International Journal of Impotence Research

Papers
(The median citation count of International Journal of Impotence Research is 1. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2021-06-01 to 2025-06-01.)
ArticleCitations
Climacturia: what treatment options do we offer to those with and without concomitant erectile dysfunction?36
Simultaneous penile prosthesis placement and collagen fleece (TachoSil) grafting. Where do we stand in 2024?32
Tactile stimulation prevents disruptions in male rat copulatory behavior induced by artificial rearing30
The penile ultrasound study: an unnecessary exam or an ace in the hole?28
Differences in polysomnographic, nocturnal penile tumescence and penile doppler ultrasound findings in men with stuttering priapism and sleep-related painful erections28
Therapeutic outcomes and analysis of Doppler findings in 25 patients with non-ischemic priapism27
The clinical significance of imperfection: is idiopathic corporal asymmetry related to curvature during penile prosthesis placement?26
Post-infection erectile dysfunction risk - comparing COVID-19 with other common acute viral infections: a large national claims database analysis22
Take-home messages on male genital aesthetic surgery22
Perspective: Residual penile curvature correction during penile prosthesis implantation by plication in Peyronie’s patients21
Exclusive manual perineal rehabilitation with lidocaine 2% gel in the treatment of provoked vestibulodynia: results from a single-arm interventional study20
Ejaculatory function after robotic waterjet ablation for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a systematic review20
Comment on: Safety of penile prosthesis implantation in solid organ transplant recipients: a systematic review20
Current opinions on the management of prolonged ischemic priapism: does penoscrotal decompression outperform corporoglanular tunneling?20
Patients’ perspectives on informational needs surrounding gender-affirming vaginoplasty20
Understanding the dopaminergic pathway relative to men’s sexual dysfunction in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a narrative review with implications for future research19
Immunohistological study of the density and distribution of human penile neural tissue: gradient hypothesis19
Impact of sleep quality and chronotype on self-reported erectile function in young adults presenting with erectile complaints: a prospective observational study19
Association between the atherogenic index of plasma and erectile dysfunction in US men: a population-based cross-sectional study17
Sexual function of transgender assigned female at birth seeking gender affirming care: a narrative review17
How to improve functional outcome of inflatable penile implant surgery? a narrative review16
Pudendal nerve block decreases narcotic requirements and time spent in post-anesthesia care units in patients undergoing primary inflatable penile prosthesis implantation16
The impact of genital warts on sexual function and sexuality-related distress in late adolescence16
Is it safe to implant a penile prosthesis in a solid organ transplant recipient? A systematic review15
Evaluating the readability of online testosterone search results14
Associations between self-reports of physical activity, interoceptive awareness, autonomic regulation, premature ejaculation, and erectile dysfunction in Chinese men14
Management of functional outcomes after radical prostatectomy in the Nordic countries: A survey of uro-oncological centers14
Commentary to the article “Compulsive sexual behavior and paraphilic interests in adults with chronic tic disorders and Tourette syndrome: a survey-based study”14
“FGM” vs. female “cosmetic” surgeries: why do they continue to be treated separately?14
Clinical utility of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone as a marker for medical therapy for male infertility: recommendations based on clinical scenarios14
Penile surgery for patients with Peyronie’s disease initially treated with collagenase clostridium histolyticum or surgery: a claims database analysis14
Involvement of vulva in lichen sclerosus increases the risk of antidepressant and benzodiazepine prescriptions for psychiatric disorder diagnoses14
Comment on: The effectiveness of electrical stimulation in the treatment of erectile dysfunction: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials13
The clinical management of testosterone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder: a review13
Comment on: Testosterone deficiency in men with end stage renal disease and kidney transplantation: a narrative review13
Testosterone therapy and secondary erythrocytosis12
YouTube is inadequate as an information source on delayed ejaculation12
3D-printed phantoms to quantify accuracy and variability of goniometric and volumetric assessment of Peyronie’s disease deformities12
Efficacy and safety of two disposable circumcision suture devices for circumcision in adults: a prospective comparative multicenter study12
