Epidemiology

Article	Citations
Pre-diagnostic exposures and cancer survival: Can a meaningful causal estimand be specified?	129
Re. A Multipollutant Approach to Estimating Causal Effects of Air Pollution Mixtures on Overall Mortality in a Large, Prospective Cohort	89
Mendelian Randomization With Repeated Measures of a Time-varying Exposure	75
Leveraging Pathogen Sequence and Contact Tracing Data to Enhance Vaccine Trials in Emerging Epidemics	73
Comparing Two-way Fixed Effects and New Estimators for Difference-in-Differences: A Simulation Study and Empirical Example	59
A Dynamic Spatial Factor Model to Describe the Opioid Syndemic in Ohio	59
Trade-off Between Quarantine Length and Compliance to Optimize COVID-19 Control	51
Using Latent Profile Analysis to Identify Associations Between Gestational Chemical Mixtures and Child Neurodevelopment	42
Informative Presence in Electronic Health Record Data: A Challenge in Implementing Study Exclusion Criteria	40
Theoretical Framework for Retrospective Studies of the Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines	36
Negative Control Exposures: Causal Effect Identifiability and Use in Probabilistic-bias and Bayesian Analyses With Unmeasured Confounders	33
Advances in Difference-in-differences Methods for Policy Evaluation Research	30
Negative-Control Exposures: Adjusting for Unmeasured and Measured Confounders With Bounds for Remaining Bias	29
Estimating the Effect of Bariatric Surgery on Cardiovascular Events Using Observational Data?	29
Re. Using Negative Control Populations to Assess Unmeasured Confounding and Direct Effects.	28
Method for Testing Etiologic Heterogeneity Among Noncompeting Diagnoses, Applied to Impact of Perinatal Exposures on Autism and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	28
Ambient Air Pollution Exposures and Child Executive Function: A US Multicohort Study	28
Risk of Adverse Birth Outcomes in Two Cohorts of Pregnant Women With HIV in Zambia	23
Census Tracts Are Not Neighborhoods: Addressing Spatial Misalignment in Studies Examining the Impact of Historical Redlining on Present-day Health Outcomes	23
Preventable Fraction in the Context of Disease Progression	23
HIV Viremia and Risk of Stroke Among People Living with HIV Who Are Using Antiretroviral Therapy	23
An Alternative Perspective on the Robust Poisson Method for Estimating Risk or Prevalence Ratios	22
When Effects Cannot be Estimated: Redefining Estimands to Understand the Effects of Naloxone Access Laws	22
Comparative Effectiveness of Dynamic Treatment Strategies for Medication Use and Dosage: Emulating a Target Trial Using Observational Data	21
Filling in the Spaces in Cardiovascular Epidemiology	21

Accounting for Misclassification and Selection Bias in Estimating Effectiveness of Self-managed Medication Abortion	21
It May Not All Be Overdiagnosis: The Potential Role of Environmental Exposures in the Thyroid Cancer Incidence Increase	20
Association Between Medical Diagnoses and Suicide in a Medicaid Beneficiary Population, North Carolina 2014–2017	20
Long-term Exposure to PM2.5 and Mortality for the Older Population: Effect Modification by Residential Greenness	20
Observed Versus Expected COVID-19 Infections Among National Football League Players During the 2020 Season	19
Community Mitigation Strategies, Mobility, and COVID-19 Incidence Across Three Waves in the United States in 2020	19
Misclassification of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Surveillance Estimates	19
Surveillance-to-Diagnostic Testing Program for Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections on a Large, Urban Campus in Fall 2020	19
The Role of Staff in Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Long-term Care Facilities	18
Gestational Hypertensive Disorders and Maternal Breast Cancer Risk in a Nationwide Cohort of 40,720 Parous Women	18
When Does Differential Outcome Misclassification Matter for Estimating Prevalence?	18
Complications in Using Real-World Data to Study the Health of People Who Use Drugs	17
Re. E-values for Mendelian Randomization	16
Incorporating Data from Multiple Endpoints in the Analysis of Clinical Trials: Example from RSV Vaccines	16
