OOIR: Observatory of International Research

Papers

(The median citation count of Defence and Peace Economics is 1. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2021-11-01 to 2025-11-01.)

Article	Citations
High Unemployment and the Armed Forces: The Costs and Benefits of Recruiting Military Personnel in Norway	39
Modeling economic sanctions as a stochastic game: insights from Russia, Libya, and Iran	23
The Economic Benefits of North Warning System Modernization	20
Geopolitical risk spillovers and interconnectedness: evidence from the MENA region and key global powers	16
Demand for Military Expenditures and Security Alignment Choices in the Indo-Pacific	15
Drivers and Impact of European Defence Market Integration: A Literature Meta-Synthesis with Economic Focus	15
The Spectrum of Strategic Autonomy in EU Defence Supply Chains	14
Modest and balanced: the US defense budget buildup during the first Trump administration, 2017–2020	14
Military Spending Composition and Economic Growth	12
Geopolitical Risk and Stock-Bond Interplay: A Comparative Study of Islamic and Conventional Assets in the GCC	12
Natural resource dependence and war nexus: new insights	12
Long-term Consequences of Civil War in Tajikistan: The Gendered Impact on Education and Labor Market Outcomes	11
The Dynamics of the Global Arms Trade Network: States’ Stability and Instability	11
Should I Pay, Or Should I Quash? The Role of Governments’ Ideology in Ransom Payment	10
Corruption, ICT and Military Spending in Sub-Saharan Africa	10
Post Service Labor Market Performance of Immigrant Veterans	10
Readiness Through International Cooperation: Finnish Defence Industrial Strategy in Changing Operational Environment from the Mid-1990s to the Early 2020s	10
The impact of armed conflicts and forced migration on labour markets: systematic literature review and future research agenda	10
Scientometric Analysis of the Relationship between Expenditure on Defence and Economic Growth: Current Situation and Future Perspectives	9
Forecasting Costs of U.S. Ballistic Missile Defense Against a Major Nuclear Strike	9
Market Structures, Competition and Innovation: Grounds for an Alternative Defence Industrial Policy	9
The Political Economy of Military Aircraft, the Case of Europe	9
Unemployment and Military Labour Supply: A Study on Belgian Data for the Period 2005-2020	9
Macroeconomic consequences of the war in Ukraine on Central and Eastern European economies: a SVAR analysis	9
Fertile ground for conflict: evidence revisited using spatial first differences	9

Civil War Outcomes and Egalitarian Democracy in Post-Civil War States: A Cross-National Analysis, 1946-2018	8
Within Ethnic Population Inequality and within Self-Determination Movement Violence	7
Reassessing the military spending–economic growth nexus in the ‘shadows’: selected Balkan countries, 1990–2022	7
Extractive Politics, Redistribution, and War: On the Rationality of Kleptocratic Mismanagement	7
Verification of Peace Accords and Military Expenditures in Post-Conflict Societies	7
Technological Emergence and Military Technology Innovation	7
Constraining Compliance? Reconsidering the Effect of Veto Players on Sanctions Success	7
A theoretical treatment of foreign fighters and terrorism	6
Conflict with Third-Party Intervention and Revenge: A Game-Theoretic Exploration	6
Has the iron fist against criminal gangs really worked in El Salvador?	6
Concentration and Innovation in the Defence Industry: A Stochastic Game	6
The Impact of Military Expenditures on Economic Growth: A New Instrumental Variables Approach	6
Military spending and the fear hypothesis	6
The Ascent of Geopolitics: Scientometric Analysis and Ramifications of Geopolitical Risk	5
The Effect of the US Macroeconomic Indicators on the International Geopolitical Risk	5
Developments in Military Expenditure and the Effects of the War in Ukraine	5
Courtship, Honeymoon, and Stabilisation? Military Expenditures of New NATO Member Countries Before and After the 1999–2020 Enlargements	5
Reassessing the military expenditure–economic growth nexus in the context of geopolitical risk: evidence from Poland	5
The economic costs and benefits of the European Future Combat Air System	5
Cybersecurity For Defense Economists	5
Saudi Arabia’s defence industrial transition: from vision to reality?	5
Long-Run Equilibrium Between Military Expenditure and GDP with Non-Linear Structural Breaks in NATO Member States	5
European Defence: No Zeitenwende Yet	5
Equilibrium in an asymmetric war of attrition with a fight option	5
International Transmission of Fiscal News Shock: Evidence from Defense Spending	5
Arms Spending and War Casualties: Understanding the Strategic Trade-Offs in Warfare	5
Asymmetric Effects of Positive and Negative Commodity Price Shocks During Civil Wars	4
Warming, cooling, commodity prices, and conflict: do UN peacekeeping troops reduce the effects?	4
Canada and the NORAD: Economics and Burden Sharing	4
Economic Growth’s Catalyzing Effect on War	4
Defence Partnerships and Economic Dynamics: An Analysis in PESCO Countries	4
Introduction to the Special Issue ‘Spend More and Better’	4
Does Comprehensive Geopolitical Risk Deter FDI Outflows: Evidence from China	4
Collective Action and Intra-Group Conflict: An Experiment	4
Guns vs health: unraveling the interplay between geopolitical risk, arms race and health expenditure	4
Tourism demand recovery following terrorism ceasefire: the case of the Basque country	4
When Military Interventions Decrease Military Power. Evidence from the French Case	4
Sanctions, Co-Sanctions, and Counter-Sanctions: A Multilateral, Evolutionary Game Among Three Global Powers	4
Cross-Check on Combat Aircraft Data	4
External support for insurgents in civil conflicts: a bipartite network analysis, 1989–2017	4
Does Terrorism Affect Foreign Greenfield Investments?	4
Public Opinion in Conflict Situations: A Sentiment Analysis of Tweets About Russia During the War on Ukraine	3
Unpacking the effect of coup d’état on energy poverty in Africa	3
Does Increase in Defence Spending Lead to More Risk of Sovereign Debt Defaults?	3
Organisational Complexity of the Eurofighter Typhoon Collaborative Supply Chain	3
Indirect Rivalries and Civil Wars: Empirical Evidence	3
Military expenditures as a part of endogenous fiscal policy in 21 EU-NATO countries: the fiscal consequences of rising defence budgets	3
Does military spending really support economic growth in small island countries? a comparative study of five small island countries	3
‘Explaining the persistence of defense offsets in a supply-driven arms trade’	3
Offset Multipliers and Defence Industrial Policy Efficiency	3

