dying young	18
Last months of life of people with intellectual disabilities: A UK population‐based study of death and dying in intellectual disability community services	18
Caregivers’ and parents’ explanatory models of intellectual disability in Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa	17
Multimorbidity in older people with intellectual disability	16
Stakeholder‐driven approach to developing a peer‐mentoring intervention for young adults with intellectual/developmental disabilities and co‐occurring mental health conditions	16
Approaches to and outcomes of future planning for family carers of adults with an intellectual disability: A systematic review	15
Social networks and people with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review	15

Employment for persons with intellectual disability in the Nordic countries: A scoping review	15
Proxy‐report in individuals with intellectual disability: A scoping review	15
The value of competitive employment: In‐depth accounts of people with intellectual disabilities	15
‘It's been adapted rather than impacted’: A qualitative evaluation of the impact of Covid‐19 restrictions on the positive behavioural support of people with an intellectual disability and/or autism	14
Social inclusion of LGBTQ and gender diverse adults with intellectual disability in disability services: A systematic review of the literature	14
Evaluation of the National Task Group‐Early Detection Screen for Dementia: Sensitivity to ‘mild cognitive impairment’ in adults with Down syndrome	14
Impact of COVID‐19 on the burden of care of families of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities	14
The relative influence of intellectual disabilities and autism on sensory impairments and physical disability: A whole‐country cohort of 5.3 million children and adults	13
Anxiety characteristics in individuals with Williams syndrome	13
Effects of physical activity on behaviour and emotional problems, mental health and psychosocial well‐being in children and adolescents with intellectual disability: A systematic review	13
Barriers and facilitators of physical activity in adolescents with intellectual disabilities: An analysis informed by the COM‐B model	13
Staff member's views and attitudes to supporting people with an Intellectual Disability: A multi‐method investigation of intimate relationships and sexuality	13
Group Cognitive Behavioural Treatment for Anxiety in Autistic Adolescents with Intellectual Disability: A Pilot and Feasibility Study	13
People with intellectual disabilities living in care facilities engaging in virtual social contact: A systematic review of the feasibility and effects on well‐being	13
How can care settings for people with intellectual disabilities embed health promotion?	13
The nature and quality of friendship for older adults with an intellectual disability in Ireland	12
Exploring parents' experiences of promoting physical activity for their child with intellectual disabilities	12
Psychological eHealth interventions for people with intellectual disabilities: A scoping review	12
Deaths of people with intellectual disabilities: Analysis of deaths in England from COVID‐19 and other causes	12
The ADaptive Ability Performance Test (ADAPT): A new instrument for measuring adaptive skills in people with intellectual disabilities and borderline intellectual functioning	11
Outcomes and costs of skilled support for people with severe or profound intellectual disability and complex needs	11
Postural balance problems in people with intellectual disabilities: Do not forget the sensory input systems	11
Mediating effects of family functioning on the relationship between care burden and family quality of life of caregivers of children with intellectual disabilities in Mongolia	11
Static postural balance between male athletes with intellectual disabilities and their sedentary peers: A comparative study	11
Detection and prevention of abuse of adults with intellectual and other developmental disabilities in care services: A systematic review	11
Predictors of worker mental health in intellectual disability services during COVID‐19	10
Is fatness or fitness key for survival in older adults with intellectual disabilities?	10
Does talking about end of life with adults with intellectual disability cause emotional discomfort or psychological harm?	10
Homelessness and people with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review of the international research evidence	10
A person‐centred approach to implementation of psychosocial interventions with people who have an intellectual disability and dementia—A participatory action study	10
The neglected puzzle of dementia in people with severe/profound intellectual disabilities: A systematic literature review of observable symptoms	10
Community participation in adults with autism: A systematic review	9
Factors facilitating or hindering meaningful staff–client interactions in people with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviour: A systematic mixed studies review using thematic synthesis	9
The impact of competitive integrated employment on economic, psychological, and physical health outcomes for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities	9
Experience sampling method and the everyday experiences of adults with intellectual disability: A feasibility study	9
Effectiveness of the online mindset intervention ‘The Growth Factory’ for adolescents with intellectual disabilities	9
Estimating sexual knowledge of people with mild intellectual disability through a valid and reliable assessment scale: The ISK‐ID	9
Attitudes towards sexuality and related caregiver support of people with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review on the perspectives of people with intellectual disabilities	9
Piloting the use of global health measures in a Down syndrome clinic	9
Belonging and reciprocity amongst people with intellectual disabilities: A systematic methodological review	9
Community participation of families of children with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities in South Africa	8