Understanding Etiologic Pathways Through Multiple Sequential Mediators: An Application in Perinatal Epidemiology	16
Misclassification Bias in the Assessment of Gene-by-Environment Interactions	16
We Don’t Talk About Consistency: The Unspoken Challenge of Identifying Mediated Effects in Perinatal Epidemiology	15
Flexible Machine Learning Estimation of Conditional Average Treatment Effects: A Blessing and a Curse	15
Newborn Dried Blood Spot Folate in Relation to Maternal Self-reported Folic Acid Intake, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and Developmental Delay	15
Empirical Challenges in Defining Treatments and Time in the Evaluation of Gun Laws	15
Residential Greenness and Long-term Mortality Among Patients Who Underwent Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery	15
Causal Effect of Chronic Pain on Mortality Through Opioid Prescriptions: Application of the Front-Door Formula	14
Homogeneity in the Instrument-exposure Association and Point Estimation Using Binary Instrumental Variables	14
The Authors Respond	14
Marginal Versus Conditional Odds Ratios When Updating Risk Prediction Models	14
Re. Assessing Uncontrolled Confounding in Associations of Being Overweight With All-Cause Mortality	14
Bias-interpretability Trade-offs in Vaccine Effectiveness Studies Using Test-negative or Cohort Designs	13
Early-life Farm Exposure and Ovarian Reserve in a US Cohort of Women	13
HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infection Epidemic Potential of Networks of Men Who Have Sex With Men in Two Cities	13
Union Burying Ground	13
The Author Responds	13
Re. A Cautionary Note on Extended Kaplan–Meier Curves for Time-varying Covariates	12
Leveraging External Validation Data: The Challenges of Transporting Measurement Error Parameters	12
The Author Responds	12
Approaches to Estimating Clearance Rates for Human Papillomavirus Groupings: A Systematic Review and Real Data Examples	12
Visualizing External Validity: Graphical Displays to Inform the Extension of Treatment Effects from Trials to Clinical Practice	12
The Authors Respond	11
Revisiting Overadjustment Bias	11
Toward a Clearer Definition of Selection Bias When Estimating Causal Effects	11
Reporting and Description of Research Methodology in Studies Estimating Effects of Firearm Policies	11
The EMICS Tool to Design Mixed-methods Studies in Epidemiology	11
Transient Effects in Studies on Preterm Birth Risk	11
The Case–Crossover Design Under Changing Baseline Outcome Risk: A Simulation of Ambient Temperature and Preterm Birth	11
Precision and Weighting of Effects Estimated by the Generalized Synthetic Control and Related Methods: The Case of Medicaid Expansion	11
Effect Measure Modification by Covariates in Mediation: Extending Regression-based Causal Mediation Analysis	11
Prenatal Exposure to Mixtures of Persistent Endocrine-disrupting Chemicals and Birth Size in a Population-based Cohort of British Girls	10
Wildfire Exposure and Health Care Use Among People Who Use Durable Medical Equipment in Southern California	10
Effects of Hot Nights on Mortality in Southern Europe	10
Describing Intersectional Health Outcomes	10
Rapid Review of Social Contact Patterns During the COVID-19 Pandemic	10

A Direct Estimate of the Impact of PM2.5, NO2, and O3 Exposure on Life Expectancy Using Propensity Scores	10
Accounting for Repeat Pregnancies in Risk Prediction Models	10
Using Balancing Weights to Target the Treatment Effect on the Treated when Overlap is Poor	10
Explaining the Variance in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Comparison of Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Genetic Predictors: Erratum	9
Potential of a Second Screening Test for Alloimmunization in Pregnancies of Rhesus-positive Women: A Swedish Population-based Cohort Study	9
Body Shapes of Multiple Anthropometric Traits and All-cause and Cause-specific Mortality in the UK Biobank	9
Association of Early-life Trauma With Gestational Diabetes and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy	9
A Cluster-based Method to Quantify Individual Heterogeneity in Tuberculosis Transmission	9
Prediction Under Interventions: Evaluation of Counterfactual Performance Using Longitudinal Observational Data	9
