OOIR: Observatory of International Research

Papers

(The median citation count of Defence and Peace Economics is 1. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2021-05-01 to 2025-05-01.)

Article	Citations
High Unemployment and the Armed Forces: The Costs and Benefits of Recruiting Military Personnel in Norway	28
Drivers and Impact of European Defence Market Integration: A Literature Meta-Synthesis with Economic Focus	25
The Economic Benefits of North Warning System Modernization	21
The Spectrum of Strategic Autonomy in EU Defence Supply Chains	16
Demand for Military Expenditures and Security Alignment Choices in the Indo-Pacific	15
Strategic Interaction of Governments and Terrorist Groups in Times of Economic Hardship	15
Modest and balanced: the US defense budget buildup during the first Trump administration, 2017–2020	12
Geopolitical Risk and Stock-Bond Interplay: A Comparative Study of Islamic and Conventional Assets in the GCC	11
Military Spending Composition and Economic Growth	11
Natural resource dependence and war nexus: new insights	11
The Evolution Towards the Partial Strategic Autonomy of Sweden’s Essential Security Interests	10
Long-term Consequences of Civil War in Tajikistan: The Gendered Impact on Education and Labor Market Outcomes	10
Class Warfare: Political Exclusion of the Poor and the Roots of Social-Revolutionary Terrorism, 1860-1950	10
Post Service Labor Market Performance of Immigrant Veterans	8
The Dynamics of the Global Arms Trade Network: States’ Stability and Instability	8
Should I Pay, Or Should I Quash? The Role of Governments’ Ideology in Ransom Payment	8
The Formation of Terrorist Groups: An Empirical Analysis	8
Forecasting Costs of U.S. Ballistic Missile Defense Against a Major Nuclear Strike	7
Readiness Through International Cooperation: Finnish Defence Industrial Strategy in Changing Operational Environment from the Mid-1990s to the Early 2020s	7
Do Political Instability and Military Expenditure Undermine Economic Growth in Egypt? Evidence from the ARDL Approach	7
Corruption, ICT and Military Spending in Sub-Saharan Africa	7
Fertile ground for conflict: evidence revisited using spatial first differences	7
Market Structures, Competition and Innovation: Grounds for an Alternative Defence Industrial Policy	7
The Determinants of Defense Spending in the Gulf Region	7
Country Survey: Canadian Military Expenditure and Defence Policy	7

The Political Economy of Military Aircraft, the Case of Europe	7
Technological Emergence and Military Technology Innovation	6
Scientometric Analysis of the Relationship between Expenditure on Defence and Economic Growth: Current Situation and Future Perspectives	6
Unemployment and Military Labour Supply: A Study on Belgian Data for the Period 2005-2020	5
Constraining Compliance? Reconsidering the Effect of Veto Players on Sanctions Success	5
Civil War Outcomes and Egalitarian Democracy in Post-Civil War States: A Cross-National Analysis, 1946-2018	5
Verification of Peace Accords and Military Expenditures in Post-Conflict Societies	5
Within Ethnic Population Inequality and within Self-Determination Movement Violence	5
Extractive Politics, Redistribution, and War: On the Rationality of Kleptocratic Mismanagement	5
Reassessing the military spending–economic growth nexus in the ‘shadows’: selected Balkan countries, 1990–2022	5
Conflict with Third-Party Intervention and Revenge: A Game-Theoretic Exploration	4
Military spending and the fear hypothesis	4
Arms Racing, Military Build-Ups and Dispute Intensity: Evidence from the Greek-Turkish Rivalry, 1985-2020	4
Competition from Within: Ethnicity, Power, and Militant Group Rivalry	4
The Effect of the US Macroeconomic Indicators on the International Geopolitical Risk	4
European Defence: No Zeitenwende Yet	4
Concentration and Innovation in the Defence Industry: A Stochastic Game	4
The Impact of Military Expenditures on Economic Growth: A New Instrumental Variables Approach	4
Has the iron fist against criminal gangs really worked in El Salvador?	4
A theoretical treatment of foreign fighters and terrorism	3
Long-Run Equilibrium Between Military Expenditure and GDP with Non-Linear Structural Breaks in NATO Member States	3
The economic costs and benefits of the European Future Combat Air System	3
Courtship, Honeymoon, and Stabilisation? Military Expenditures of New NATO Member Countries Before and After the 1999–2020 Enlargements	3
The Ascent of Geopolitics: Scientometric Analysis and Ramifications of Geopolitical Risk	3
Notes on Optimal Reintegration Contracts	3
Equilibrium in an asymmetric war of attrition with a fight option	3
Developments in Military Expenditure and the Effects of the War in Ukraine	3
Armed Conflict and Its Repercussions on Population Growth: The Turkish Case	3
Arms Spending and War Casualties: Understanding the Strategic Trade-Offs in Warfare	3
Cybersecurity For Defense Economists	3
Tourism demand recovery following terrorism ceasefire: the case of the basque country	3
When Military Interventions Decrease Military Power. Evidence from the French Case	2
Does Comprehensive Geopolitical Risk Deter FDI Outflows: Evidence from China	2
Canada and the NORAD: Economics and Burden Sharing	2
Does Increase in Defence Spending Lead to More Risk of Sovereign Debt Defaults?	2
Does Terrorism Affect Foreign Greenfield Investments?	2
International Transmission of Fiscal News Shock: Evidence from Defense Spending	2
Sanctions, Co-Sanctions, and Counter-Sanctions: A Multilateral, Evolutionary Game Among Three Global Powers	2
‘Explaining the persistence of defense offsets in a supply-driven arms trade’	2
Cross-Check on Combat Aircraft Data	2
Indirect Rivalries and Civil Wars: Empirical Evidence	2
Collective Action and Intra-Group Conflict: An Experiment	2
Introduction to the Special Issue ‘Spend More and Better’	2
Guns vs health: unraveling the interplay between geopolitical risk, arms race and health expenditure	2
Introducing Missile Tests Dataset	2
Asymmetric Effects of Positive and Negative Commodity Price Shocks During Civil Wars	2
State Building and Peace Agreement Implementation	2
Public Opinion in Conflict Situations: A Sentiment Analysis of Tweets About Russia During the War on Ukraine	2
Offset Multipliers and Defence Industrial Policy Efficiency	2
Economic Growth’s Catalyzing Effect on War	2