Criminalizing medically unnecessary child genital cutting in Western countries: the terms of the debate and some reasons for caution11
Erectile device insertion following phalloplasty in transgender and non-binary individuals assigned female at birth: a narrative review11
Association between visceral adipose tissue and total testosterone among the United States male adults: a cross-sectional study11
A narrative review of initial treatment for ischemic priapism11
History of penile implants: from implants made of bone to modern inflatable penile implants11
The prevalence and topographic distribution of penile calcification in a large cohort: a retrospective cross-sectional study11
Response to Comment on: Comparative outcomes of partial versus total penectomy for penile carcinoma: a retrospective cohort study on demographics and postoperative complications11
Ghattas modification of inflatable penile prosthesis: a proposed surgical technique for efficient penile prosthesis implantation11
Comment on: “History of testosterone therapy through the ages”11
Is there a new role for oral therapy to treat peyronie’s disease? Commentary on Daily low-dose tadalafil may reduce the penile curvature progression rate in patients with acute Peyronie’s Disease: a r10
Commentary on: Can AI chatbots accurately answer patient questions regarding vasectomies?10
Assessing physiologic changes during sexual activity using wearable devices: a pilot study10
The impact of misinformation on patient perceptions at a men’s health clinic: a cross-sectional study10
Comment on: does time of intraoperative exposure to the aerobiome increase microbial growth on inflatable penile prostheses?10
Hypospadias: lessons learned. An overview of incidence, epidemiology, surgery, research, complications, and outcomes10
Management of penile varicosity in Klippel–Trenaunay–Weber syndrome: a case report10
Validation of the Italian version of the Peyronie’s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ)10
Comparison of patient-reported outcomes after penile prosthesis placement in men with and without Peyronie’s disease9
Is there a line between ethics and market competition? Lights and shades of the withdrawal of collagenase treatment for Peyronie’s disease9
Oxycodone prescription after inflatable penile prosthesis has risks of persistent use: a TriNetX analysis9
Scrotal approach for tunica expansion procedure (TEP) for penile girth and length restoration during penile prosthesis implantation in patients with penile angulation due to Peyronie’s disease and ere9
Defending an inclusive right to genital and bodily integrity for children9
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder medication use is associated with testosterone hypofunction–results from a national claims database analysis9
Response to the Commentary on: Do pornography use and masturbation play a role in erectile dysfunction and relationship satisfaction in men?9
Evaluation and characterization of testosterone-related mobile health applications9
The use of combination regenerative therapies for erectile dysfunction: rationale and current status9
Opportunities and challenges with the German act for the protection of children with variations of sex development8
Vasectomy incidence in the military health system after the reversal of Roe v. Wade8
Sex robots and virtual reality sex: advantages and challenges8
Low serum testosterone is associated with an increased risk of first-time renal calculi in men without testosterone replacement therapy8
Indirect assessment of low-intensity shockwave therapy’s energy density and pulse frequency for erectile dysfunction: a systematic review, bayesian network meta-analysis and meta-regression8
The spreading information of YouTube videos on Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors: a worrisome picture from one of the most consulted internet source8
The 100 most-cited publications on Peyronie’s disease: a bibliometric analysis and visualization study8
Applications of artificial intelligence in the diagnosis and prediction of erectile dysfunction: a narrative review8
Thematic analysis of the psycho-sexual symptoms in patients with Peyronie’s disease present on online forums7
A systematic review of non-surgical management in Peyronieʼs disease7
Male esthetic genital surgery: recommendations and gaps to be filled7
Association of relative fat mass with prevalence of erectile dysfunction in US men: an analysis of NHANES 2001-20047
Comment on Does knowing pre-operative penile length influence patient satisfaction post penile prosthesis implantation?7
Cultural change demands proportionate societal response in the handling of suspected FGM/C cases7
Novel educational concepts in prosthetic urology7
Exploring representation of underrepresented minority men in a restorative therapy clinical trial for erectile dysfunction: addressing barriers and promoting inclusion7