The Authors Respond	9
Erratum: Far from MCAR: Obtaining Population-level Estimates of HIV Viral Suppression	9
Erratum: A Graphical Description of Partial Exchangeability	9
Erratum: Average Causal Effect Estimation via Instrumental Variables: The No Simultaneous Heterogeneity Assumption	9
A Generalization of the Mechanism-based Approach for Age–Period–Cohort Models	9
Back to Basics: What Descriptive Epidemiology Can Teach Us About the Recent Rise in Firearm Homicide	9
Natural effects with a recanting witness: non-identifiability or meaningless estimand?	9
In utero Exposure to Maternal Diabetes and the Risk of Cerebral Palsy: A Population-based Cohort Study	8
Log-transformation of Independent Variables: Must We?	8
Geolocation to Identify Online Study-Eligible Gay, Bisexual, and Men who have Sex with Men in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	8
Re. Weight Change and the Onset of Cardiovascular Diseases: Emulating Trials Using Electronic Health Records	8
Performance of Multiple Imputation Using Modern Machine Learning Methods in Electronic Health Records Data	8
Neighborhood-level Socioeconomic Position During Early Pregnancy and Risk of Gastroschisis	8
Beyond Vaccination Rates: A Synthetic Random Proxy Metric of Total SARS-CoV-2 Immunity Seroprevalence in the Community	8
Propensity Scores in Health Disparities Research: The Example of Cognitive Aging and the Hispanic Paradox	8
Changes in Opioid and Benzodiazepine Poisoning Deaths After Cannabis Legalization in the US: A County-level Analysis, 2002–2020	8
Evaluating Binary Outcome Classifiers Estimated from Survey Data	7
Erratum: “Posttraumatic stress disorder and gastrointestinal disorders in the Danish population”	7
Interaction of Surface Type, Temperature, and Week of Season on Concussion Risk in the National Football League: A Bayesian Analysis	7
Quantifying the Individual Variation in Susceptibility to Endemic Coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2 with Human Challenge Trials	7
The Causal Effects of Causal Inference Pedagogy	7
Vitamin D Supplement Use and Risk of Breast Cancer by Race-Ethnicity	7
Short-term Exposure to Air Pollution and Attributable Risk of Kidney Diseases	7
Mechanistic Correlates of Protection for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines	7
Comparison of the Test-negative Design and Cohort Design With Explicit Target Trial Emulation for Evaluating COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness	7
Risk of Serious Infection With Low-dose Glucocorticoids in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis	7
Statin Initiation and Risk of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis	7
Complexity in Epidemiology and Public Health. Addressing Complex Health Problems Through a Mix of Epidemiologic Methods and Data	7
Average Causal Effect Estimation Via Instrumental Variables: the No Simultaneous Heterogeneity Assumption	7
High Summer Temperatures and Heat Stroke Mortality in Spain	7
Risk Factors and Inequities in Transportation Injury and Mortality in the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohorts (CanCHECs)	7
Rapidly Rising Diabetes and Increasing Body Weight: A Counterfactual Analysis in Repeated Cross-sectional Nationally Representative Data from Bangladesh	7
What Can Genetic Relatedness Tell Us About Risk Factors for Tuberculosis Transmission?	7
The Promise of Intersectional Critique for Epidemiology	6
Air Pollution and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Israel	6
Combining Effect Estimates Across Cohorts and Sufficient Adjustment Sets for Collaborative Research	6
The Contribution of Health Behaviors to Depression Risk Across Birth Cohorts	6
The Impact of Keeping Indoor Dining Closed on COVID-19 Rates Among Large US Cities	6
Issa J. Dahabreh, Winner of the 2021 Rothman Epidemiology Prize	6
Heterogeneity in Disparities in Life Expectancy Across US Metropolitan Areas	6
Effectiveness of Remdesivir Treatment Protocols Among Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19: A Target Trial Emulation	6
Increased Residential Clustering of COVID-19 Cases Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern B.1.1.7	6
Visual Acuity and the Risk of Cycling Injuries	6