A deviation too many? Healthcare professionals’ knowledge and attitudes concerning patients with intellectual disability disrupting norms regarding sexual orientation and/or gender identity	8
What is good service quality? Day service staff's perspectives about what it looks like and how it should be monitored	8
Using community‐based interventions to reduce public stigma of children with disabilities: A feasibility study	8
Using a kinect‐based game to teach oral hygiene in four elementary students with intellectual disabilities	8
Feeling of grief and loss in parental caregivers of adults diagnosed with intellectual disability	8
People with intellectual disabilities as business owners: A systematic review of peer‐reviewed literature	8
Parental perspectives on research for Down syndrome	8
Factors influencing the opportunities of supporting staff to promote a healthy diet in adults with intellectual disabilities	8
Facilitating the inclusion of adults with intellectual disability as direct respondents in research: Strategies for fostering trust, respect, accessibility and engagement	8

Parenting girls with Rett syndrome: An investigation on self‐perceived levels of stress	8
The prevalence and health status of people with developmental disabilities in provincial prisons in Ontario, Canada: A retrospective cohort study	8
Dementia in people with severe or profound intellectual (and multiple) disabilities: Focus group research into relevance, symptoms and training needs	8
United States Medicaid home and community‐based services for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities: A scoping review	8
Applicability of the post‐traumatic stress disorder gate criterion in people with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities: Do additional adverse events impact current symptoms of Post Traumatic Str	8
Risk factors for falls among adults with intellectual disabilities: A narrative review	7
A qualitative study of the needs of older adults with intellectual disabilities	7
The foundations of mathematical development in Williams syndrome and Down syndrome	7
Dimensions of group home culture as predictors of quality of life outcomes	7
Supporting people with an intellectual disability and dementia: A constructivist grounded theory study exploring care providers’ views and experiences in the UK	7
Homeward bound: Exploring the motives of mothers who brought their offspring with intellectual disabilities home from residential settings during the COVID‐19 pandemic	7
‘The cure for us is a lot of things’: How young people with Prader‐Willi syndrome view themselves and future clinical trials	7
Development and psychometric properties of an instrument for the Assessment of Sexual Behaviour and Knowledge of people with Intellectual Disability	7
Robot‐mediated therapy to reduce worrying in persons with visual and intellectual disabilities	7
Mitigating the impact of the ‘silos’ between the disability and aged‐care sectors in Australia: Development of a Best Practice Framework	7
Changes over time in the management of long‐term conditions in primary health care for adults with intellectual disabilities, and the healthcare inequality gap	7
Behavioural, psychiatric and psychosocial factors associated with aggressive behaviour in adults with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review and narrative analysis	7
Diet quality among people with intellectual disabilities and borderline intellectual functioning	7
Straight from the horse's mouth: Increasing self‐report in mental health assessment in individuals with intellectual disability	7
Development of a questionnaire to assess the quality of service trajectories in autism spectrum disorder from families' perspective	6
Screening of dementia indicating signs in adults with intellectual disabilities	6
The experiences of psychologists working with people with intellectual disabilities during the COVID‐19 crisis	6
Where to next? Experiences of adults with intellectual disability after they complete a university program	6
Intervention effects on professionals’ attitudes towards the participation of adults with visual and severe or profound intellectual disabilities	6
The relationship between adverse interpersonal experiences and self‐esteem in people with intellectual disabilities: The role of shame, self‐compassion and social support	6
Compound sibling caregivers of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities	6
Transition of adolescents with intellectual disability from schools for learners with special educational needs: Parents views for the preparedness	6
“Look, all our hard work is paying off”: A qualitative evaluation of a system‐wide, workforce development model to promote positive behavioural support	6
An exploration of lifestyle/obesity programmes for adults with intellectual disabilities through a realist lens: Impact of a ‘context, mechanism and outcome’ evaluation	6
Inventory of assessment practices in people with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities in three European countries	6
Development and psychometric properties of a self‐report instrument for the assessment of sexual behaviour and concerns of people with mild intellectual disabilities (SEBECOMID‐S)	6
An 8‐year study of admissions and discharges to a specialist intellectual disability inpatient unit	6
Screening for intellectual disability in Dutch psychiatrically disturbed detainees: Assessing the psychometric properties of the Screener for Intelligence and Learning Disability (SCIL)	6
Exploring chronic disease prevalence in people with intellectual disabilities in primary care settings: A scoping review	6
‘Standing up for Myself’ (STORM): Development and qualitative evaluation of a psychosocial group intervention designed to increase the capacity of people with intellectual disabilities to manage and r	6
Construct validity of the Actiwatch‐2 for assessing movement in people with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities	6
