International Journal of the History of Sport

Article	Citations
The Sociohistorical Challenges to the Development of Women’s Football in Poland	23
‘We Do Not Divide Our Champions According to Color’?: A Failed 1938 All-White Follow-Up Tour of South Africa	11
‘Athletes for Peace’? From the Quest to Hold the Mavericks Accountable to a Second American Rebel Tour of South Africa	9
How Pure Was Romanian Rugby? Minority, Majority and Extremists in Romanian Interwar Rugby	8
The Big O: The Life and Times of Olsen Filipaina, Pacific Revolution Pioneer	8
The Emergence and Development of Netball in Jamaica, 1909–1941	7
Developing Winning Ways for Women’s Sport: New Zealand’s National Netball Team	6
‘Cheap, Scientific and Free From Danger’: Accounting for the Development of Field Hockey in Aotearoa New Zealand	6
Racialized Marketing in the Athletic Apparel Industry: The Convergence of Sneaker Promotion and Black Culture in the United States	6
The Female Tradition in Physical Education: Women First Reconsidered The Female Tradition in Physical Education: Women First reconsidered , edited by David Kirk and Patr	5
A History of World Taekwondo-Approved Competition Uniforms	4
Making Public the History of Non-Racial Sport in South Africa	4
The Olympic Movement and Safeguarding Athletes: Exploring South Korea’s Journey to Protect Athletes	3
A History of the British Sporting Journalist, c.1850-1939 James Catton, Sports Reporter	3
Undoing Maradona: Subalterns of Sport for Development	3
Introduction: Africa in the Boxing Ring	3
Six Minutes in Berlin. Broadcast Spectacle and Rowing Gold at the Nazi Olympics	3
The Polish Olympic Committee’s Subjection to the Communist Authorities in the Stalinist Period: An Inside Story	3
Professional Basketball, the ‘Hardship Case’ and the ‘Culture of Poverty’: The Social Construction of Black Basketball Players from Spencer Haywood to Moses Malone, 1969–1974	3
Book Reviews: A Specificity of Historical Practice	2
Women’s Artistic Gymnastics: Socio-Cultural Perspectives	2
‘A Democracy That Will Know Not the Differences of Race’: American ‘Globetrotting’ in South Africa from the 1920s through the 1980s in Perspective	2
Athletics, Exhibitions and Exchanges: American Sport Diplomacy in Iran, 1955–1959	2
Image of ‘Sino-Western Essence’ in the Press: On the ‘Dual-Track’ Physical Training System of Chin Woo Athletic Federation	2
Football and National Identity in Twentieth-Century Argentina: La Nuestra	2

Decathlon and the 2 Second Tent: From Discount to Innovation (1976–2008)	2
The Girl with the Torch: The Life Story of Gymnast Karin Lindberg Lindén	2
‘An Honour, Rather than a Disgrace’: Song Koon Poh, Apartheid Rugby, Tokkie’s Dragons and the Politics of Dissent and Confession	2
The Medical Examination of Lady Competitors: Sex Control in Skiing, 1967–2000	2
White Gold: Snowmaking, Resort Growth, and Skier Experience in the U.S. East, 1945–1971	2
Development of Japanese Martial Arts in Hungarian Sport Culture	2
Football, Propaganda and International Relations under Francoism: The 1960 and 1964 European Nations Cup and Their Impact on the International Press	2
Introduction: Sport-Gender Orthodoxy and Muscular Christian Values	2
From Motions to Missions: Interrogating Sport Organization Annual Reports as Works of Sport Memory	2
A Mutual Dependency: Postcolonial Relations between the French Athletics Federation and French-Speaking African Athletics Federations (1956–1969)	2
Romanian Women’s Participation in Recreation and Sporting Activities at the Turn of the Twentieth Century	2
‘Dis Football Sef … Na Wahala’: A Continental Contest That Troubled a Nation	2
Forging a Link between Competitive Gaming, Sport and the Olympics: History and New Developments	2
Placard Carriers and Flag Bearers: Gender Representation in the Summer Olympics’ Parade of Nations (1908–2021)	2
Between Purity and Pragmatism: The Politics of Purebred Breeding and Racing of the Orlov Trotter in Imperial Russia, 1880–1915	2
The Sportsworld of the Hanshin Tigers: Professional Baseball in Modern Japan	1
Living Football, Navigating Politics: Salah Assad’s Life Story in Post-Colonial and Post-Conflict Algeria	1
The Trade Union Sport Organisation in Communist Romania between 1973 and 1989: Workplace Gymnastics, Mass and Elite Sport	1
On the Kicking Techniques of Pankration	1
‘In Case of Dispute, the French Text is to be Used’: A History of the Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus (AIACR), 1904–1922	1