On Terrorist Groups: An Introduction	2
Defence Partnerships and Economic Dynamics: An Analysis in PESCO Countries	2
MBDA’s Industrial Model and European Defence	1
Singapore’s ’Total Defence’ Strategy	1
An Analysis of Terrorist Group Formation, 1860—1969	1
Insecurity and Ambition: Dual Drivers of Chinese Innovation?	1
Military Technology, Defense Spending and Modernization of the Armed Forces: The Case of Spain, 1891-1935	1
Terrorism and Immigration Policy Preferences	1
A Note on Estimating the Relative Costs of Unmanned Aerial Systems	1
Democracy and Militarization in Developing Countries: A Panel Vector Autoregressive Analysis	1
Unpacking the Impact of External Support on Rebel Groups: Does it Fuel or Quell Violence Against Civilians?	1
Assessing the Impact of Military and Civilian R&D on Performance	1
Measuring Productivity of the Spanish Defence Industry	1
Gone with the Winds of Peace: The Regional Economic Effects of Military Base Downsizings and Closures	1
You Work for Us Now: Concentration in University-Performed Defense R&D	1
An Unchained Dog of War: An Examination of the Lack of Constraint on Presidential Uses of Force in the Modern Era	1
Augustine Investments and Weapons Systems	1
Conflict Trajectories and Education: Gender-Disaggregated Evidence from India	1
Food and peace? Exploring the link between conflict and food insecurity in Africa	1
NATO’s Two Percent Guideline: A Demand for Military Expenditure Perspective	1
Sharing the Burden of Hybrid Threats: Lessons from the Economics of Alliances	1
Organisational Complexity of the Eurofighter Typhoon Collaborative Supply Chain	1
European Defence Industries’ Sales Performance: A Benefit-Of-The-Doubt Based Comparative Analysis	1
Effects of Geopolitical Risks on Gold Market Return Dynamics: Evidence from a Nonparametric Causality-in-quantiles Approach	1
Should we sell arms to human rights violators? What the public thinks	1
Democracy, military expenditure and economic growth: A heterogeneous perspective	1
The Economic Cost of A Nuclear Weapon: A Synthetic Control Approach	1
21^st Century Evidence on the Effect of Terror Attacks on Eurozone Stock Markets	1
Determinants of External, Domestic, and Total Public Debt in Nigeria: The Role of Conflict, Arms Imports, and Military Expenditure	1
Interactional Impact of Defence Expenditure and Political Instability on Economic Growth in Nigeria: Revisited	1
The Effects of International Sanctions on Iran’s military spending: A Synthetic Control Analysis	1
How Does the Russian-Ukrainian War Rock Stock and Commodity Markets? Fresh Insights from Joint Network-Connectedness Analysis	1
The Military Rise of China: The Real Defence Budget Over Two Decades	1
Building a Defence Manpower Planning Tool Using Survival Analysis Models	1
Costs and Prices of UK Military Aircraft in War and Peace	1
The impact of US elections on US defense industry: firm-level evidence from 1996 to 2022	1
The Political Economy of Wargaming	1
The Role of Reserves in Mitigating Sanctions’ Impact on Economic Growth	1
Disinformation Strategies	1
The Role of Stakeholders in Managing Government Research and Development Funding for Defence Industrial Innovation: The Case of Malaysia	1
NATO’s Approach to Multi-Domain Operations: From the Perspective of the Economics of Alliances	1
The Effects of Rising Terrorism on a Small Capital Market: Evidence from Tunisia	1