Re: The Use of Time to Pregnancy for Estimating and Monitoring Human Fecundity From Demographic and Health Surveys	6
Synthetic Negative Controls: Using Simulation to Screen Large-scale Propensity Score Analyses	6
Douching and Genital Talc Use: Patterns of Use and Reliability of Self-reported Exposure	6
Recent Changes in the Patterns of Breast Cancer as a Proportion of All Deaths According to Race and Ethnicity	6
Mass Probation: Effects of Sentencing Severity on Mental Health for Black and White Individuals	5
Understanding Variation in Rotavirus Vaccine Effectiveness Estimates in the United States: The Role of Rotavirus Activity and Diagnostic Misclassification	5
Incident Malignant Melanoma in Sweden: The Importance of Accounting for Skin Complexion in the Population	5
Integrating Public Health Surveillance and Environmental Data to Model Presence of Histoplasma in the United States	5
Re. The Role of Cooling Centers in Protecting Vulnerable Individuals from Extreme Heat	5
Sensitivity Analyses for Means or Proportions with Missing Outcome Data	5
Risk of Adverse Perinatal Outcomes Among African-born Black Women in California, 2011–2020	5
Universal Difference-in-Differences for Causal Inference in Epidemiology	5
Balancing Empirical Trade-offs When Evaluating US Gun Policy	5
Multistate approach for stochastic interventions on a time-to-event mediator in the presence of competing risks: A new R command within the CMAverse R package	5
Mediating to Opportunity: The Challenges of Translating Mediation Estimands into Policy Recommendations	5
Erratum: Inflammation and Conception in a Prospective Time-to-Pregnancy Cohort	5
Semiparametric Allocation of Subjects to Cohort Strata	5
Migration and Health: Chasing Causality in a Complex World	5
Representativeness of Participants in the ACCORD Trial Compared to Middle-aged and Older Adults Living with Diabetes in the United States	5
The Authors Respond	5
A New Tool for Reporting Mediation Analyses	5
Decomposing the Black–White Racial Disparity in Severe Maternal Morbidity Risk: The Role of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy	5
Errors in the Calculation of the Population Attributable Fraction	5
Term Birth Weight and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes	5
Are Detailed Behavioral, Psychosocial, and Environmental Variables Necessary to Control for Confounding in Pregnancy Weight Gain Research?	5
Comparing PCSK9 Monoclonal Antibody Treatment Strategies Following Myocardial Infarction Using Negative Control Outcomes: A Target Trial Emulation Study	5
Maternal Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States: An Interrupted Time-series Analysis	4
Re. Emulating a Target Trial of Interventions Initiated During Pregnancy With Healthcare Databases: The Example of COVID-19 Vaccination	4

Validation of ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Codes for Gestational Age at Birth	4
Neighborhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Childhood Body Mass Index Trajectories From Birth to 7 Years of Age	4
Target Trial Emulation Using Cohort Studies: Estimating the Effect of Antihypertensive Medication Initiation on Incident Dementia	4
A Mixture of Urinary Phthalate Metabolite Concentrations During Pregnancy and Offspring Social Responsiveness Scale Scores	4
Using the Generalized Synthetic Control Method to Estimate the Impact of Extreme Weather Events on Population Health	4
Commentary: The Seedy Side of Causal Effect Estimation with Machine Learning	4
Effectiveness of Trachomatous Trichiasis Case-identification Approaches in Ethiopia	4
Assessing Direct and Spillover Effects of Intervention Packages in Network-randomized Studies	4
Differential Participation, a Potential Cause of Spurious Associations in Observational Cohorts in Environmental Epidemiology	4
Differential Employment Quality and Educational Inequities in Mental Health: A Causal Mediation Analysis	4
ZIP Code and ZIP Code Tabulation Area Linkage: Implications for Bias in Epidemiologic Research	4
Generalized Difference-in-Differences	4
Erratum: Marginal Sufficient Component Cause Model: An Emerging Causal Model With Merits?	4