Medications mostly associated with priapism events: assessment of the 2015–2020 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) pharmacovigilance database entries7
Anatomic considerations of inflatable penile prosthetics: lessons gleaned from surgical body donor workshops7
Rapid ejaculator rats are more susceptible to anxiety compared with normal ejaculator rats7
Peyronie’s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ): Spanish translation and validation7
Celebrating 50 years of penile implants7
Urethral pressure profile during ejaculation in men with spinal cord injury7
Response to Comment on ‘Comparison of the efficacy of the early LI-SWT plus daily tadalafil with daily tadalafil only as penile rehabilitation for postprostatectomy erectile dysfunction’7
Comment on: Prior COVID-19 infection associated with increased risk of newly diagnosed erectile dysfunction7
Early complications after penile prosthesis surgery: findings from the PHOENIX multicenter registry7
Re: The medical evidence on non-therapeutic circumcision of infants and boys—setting the record straight7
A nationwide multicentric analysis of lengthening corporoplasty with collagene fleece in Peyronie’s disease7
Bedtime sildenafil oral suspension improves sexual spontaneity and time-concerns compared to on-demand treatment in men with erectile dysfunction: results from a real-life, cross-sectional study7
Cryoablation of the penile nerves for chronic penile pain7
A response to recent penile enlargement industry media report7
Functional histology of human scrotal wall layers and their overlooked relation with infertility: a narrative review7
Tribulus terrestris for management of patients with erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials7
New technologies developed for treatment of premature ejaculation7
Long-term outcomes of extracorporeal shock wave therapy for acute Peyronie’s disease: a 10-year retrospective analysis6
The impact of hyperthyroidism on sexual functions in men and women: a systematic review and meta-analysis6
How the smartphone apps can improve your sexual wellbeing6
U-shaped association between prevalence of secondary hypogonadism and body mass index: a retrospective analysis of men with testosterone deficiency6
Efficacy of multimodal treatment involving Baclofen, pelvic floor physiotherapy and polysomnography for sleep related painful erections (SRPE): a single centre observational cohort study6
The effect of penis size on partner sexual satisfaction: a literature review6
Response to the Commentary on “Anatomic considerations of inflatable penile prosthetics: lessons gleaned from surgical body donor workshops”6
Sleep disorders are associated with testosterone deficiency and erectile dysfunction—a U.S. claims database analysis6
A contemporary review of the management strategies for sickle cell disease related ischaemic and stuttering priapism6
A contemporary review of the treatments and challenges associated with penile rehabilitation after radical prostatectomy including a proposed optimal approach6
50th year anniversary of penile implants: an ongoing worldwide triumph6
Publisher Correction: Penile implants in low flow priapism6
Sub-gluteal ligation of the internal pudendal vein for management of veno-occlusive erectile dysfunction (Shaeer’s Vein Ligation–I): the cadaveric study6
Majority of erectile dysfunction patients would have preferred earlier implantation of their penile prosthesis: validation of the recently changed EAU guidelines6
Efficacy of top flat magnetic stimulation for chronic pelvic pain in men: preliminary results5
Potentially under-recognized late-stage physical and psychosexual complications of non-therapeutic neonatal penile circumcision: a qualitative and quantitative analysis of self-reports from an online 5
Use of thermographic imaging for the evaluation of erectile dysfunction and Peyronie’s disease5
Value of prolonged scrotal drainage after penile prosthesis implantation: a multicenter prospective nonrandomized pilot study5
Association between serum homocysteine and erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis5
The relationship between testicular tumour characteristics and azoospermia: a systematic review5
A commentary on: “Erectile dysfunction in patients with anxiety disorders: a systematic review”5
Riluzole, a neuroprotective agent, preserves erectile function following bilateral cavernous nerve injury in male rats5
Author Correction: The role of leptin and low testosterone in obesity5
Editorial Comment on IJIR-11-2020-420R—Current practices regarding corporotomy localization during penoscrotal inflatable penile implant surgery: a multicenter cohort study5
Correction: Patients’ perspectives on informational needs surrounding gender-affirming vaginoplasty5
Effects of SARS CoV-2, COVID-19, and its vaccines on male sexual health and reproduction: where do we stand?5
Search traffic for inflatable penile prosthesis increased following the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States: a Google Trends analysis5