What works in community health education for adults with learning disabilities: A scoping review of the literature	6
Exploring the nature and correlates of caregiving among parents of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities	5
Relationships between feeding problems, eating behaviours and parental feeding practices in children with Down syndrome: A cross‐sectional study	5
A Photovoice Study: The life experiences of middle‐aged adults with intellectual disabilities in Korea	5
What are the experiences of clinical psychologists working with people with intellectual disabilities during the COVID‐19 pandemic?	5
Responding to safe care: Healthcare staff experiences caring for a child with intellectual disability in hospital. Implications for practice and training	5
A systematic review of community psychosocial group interventions for adults with intellectual disabilities and mental health conditions	5
“They don't think I can cope, because I have got a learning disability…”: Experiences of stigma in the lives of parents with learning disabilities	5
The adaptive ability performance test (ADAPT): A factor analytic study in clients with intellectual disabilities	5
Modelling triadic relationships in families of children with intellectual disability	5
Oral health and oral health behaviour of adolescents with mild or borderline intellectual disabilities compared with a national representative sample of 17‐year‐olds in the Netherlands	5
How people with intellectual and developmental disabilities on collaborative research teams use technology: A rapid scoping review	5
Psychotropic drugs intake in people aging with intellectual disability: Prevalence and predictors	5
What difficulties do people with mild intellectual disabilities experience when seeking medical help from their GP? A qualitative study	5
Early positive approaches to support (E‐PAtS): Qualitative experiences of a new support programme for family caregivers of young children with intellectual and developmental disabilities	5
Using a think‐aloud methodology to understand online physical activity information search experiences and preferences of parents of children and youth with disabilities	5
A systematic review and narrative synthesis of inclusive health and social care research with people with intellectual disabilities: How are co‐researchers involved and what are their experiences?	5
Thriving with Down syndrome: A qualitative multiple case study	5
Reproductive and pregnancy health care for women with intellectual and developmental disabilities: A scoping review	5
Use of behaviour change techniques by direct support professionals to support healthy lifestyle behaviour for people with moderate to profound intellectual disabilities	5
Consensus on a conversation aid for shared decision making with people with intellectual disabilities in the palliative phase	5
The feasibility of daily monitoring in adolescents and young adults with mild intellectual disability or borderline intellectual functioning	5
Expecting the unexpected: measures, outcomes and dying trajectories for expected and unexpected death in adults with intellectual disabilities in social care settings in the UK	5
Odour detection in children and young people with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities	5
Assessment of dementia in a clinical sample of persons with intellectual disability	5
Stressed parents, happy parents. An assessment of parenting stress and family quality of life in families with a child with Phelan‐McDermid syndrome	5
Proposed diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment in Down syndrome population	5
Healthcare providers’ role in providing sexual and reproductive health information to people with intellectual and developmental disabilities: A qualitative study	5
Staff perceptions following a training programme about reducing psychotropic medication use in adults with intellectual disability: The need for a realistic professional practice framework	5
Group climate, aggressive incidents and coercion in a secure forensic setting for individuals with mild intellectual disability or borderline intellectual functioning: A multilevel study	5
Comparing everyday autonomy and adult identity in young people with and without intellectual disabilities	5
Gender and racial/ethnic differences in food selectivity in children with intellectual disabilities	5
Intellectual/developmental disabilities among people incarcerated in federal correctional facilities in Ontario, Canada: Examining prevalence, health and correctional characteristics	5
Internet use among adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities in South Korea	5
Positive behavioural support for children and young people with developmental disabilities in special education settings: A systematic review	4
Exploring the ability of individuals with an intellectual disability to generate and use a compassionate image	4
Parents' satisfaction with a Canadian pilot clinic to reduce waiting lists for the assessment and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability in young children	4
The experience of being a father of a son or daughter with an intellectual disability: Older fathers’ perspectives	4
Psychosocial interventions for older people with intellectual disabilities and the role of support staff: A systematic review	4
Sexual knowledge and behaviour in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, a complex care condition	4
Factors affecting residential staff's role in supporting the sexuality of adults with intellectual disabilities	4
A systematic review of photovoice research methods with people with intellectual disabilities	4
A quantitative evaluation of a regional Positive Behavioural Support workforce development approach	4
Factors associated with non‐completion of and scores on physical capability tests in health surveys: The North Health in Intellectual Disability Study	4

Physical activity levels of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities in Northern China	4
‘Love makes me feel good inside and my heart is fixed’: What adults with intellectual disabilities have to say about love and relationships	4