Mongolian Wrestling (Bukh) during the Twelfth-Fourteenth Centuries	1
The Olympic Oath and so Much More: A Biographical Interpretive Analysis of the Life of Victor Boin, 1886–1974	1
‘It’s a Policy Matter, Not a Racial Matter’: Athlete Activism and Symbiotic Struggles against Apartheid in US Track and Field of the Early 1970s	1
Soccer and Society in Dublin: A History of Association Football in Ireland’s Capital	1
A Historical Review of Elite Sport Development in Hong Kong	1
Willy Richard Frantz Seewald (1900–1929): The Brazilian Sportsman in the 1924 Olympic Games	1
‘The Cheering Was Loud and Long’: Practical Feminism and the England Women’s Hockey Tour of Australia in 1927	1
An Evaluation of Turkish Wrestling History during the Ottoman Empire	1
A Historical Narrative of High School Athletics Amongst ‘Coloured’ Communities in Cape Town, South Africa, with Special Reference to the Western Province Senior Schools Sports Union, 1956-1972	1
Regulating, Controlling and Using New Financial Inflows: The Introduction of a Modern Licensing Scheme in Swiss Professional Football (1992–2010)	1
Making Refereeing Global? How FIFA’s International Courses for Referees Helped Lay the Groundwork for Football’s Commercialization, 1948–1976	1
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Sport: Sporting Literacy, Attenuated Agency, and Survivance	1
Gearing Up: Materials and Technology in the History of Sport	1
Overcoming the Neutral Zone Trap: Hockey’s Agents of Change	1
Analysis of the Cancellation of the 2019 East Asian Youth Games in Taiwan	1
The Political and Social Determinants of Football Hooliganism in Central Europe in the Interwar Period	1
Wisdom from the Wickets: Cricket Virtues and Colonial Governance in Lord Harris’ Bombay	1
Louis Faure-Dujarric, a French Sports Architect in the Interwar Period	1
Animated by Uncertainty: Rugby and the Performance of History in South Africa	1
Transnational Surfistas and the Development of Nicaragua’s Emerald Coast	1
Reading Le Jingyi’s Back: The Creation and Construction of the Sino-Steroid Spectre in the Western Media in the Post–Cold War Era	1
A Contested Victory: Liberal Reformism and Women’s Physical Culture in Colombia, 1930–1946	1
Sustainable Local Operation of Chin Woo Athletic Association in Singapore and Malaysia	1
Sumiyuki Kotani, the Kodokan Emissary to Brazil	1
The Origin and Significance of the Korean Boy Scout Movement during the Japanese Occupation	1
County Club Finances and the Decline of Amateur Cricketers in England	1
The Sporting Battalion Athletes in the Defence of Madrid During the Spanish Civil War 1	1
Sport in the Service of Propaganda: Social and Political Conditions of Sport in Rural Poland, 1945–1956	1
Introduction	1
Olympic Philately: Reading the 1896 Athens Olympics from Postage Stamps	1

‘In the Interest of Reporting the Facts, and Not the Fiction, of South African Sport’: Race, Netball, and the Struggle for Social Justice in South Africa	1
Distance Education for the Public during Turkey’s Early Republican Period: Physical Education Lessons on Radio	1
1932 Olympic Games: The Participation of a Unique Brazilian Athlete	1
Turning Gymnasts into Citizen-Soldiers: The Militarization of Physical Activities during the Third Republic in France (1870–1940)	1
Olympic Truce during the Nagano Olympics: Between Diplomacy and Public Diplomacy of the International Olympic Committee	1
Salvation on the Gridiron: Fundamentalism, Football, and Christian Manhood at Wheaton College, 1900–1949	1
Sport and Social Difference in Vienna around 1900: On the Historical Significance of Otto Herschmann	1
Sports Press as a Soft Power Tool in the Polish-German Border Plebiscite of 1921	1
Commodifying Race: The Portrayal of Bernardo Mikixi, an Angolan Mixed Martial Artist, in the Extreme Fighting Championship’s Advertising Materials in South Africa, 2009–2015	1
The Birth of Sports Medicine in Prewar Japan: A Perspective on Its Ideological and Organizational Origins	1
Media Framing of Women’s Football in Nigeria from the Early Twentieth Century to Present	1
Sports in South America: A History	1
Breaking New Ground: A Historical Exploration of Women’s Cricket in India, 1973–1991	1
Sister Rose Ann Fleming: An Unlikely Point Guard and Gender-Holistic Servant-Leader	1
Cooperation of Sports Communities with the Government Apparatus in Poland in the Years 1945–1989	1