Tip of the iceberg: erectile dysfunction and COVID-195
The association between urinary organophosphate insecticide metabolites and erectile dysfunction in the United States5
The canary in the coal mine. Comment on “Association between cardiometabolic index and erectile dysfunction among US adults: a cross-sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination5
Differences in Sex Development (DSD) and related conditions: mechanisms, prevalences and changing practice5
The limited public information on private health insurance coverage of common sexual health services5
Patient perspectives on vasectomy: findings from a TikTok® content analysis5
Hard-Flaccid syndrome: a survey of sexual medicine practitioners’ knowledge and experience5
Adherence to american urological association (AUA) vasectomy guidelines: a systematic review of current practice among healthcare providers4
Commentary on “Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors do not prevent curvature progression but shorten pain duration in the active phase of Peyronie’s disease: a retrospective cohort study”4
Hypospadias surgery: understanding parental emotions, decisions and regrets4
Foreskin restorers: insights into motivations, successes, challenges, and experiences with medical and mental health professionals – An abridged summary of key findings4
Why do parents recommend clitoral surgery? Parental perception of the necessity, benefit, and cost of early childhood clitoral surgery for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)4
Is Reddit a reliable source for information on erectile dysfunction treatment?4
Frequently asked questions on erectile dysfunction: evaluating artificial intelligence answers with expert mentorship4
Glans hypermobility scale (GHS): A simple grading scale and description of a modified glanspexy technique4
Successful treatment of hard flaccid syndrome with multimodal therapy: a case report study4
Prevalence of sexual dysfunction and pursuit of sexual medicine evaluation among male physicians—a survey4
Comment on: Management of cosmetic concerns after gender-affirming vaginoplasty: a retrospective case series and guide to revisions4
Effects of obsessive beliefs and anxiety on sexual function in HPV-positive men4
Restorative therapy clinical trials for erectile dysfunction: a scoping review of endpoint measures4
Use of grafting materials during penile prosthesis implantation in patients with Peyronie’s disease—a systematic review4
Testosterone deficiency and the aging male4
Sexual activities and experiences in women who underwent genital cosmetic surgery: a cross-sectional study using data from the German Health and Sexuality Survey (GeSiD)4
Sperm concentration and semen volume increase after smoking cessation in infertile men4
Prilocaine/lidocaine spray for the treatment of premature ejaculation: a dose- and time-finding study for clinical practice use4
Comment on “Similarities and differences between men with self-reported lifelong and acquired difficulty reaching orgasm.”4
Comment on: Prescribing semaglutide for weight loss in non-diabetic, obese patients is associated with an increased risk of erectile dysfunction: a TriNetX database study4
Management of cosmetic concerns after gender-affirming vaginoplasty: a retrospective case series and guide to revisions4
Older age and low testosterone levels are independently associated with kidney stone prevalence in men: results from a large cross-sectional study4
Hyperprolactinemia and male sexual function: focus on erectile dysfunction and sexual desire4
Hormones and sexuality: navigating the complex terrain of the interplay between endocrinology and sexual function4
Male sexual dysfunction associated with GLP-1 receptor agonists: a cross-sectional analysis of FAERS data4
Mirabegron improves erectile function in men with overactive bladder and erectile dysfunction: a 12-week pilot study4
Exploring opposition to ritual female genital cutting since the first U.S. federal prosecution: the 2017 Detroit case4
Perception of orgasmic intensity changes between clitorally and vaginally activated orgasm: a psychometric analysis using the Orgasmometer scale4
Endocrine effect of phthalate metabolites and a butterfly effect of prenatal exposure to androgens on qualitative aspects of female sexual response- an initial survey4
Surgeon variations in the perioperative evaluation of penile prosthesis patients4
Comment on “Premature ejaculation among men with erectile dysfunction—findings from a real-life cross-sectional study”4
Comparison of American Urological Association and Endocrine Society guidelines on testosterone replacement4
Surgical technique and outcomes following coronal-sparing glans resurfacing for benign and malignant penile lesions4
A novel circumcision technique for adult phimosis combining three techniques: a retrospective comparative study4