Psychometric properties of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory for adults with intellectual disability	4
Linked data analysis of learning disability health checks and emergency hospital admissions in the Kent Integrated Dataset	4
“It's not easy to change the mentality”: Challenges to sex education delivery for persons with intellectual disability	4
The relationship between cognitive variables and offending behaviour in adults with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review	4
Benefits and cultural adaptations of psychosocial interventions for parents and their children with intellectual disabilities in low‐and middle‐income countries: A systematic review	4
“They just get it” an exploration of father's experiences and perceptions of a support group for men caring for children with disabilities and/or developmental delay	4
Association between employment status and quality of life for individuals with intellectual or developmental disability	4
Prevalence of diabetes in people with intellectual disabilities and age‐ and gender‐matched controls: A meta‐analysis	4
Schizophrenia in autistic people with intellectual disabilities: Symptom manifestations and identification	4
Exploring how support workers understand their role in supporting adults with intellectual disabilities to access the Internet for intimate relationships	4
Exploring the knowledge base of trauma and trauma informed care of staff working in community residential accommodation for adults with an intellectual disability	4
Support as described by fathers with intellectual disabilities	4
Introducing a nutritional app in supervised residences for independent living: Experiences of individuals with intellectual disabilities and their caregivers	4
Indicators of health in Down syndrome: A virtual focus group study with patients and their parents	4
A manualised weight management programme for adults with mild–moderate intellectual disabilities affected by excess weight: A randomised controlled feasibility trial (Shape Up‐LD)*	4
How do students with intellectual disabilities tell stories? An investigation of narrative macrostructure and microstructure	4
Take it personal! Development and modelling study of an indicated prevention programme for substance use in adolescents and young adults with mild intellectual disabilities and borderline intellectual	4
Setting up a new team of support staff for people with mild intellectual disability or borderline intellectual functioning and severe challenging behaviour: A concept mapping study	4
What brings adults with Down syndrome to the hospital? A retrospective review of a Spanish cohort between 1997 and 2014	4
‘More together than apart’: The evaluation of a virtual course to improve mental health and well‐being of adults with intellectual disabilities during the COVID‐19 pandemic	4
Development and validation of a functional screening tool for adults with intellectual disabilities	4
Belonging through sport participation for young adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities: A scoping review	4
Parental styles and attitudes of fathers of children and adolescents with intellectual disability: Do parental styles and attitudes impact children’s adaptive behaviour?	4
Antiepileptic drugs, occurrence of seizures and effect of co‐administration of potential seizure threshold‐lowering psychotropic drugs in adults with intellectual disability who have epilepsy	4
The use of an implementation science theoretical framework to inform the development of a region wide Positive Behavioural Support Workforce Development approach	4
Virtual reality to foster empathy in disability workers: A feasibility study during COVID‐19	3
Future planning for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities: Perspectives of siblings in South Korea	3
‘People with intellectual disabilities living in the communities is bad enough let alone…having sex’: Exploring societal influence on social care workers' attitudes, beliefs and behaviours towards sup	3
Stressful experiences and coping strategies of parents of young children with Down syndrome: A qualitative study	3
Development and sensibility assessment of a health‐related quality of life instrument for adults with severe disabilities who are non‐ambulatory	3
The experiences and views of adults with intellectual disabilities accessing digital mental health interventions: A qualitative systematic review and thematic synthesis	3
Psychometric properties of the Emotional Quotient Inventory: Youth Version‐EQ‐i:YV in Spanish adolescents with Down syndrome	3
A school‐based intervention can promote insights into future parenting in students with intellectual disabilities—A Swedish interview study	3
Psychiatric symptoms, challenging behaviour and utilization of psychiatric services among adults with intellectual disabilities in Turkey	3
Parenting by mothers with intellectual disabilities in Poland: A photovoice study	3
Ageing and cognition in men with fragile X syndrome	3
Permissive parenting mediates parental stress and child emotions in families of children with Down syndrome	3
Employment preferences of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities: An evaluation of gender and age differences	3
Making recovery meaningful for people with intellectual disabilities	3
Interventions for health‐related physical fitness and overweight and obesity in children with intellectual disability: Systematic review and meta‐analysis	3
The adaptation and feasibility of dialectical behaviour therapy for adults with intellectual developmental disabilities and transdiagnoses: A pilot community‐based randomized controlled trial	3
Living arrangements and satisfaction of current arrangement among autistic adults reported by autistic individuals or their caregivers	3
Challenges in the delivery of sex education for people with intellectual disabilities: A Chinese cultural‐contextual analysis	3
Improvement of group climate in a residential setting for juveniles with mild intellectual disability through training of staff in Non‐Violent Resistance	3