The impact of US elections on US defense industry: firm-level evidence from 1996 to 2022	3
The Role of Reserves in Mitigating Sanctions’ Impact on Economic Growth	2
Terrorism and Immigration Policy Preferences	2
Singapore’s ’Total Defence’ Strategy	2
Conflict Trajectories and Education: Gender-Disaggregated Evidence from India	2
Food and peace? Exploring the link between conflict and food insecurity in Africa	2
Can Sanctions Backfire?	2
Building a Defence Manpower Planning Tool Using Survival Analysis Models	2
Augustine Investments and Weapons Systems	2
Insecurity and Ambition: Dual Drivers of Chinese Innovation?	2
How Does the Russian-Ukrainian War Rock Stock and Commodity Markets? Fresh Insights from Joint Network-Connectedness Analysis	2
Interactional Impact of Defence Expenditure and Political Instability on Economic Growth in Nigeria: Revisited	2
European Defence Industries’ Sales Performance: A Benefit-Of-The-Doubt Based Comparative Analysis	2
Determinants of External, Domestic, and Total Public Debt in Nigeria: The Role of Conflict, Arms Imports, and Military Expenditure	2
The Military Rise of China: The Real Defence Budget Over Two Decades	1
Costs and Prices of UK Military Aircraft in War and Peace	1
Long-Term Effects of Yugoslav War	1
You Work for Us Now: Concentration in University-Performed Defense R&D	1
On What Topics Does the Scientific Community Cooperate in Defense Economics? A Science Mapping of the First 30 Years of the Journal Defence and Peace Economics	1
Redefining the Nexus of Military Spending Among Southeast Mediterranean Countries in the Presence of Nonlinearities	1
NATO’s Approach to Multi-Domain Operations: From the Perspective of the Economics of Alliances	1
Audience costs and the risk of war under effective brinkmanship deterrence	1
Military Technology, Defense Spending and Modernization of the Armed Forces: The Case of Spain, 1891-1935	1
Unpacking the Impact of External Support on Rebel Groups: Does it Fuel or Quell Violence Against Civilians?	1
Disinformation Strategies	1
Assessing the Impact of Military and Civilian R&D on Performance	1
Misalignment of interests and threat perceptions: a dynamic study of NATO defense contributions	1
Geopolitical risk and the volatility of GCC stock markets around the war on the Gaza Strip	1
The Impact of Peacekeeping on Post-Deployment Earnings for Swedish Veterans	1
Rethinking the guns vs. butter tradeoff: a non-linear and regime-conditioned approach in the military and health spending	1
Nationalism, leaders, and four forms of terrorist groups	1
Oil extraction, grievances, and conflict: evidence from Niger Delta and South Sudan	1
Sharing the Burden of Hybrid Threats: Lessons from the Economics of Alliances	1
The Effects of Rising Terrorism on a Small Capital Market: Evidence from Tunisia	1
Measuring Productivity of the Spanish Defence Industry	1
Should we sell arms to human rights violators? What the public thinks	1
The Role of Stakeholders in Managing Government Research and Development Funding for Defence Industrial Innovation: The Case of Malaysia	1
Military influence in civilian institutions: analyzing ethnic group political and economic exclusion	1
The Economic Cost of A Nuclear Weapon: A Synthetic Control Approach	1
The Taliban’s Return to Power: An Empirical Analysis of the Afghan Peace Negotiations of 2018–2020	1
Shooting the Economy in the Foot: The Economic Effects of School Shootings in America	1
Military Expenditures and Economic Growth: Evidence from NATO and Non-NATO Alliances	1
Deterring Delays in Public Goods Contributions: The Role of Communication and Rewards	1
21^st Century Evidence on the Effect of Terror Attacks on Eurozone Stock Markets	1
Democracy, military expenditure and economic growth: A heterogeneous perspective	1
An Unchained Dog of War: An Examination of the Lack of Constraint on Presidential Uses of Force in the Modern Era	1
The Political Economy of Wargaming	1
Effects of Geopolitical Risks on Gold Market Return Dynamics: Evidence from a Nonparametric Causality-in-quantiles Approach	1