Response to Comment on: Is it safe to implant a penile prosthesis in a solid organ transplant recipient? A systematic review4
Safety outcomes of the first Rigi10™ malleable penile prostheses implanted worldwide4
Response to comment on: penile prosthesis implantation is safe and effective in Peyronie’s disease patients with and without erectile dysfunction4
Safety of penile prosthesis surgery in solid organ transplant patients4
Association between cardiometabolic index and erectile dysfunction among US adults: a cross-sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-20044
Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors do not prevent curvature progression but shorten pain duration in the active phase of Peyronie’s Disease: A retrospective cohort study3
Comment on: “Untreated hypogonadism and testosterone replacement therapy in hypogonadal men are associated with a decreased risk of subsequent prostate cancer: a population-based study”3
Novel predictive factor for erectile dysfunction: systemic immune inflammation index3
Perspective: Clinical care of pedophilic individuals in Zurich, Switzerland3
A survey of exposure to the use of Xiaflex for the treatment of Peyronie’s disease among United States urology residency programs3
Comment on: “Surgeon variations in the perioperative evaluation of penile prosthesis patients”3
Gendered genital modifications in critical anthropology: from discourses on FGM/C to new technologies in the sex/gender system3
Association between bowel movement frequency and erectile dysfunction in patients with ulcerative colitis: a cross-sectional study3
Lacosamide alleviates bilateral cavernous nerve injury-induced erectile dysfunction in the rat model by ameliorating pathological changes in the corpus cavernosum3
Correction to: Celebrating 50 years of penile implants3
Response to Commentary on Rowland et al. “Similarities and differences between men with self-reported lifelong and acquired difficulty reaching orgasm”3
Post-vasectomy semen analysis: what is the best protocol?3
Association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and erectile dysfunction among American Adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: a cross-sectional study3
Are finasteride-related penile curvature/Peyronie’s disease Adverse Event Reports worthy of further clinical investigation? Disproportionality analysis based on both the Food and Drug Administration (3
A population analysis of delayed ejaculation using a claims database: characteristics and national trends in prevalence, incidence, and pharmacotherapy3
Uncovering the interhospital price variations for vasectomies in the United States3
Sleep-related painful erections: a survey-based analysis of patient-reported experiences with diagnosis and management3
Response to Comment on Trends and outcomes of hospitalized patients with priapism in Germany: results from the GRAND study3
Female urethral stricture disease: a narrative review on diagnosis, surgical techniques and outcomes3
Comment on “The post-finasteride syndrome: possible etiological mechanisms and symptoms”3
Correction: Comparison of the efficacy of the early LI-SWT plus daily tadalafil with daily tadalafil only as penile rehabilitation for postprostatectomy erectile dysfunction3
Comment on: search traffic for inflatable penile prosthesis increased following the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States: a Google Trends analysis3
Adipose-derived stem cells: an upcoming novel therapeutic in the management of Erectile dysfunction post radical prostatectomy in prostate cancer patients3
Factors associated with various strategies for maintaining sexual activity after prostate cancer treatment3
Nerve graft for erectile dysfunction after radical prostatectomy: animal study and clinical data—a narrative review3
Correction: Defending an inclusive right to genital and bodily integrity for children3
Complications and outcomes following injection of foreign material into the male external genitalia for augmentation: a single-centre experience and systematic review3
ManAgement of pRiapiSm and its impact on outcomes: an international register (MARS study) – the first international, multicenter, observational study regarding priapism in perspective3
Priapism in the paediatric and adolescent population3
Comparative analysis of the effectiveness of microsoft copilot artificial intelligence chatbot and google search in answering patient inquiries about infertility: evaluating readability, understandabi3
The associations of sexual desire, daily stress, and intimacy in gay men in long-term relationships3
The role of leptin and low testosterone in obesity3
Child-like sex dolls: legal, empirical, and ethical perspectives3
Medication-associated priapism events: validation of findings from the FDA pharmacovigilance database using insurance claim database3
Correction: The therapeutic effect of ALT-711 on erectile function in rats treated with high-level AGEs (advanced glycation end products) containing diet3