A multiple case study investigating changes in organizations serving residents with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviours	3
Impact of disability services on mental health service utilization in adults with intellectual disability	3
Design Thinking: Assessing the health needs of college students with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities	3
Social educator students' readiness to address sexual health in their future profession	3
Risk of forced marriage amongst people with learning disabilities in the UK: Perspectives of South Asian carers	3
Exploring experiential elements, strategies and outcomes of quality participation for children with intellectual and developmental disabilities: A systematic scoping review	3
Effects of obesity on balance in people with intellectual disabilities	3
The relationship between subjective socioeconomic status and health in adults with and without intellectual disability	3
Family network typologies of adults with intellectual disability: Associations with psychological outcomes	3
The use of therapeutic untruths by staff supporting people with an intellectual disability who display behaviours that challenge	3
Scoping review on communication systems used by adults with severe/profound intellectual disability for functional communication	3
Parental mental health screening in a neuropaediatric sample: Psychometric properties of the Everyday Feeling Questionnaire and variables associated with parental mental health	3
The experiences of therapists providing psychological treatment for adults with depression and intellectual disabilities as part of a randomised controlled trial	3
Transition to retirement: The lived experiences of adults with intellectual disabilities	3
The barriers and facilitators to managing diabetes with insulin in adults with intellectual disabilities: A systemised review of the literature	3
A pilot study of enhanced operation fit: The feasibility of a camp‐based health intervention for ethnically diverse families of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities	3
Destination unknown: Parents and healthcare professionals' perspectives on transition from paediatric to adult care in Down syndrome	3
Unscheduled healthcare for children with intellectual disabilities: A systematic scoping review	3
Orienting to affect in services for people with severe or profound intellectual disabilities: A UK‐based investigation	3
School satisfaction in parents of children with severe developmental disabilities	3
Conducting theory‐based qualitative interviews with adults with intellectual disabilities and their carers: Adaptations to facilitate participation	2
Challenges to conducting randomised controlled trials with adults with intellectual disabilities: Experiences of international experts	2
The effect of a telehealth exercise intervention on balance in adults with Down syndrome	2
Exploring the social care‐related quality of life outcomes of adults with intellectual disabilities through the use of Talking Mats®	2
Experiences of people with intellectual disability and dementia: A systematic review	2
Amenable deaths among adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities including Down syndrome: An Ontario population‐based cohort study	2
What is in a name? Definitions of insomnia in people with intellectual disabilities	2
Cross‐sector service use patterns among children with developmental disabilities in a district in Canada	2
Personalized medical information card for adults with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: An initiative to improve communication between patients and healthcare providers	2
Survey of parents of children with intellectual disabilities and/or autism who experience chronic constipation	2
Sleep–wake monitoring of people with intellectual disability: Examining the agreement of EMFIT QS and actigraphy	2
Effectiveness of a life story intervention for adults with intellectual disability and depressive and trauma‐related complaints	2
Building a research team and selecting a research topic within the process of an inclusive research project in Spain	2
Supporting people with intellectual disabilities with sexuality and relationships	2
Outcome of 10 years of ear and hearing screening in people with intellectual disability in Europe: A multicentre study	2
A mixed methods evaluation of Girls' Talk+: A sexuality education programme for girls with mild intellectual disabilities	2
Participation in employment and day care for adults with intellectual disabilities: Equal access for all?	2
Effects of vocational rehabilitation group intervention on motivation and occupational self‐awareness in individuals with intellectual disabilities: A single blind, randomised control study	2
Stakeholder perspectives on intensive support teams for adults with intellectual disabilities who display behaviour that challenges in England	2
People with intellectual disability and employment sustainability: A qualitative interview study	2
Predictors of employment for adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities participating in a postsecondary transition program in the United States	2
Staff experience of the implementation of intensive interaction within their places of work with people with learning disabilities and/or autism	2
The effect of bright light therapy on depressive symptoms in adults with intellectual disabilities: Results of a multicentre randomized controlled trial	2
Between the convention and conventional practice: Israeli social workers' recommendations regarding the legal capacity of people with disabilities	2
	2
Challenging behaviour around challenging behaviour	2
Parents with intellectual disability reporting on factors affecting their caregiving in the wake of the COVID‐19 pandemic: A qualitative study	2
Securing sexual justice for people with intellectual disability: A systematic review and critical appraisal of research recommendations	2
Proceedings of the 6th IASSIDD Europe Congress: Value Diversity	2