Re: Bias in Calculation of Attributable Fractions Using Relative Risks from Nonsmokers Only	4
Monitoring Drug Safety in Pregnancy with Scan Statistics: A Comparison of Two Study Designs	4
The Era of Progress on Gun Mortality: State Gun Regulations and Gun Deaths from 1991 to 2016	4
Erratum: Regression Discontinuity Designs in Health: A Systematic Review	4
The Role of Epidemiology in Addressing Ableism	4
Doubly Marginalized: The Interplay of Racism and Disability in Outcomes for Minoritized People With Down Syndrome	4
Application of a Web-based Tool for Quantitative Bias Analysis: The Example of Misclassification Due to Self-reported Body Mass Index	4
Rates of Receiving Medication for Opioid Use Disorder and Opioid Overdose Deaths During the Early Synthetic Opioid Crisis: A County-level Analysis	3
Story-led Causal Inference	3
Improving Inverse Probability Weighting by Post-calibrating Its Propensity Scores	3
Validation of a Claims-based Algorithm to Identify Pregestational Diabetes Among Pregnant Women in the United States	3
Constructed Measures and Causal Inference	3
Self-reported Human Papillomavirus Vaccination and Vaccine Effectiveness Among Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Quantitative Bias Analysis	3
Use of Recently Vaccinated Individuals to Detect Bias in Test-Negative Case–Control Studies of COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness	3
Mixture Models for Social Epidemiology: Opportunities and Cautions	3
Interactive Effects of Long-term Exposure to Air Pollutants on SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Severity: A Northern Italian Population-based Cohort Study	3
Thunderstorms, Pollen, and Severe Asthma in a Midwestern, USA, Urban Environment, 2007–2018	3
Influenza Activity and Preterm Birth in the Atlanta Metropolitan Area: A Time-Series Analysis from 2010 to 2017	3
The Authors Respond	3
e-Cigarette Use and Combustible Cigarette Smoking Initiation Among Youth: Accounting for Time-Varying Exposure and Time-Dependent Confounding	3
The Role of Cooling Centers in Protecting Vulnerable Individuals from Extreme Heat	3
SARS-CoV-2: An Empirical Investigation of Rose’s Population-based Logic	3
Why and How Epidemiologists Should Use Mixed Methods	3
Methods for Extending Inferences From Observational Studies: Considering Causal Structures, Identification Assumptions, and Estimators	3
Prenatal Exposure to Nonpersistent Chemicals and Fetal-to-childhood Growth Trajectories	3
Associations of Prenatal First Trimester Essential and Nonessential Metal Mixtures with Body Size and Adiposity in Childhood.	3
Overcoming Data Gaps in Life Course Epidemiology by Matching Across Cohorts	3
Evaluating Metformin Strategies for Cancer Prevention: A Target Trial Emulation Using Electronic Health Records	3
Mobile Source Benzene Regulations and Risk of Childhood and Young Adult Hematologic Cancers in Alaska: A Quasi-experimental Study	3
Understanding the Intergenerational Impact of Migration: An Adult Mortality Advantage for the Children of Forced Migrants?	3
A Flexible Statistical Framework for Estimating Excess Mortality	3
Higher Moments for Optimal Balance Weighting in Causal Estimation	3
Effect of Adjustment for Case Misclassification and Infection Date Uncertainty on Estimates of COVID-19 Effective Reproduction Number	3
The Author Responds	3
The Health and Economic Benefits of Tests That Predict Future Progression to Tuberculosis Disease	3
The Population-level Effect of Adjuvant Therapies on Breast Cancer Recurrence: Application of the Trend-in-Trend Design	3
Associations of Local Cannabis Control Policies With Harmful Cannabis Exposures Reported to the California Poison Control System	3
Estimated rates of progression to tuberculosis disease for persons infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the United States	2
HELICOBACTER PYLORI ERADICATION TREATMENTS AND RISK OF ALZHEIMER DISEASE: A CASE–CONTROL STUDY NESTED IN THE FINNISH POPULATION	2
A Trial Emulation Approach for Policy Evaluations with Group-level Longitudinal Data	2
Validation of Long-term Recall of Pregnancy-related Weight in the Life-course Experiences And Pregnancy Study	2
Promoting Reproducibility and Integrity in Observational Research: One Approach of an Epidemiology Research Community	2