The role of vacuum erection device and penile traction therapy in the patients after radical prostatectomy: a narrative review3
Plication surgery does not produce additional loss of length in Peyronie’s disease patients3
Comment on: Comparison of the efficacy of the early LI-SWT plus daily tadalafil with daily tadalafil only as penile rehabilitation for postprostatectomy erectile dysfunction3
Conservative and medical treatments of non-sickle cell disease-related ischemic priapism: a systematic review by the EAU Sexual and Reproductive Health Panel3
Evolution and innovation in urethroplasty: a comprehensive narrative review of graft types and surgical techniques3
“Can we try to avoid surgery first?”—Real-world experience with surgery for Peyronie’s disease in the post-intralesional collagenase setting3
Simultaneous implant of inflatable penile prosthesis and artificial urinary sphincter: a single high-volume center experience3
Education in penile prosthesis implantation3
Scientists must engage with the ethical implications of their work: a commentary on Cepeda-Emiliani et al.3
Use of Himplant® for correction of residual deformity following prior treatment of peyronie’s disease: a case series3
Hard-flaccid syndrome: a report of two cases3
Sexual functioning after penile cancer surgery: comparison between surgical approaches in a large patient cohort3
Response to the Commentary on: Safety and feasibility of percutaneous needle tunneling with platelet-rich plasma injections for Peyronie’s disease in the outpatient setting: a pilot study3
Unveiling treatment horizons and contemporary perspectives in Peyronie’s disease – take home messages from Laurance A. Levine special issue2
The recommended treatment protocol for low-intensity shockwave therapy based on the severity of erectile dysfunction2
Comment on: Uncovering the interhospital price variations for vasectomies in the United States2
Comment on: Male reproductive aging: can men with oligospermia become azoospermic over time?2
Paraphilic disorders, psychopathy, and those who sexually offend: a narrative review of treatment modalities2
Psychological, psychosocial, and psychosexual aspects of penile circumcision2
Correction: Squamous cell carcinoma of the neovagina following transgender woman gender-affirming vaginoplasty: a case report and systematic review2
Mean platelet volume as a predictive marker of erectile dysfunction: a meta-analysis2
News and future perspectives of non-surgical treatments for erectile dysfunction2
Top-cited articles in andrology journals from 2013–2022: a bibliometric analysis2
Advancements in the evaluation and treatment for Testosterone Deficiency2
High flow priapism following the insertion of an inflatable penile prosthesis mimicking autoinflation: a case report2
Acknowledgement to referees2
History of testosterone therapy through the ages2
Response to comment on: Low serum testosterone is associated with an increased risk of first-time renal calculi in men without testosterone replacement therapy2
Medicalization of intersex and resistance: a commentary on Conway2
Risk factors, diagnosis, and long-term erectile dysfunction outcomes in priapism: a retrospective analysis of 186 cases from a single institution2
Response to comment on: Long-term outcomes of penile squamous cell carcinoma in men age ≤50 years old compared with men >50 years old2
Penile prosthesis implantation is safe and effective in Peyronie’s disease patients with and without erectile dysfunction2
In continuation of “Top-cited articles in andrology journals from 2013–2022: a bibliometric analysis”2
Effect of bulbospongiosus muscle injection with botulinum-A toxin for treatment of lifelong premature ejaculation; a randomized controlled trial2
How do heterosexual men and women rate their orgasms in a relational context?2
Reconstructive surgery of the scrotum: a systematic review2
Comment on: “Current opinions on the management of prolonged ischaemic priapism: does penoscrotal decompression outperform corporoglanular tunneling?”2
Causal effects of gut microbiota on the risk of erectile dysfunction: a Mendelian randomization study2
Percutaneous angioplasty of internal pudendal artery stenosis with drug-eluting paclitaxel-coated balloons for the treatment of severe erectile dysfunction: a single-center pilot experience2
Optimizing neurorrhaphy to improve sensation in phalloplasty: a systematic review2
The role of the urologist in managing high flow priapism2
Comment on “Comparison of patient-reported outcomes after penile prosthesis placement in men with and without Peyronie’s disease”2
Platelet-rich plasma intracavernosal injections for the treatment of primary organic erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of contemporary controlled studies2
Exploring the causal association between serum metabolites and erectile dysfunction: a bidirectional Mendelian randomisation study2
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