An Aggregated Comorbidity Measure Based on History of Filled Drug Prescriptions: Development and Evaluation in Two Separate Cohorts	2
A Capture–Recapture-based Ascertainment Probability Weighting Method for Effect Estimation With Under-ascertained Outcomes	2
Differences in Weight Gain Following Residential Relocation in the Moving to Health (M2H) Study	2
Long-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Mortality A Longitudinal Cohort Study of 400,459 Adults	2
Daily Summer Temperatures and Hospitalization for Acute Cardiovascular Events: Impact of Outdoor PM2.5 Oxidative Potential on Observed Associations Across Canada	2
Kara E. Rudolph, Winner of 2023 Rothman Epidemiology Prize	2
Bans on Cellphone Use While Driving and Traffic Fatalities in the United States	2
Gestational Diabetes in Twin Versus Singleton Pregnancies With Normal Weight or Overweight Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index	2
Validation of ICD-10 Codes for Severe Maternal Morbidity at Delivery in a Public Hospital	2
Can Ensemble Machine Learning Improve the Accuracy of Severe Maternal Morbidity Screening in a Perinatal Database?	2
Low-level PM2.5 Exposure, Cardiovascular and Nonaccidental Mortality, and Related Health Disparities in 12 US States	2
Estimating prevalence of opioid misuse in North Carolina counties from 2016-2021: An integrated abundance model approach	2
Combining Urinary Biomarker Data From Studies With Different Measures of Urinary Dilution	2
Neighborhood Deprivation and Neural Tube Defects	2
The Effect of Mobile Stroke Unit Care on Functional Outcomes: An Application of the Front-door Formula	2
Emulating a Target Trial of Interventions Initiated During Pregnancy With Healthcare Databases: The Example of COVID-19 Vaccination. The Authors Respond	2
Adjusting Incidence Estimates with Laboratory Test Performances: A Pragmatic Maximum Likelihood Estimation-Based Approach	2
Start with the Target Trial Protocol, Then Follow the Roadmap for Causal Inference	2
Crosswalks to Convert US Census Bureau Industry and Occupation Codes, 1980–2018	2
Pandemic and Gender Influences on Submissions to Epidemiology	2
Long-term Traffic-related Air Pollutant Exposure and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Diagnosis in Denmark: A Bayesian Hierarchical Analysis	2
Identification of Vaccine Effects When Exposure Status Is Unknown	2
Social Distancing and SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Potential Early in the Epidemic in Finland	2
Measuring Racial Sentiment Using Social Media Is Harder Than It Seems	2
Association Between Home Renovation and Sleeping Problems Among Children Aged 6–18 Years: A Nationwide Survey in China	2
Examining the Interactive Associations of Cannabis and Alcohol Outlets With Self-harm Injuries in California: A Spatiotemporal Analysis	2
The Case Time Series Design	2
Validation of Hypertensive Disorders During Pregnancy: ICD-10 Codes in a High-burden Southeastern United States Hospital	2
Erratum: “Mindel C. Sheps: Counted, Dead or Alive“	2
Transportability Without Positivity: A Synthesis of Statistical and Simulation Modeling	2
Interpretations of Studies on SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination and Post-acute COVID-19 Sequelae	2
Without Commitment to an Ontology, There Could Be No Causal Inference	2
To Bound or Not to Bound	2
Conditional Poisson Regression with Random Effects for the Analysis of Multi-site Time Series Studies	2
Comparative Safety of Gout Treatment Strategies on Cardiovascular Outcomes Using Observational Data: Clone-censor-weight Target Trial Emulation Approach	2
Partial Identification of the Average Causal Effect in Multiple Study Populations: The Challenge of Combining Mendelian Randomization Studies	2
Partial Identification of the Effects of Sustained Treatment Strategies	2
Latent Class Models of Early-life Trauma and Incident Breast Cancer	2
Health Outcomes Associated With Clinician-initiated Delivery for Hypertensive Disorders at 34–38 Weeks’ Gestation	2
Outdoor Artificial Light at Night and Reproductive Endocrine and Glucose Homeostasis and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Women of Reproductive Age	2