‘Pommel Horse Rebels and Apartheid’s Friends’ – American Gymnasts and the International Anti-Apartheid Sports Boycott Against South Africa, 1970–1990	1
From Back Streets to Olympic Stage: The Development of Breaking and Skateboarding in South Korea	1
From Cultural Import to Flourishing Sport: A Comprehensive History of DanceSport in China (1864–2023)	1
Tunnel and Crossing: The Future Road of the Olympics under Tokyo 2020 ‘+1’	1
Sports Facility Development and Politics in Budapest since 1945	1
On the Take: The 1910 Scandal That Changed Australian Football Forever	1
A Hotly Contested Affair: Hockey in Canada: The National Game in Documents	1
The Sport Hero Concept in Czechoslovakia: The Phenomenon of Emil Zátopek, 1948–1956	0
22 Players Run After the Ball for 90 Minutes, and in the End England Wins. German Views of the 1935 and 1938 Germany–England Football Matches	0
Populism and Professionalism in Brazilian Football during Getulio Vargas’s Regime (1930–1945)	0
Sports Diplomacy and Propaganda in Turkish Foreign Policy in the Early Republican Period	0
Negotiating the Space between East and West: Sport and Gender Politics in Swiss Women’s Artistic Gymnastics in the Cold War Era	0
The Politics of Football in Yugoslavia: Sport, Nationalism and the State	0
The Long Economic Thread: Two Millennia of Commercialism and Sport	0
Pucks, Politics, and Parochialism: The Collapse of the Boston Bruins’ 1981 Move to Salem, New Hampshire	0
Chadwick: A Man of Many Parts	0
‘We are Grateful for the Opportunity to Act as Ambassadors for Our Club and Our Country’: Sporting Hospitality during the Northern Ireland Conflict	0
The Institutional Position of Athletes in the Governance Networks of the Olympic Movement in Canada, Germany and the United Kingdom	0
‘A Powerful Sporting Tradition among Canadian Basilians’: Early Twentieth-Century Catholic Priest-Coaches at St Michael’s College	0
Olympic Games and Adventure Sports: The Inclusion of Surfing in the Tokyo 2020 edition	0
Physical Culture and the Process of Human Improvement in Post-Revolutionary Russia	0
Umpires, Referees, Judges and Stewards: Changing Modes of Judgment and Arbitration in English Sport c.1600–c.1900	0
Sport and Authoritarianism in Latin America: An Introduction	0
The Pinochet’s Team. The Soccer National Team and the Coup D’état of September 11, 1973	0
The Voice of the Athlete in History: An Overview	0
A Study on the Approach of Rule of Law in the International Sports Autonomy, by Li Zhi, Beijing, Higher Education Press, 2019, 291 pp., ¥69 (Paperback), ISBN 9787040515121 (in Chinese)	0
Athletic Success, Authenticity, and National Identity in Singapore: Representing the Little Red Dot	0
Stakeholder Engagement in Sport Policy Decision Making in Taiwan during the COVID-19 Pandemic	0
The North China Ice Games during the Period of the Republic of China	0
A Game Taken Seriously: The Foundations of Yorkshire’s Cricketing Power	0
The Institutional Development of the Philippine Olympic Movement and the Current Rise of Its Olympic Athletes	0
Olympic Winter Games in Non-Western Cities: State, Sport and Cultural Diplomacy in Sochi 2014, PyeongChang 2018 and Beijing 2022	0
Taiwan’s Olympic Hero: The Legend of Asian Iron Man, C. K. Yang	0
German-Brazilian Women in Turnen at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century	0
Olympic History and Legacy: New Research in Bidding for and Hosting the Olympic Winter Games	0
Training Female Bodies for New India: Women’s Physical Education between Global Trends and Local Politics in Colonial South Asia, c. 1900–1939	0
Transnational Mediation of Sports: Attention and Verbal Framing of Men’s Handball Teams and Athletes on Danish, German, and Romanian Online Sports News Sites	0
The Legacy of Sports Nationalism in South Korean Sport	0
Transnational Athletes – Historical Perspectives	0
Beautiful Bridesmaides Dressed in Oranje. The Unfulfilled Glory of Dutch Football	0
Between Institutionalization and De-Institutionalization: Lifecycles of Sports Clubs in Israel	0
Remembering Brazil @Mexico1970: Social Media & Collective Memory Making in Times of COVID-19	0
El deporte en la Grecia antigua: aspectos sociopolíticos y culturales (Sport in Ancient Greece: socio-political and cultural aspects)	0
The Bumpy Road to World Athletics: Foundation, People, Policies	0
An Alternative Model for International Competition: The First Women’s World Field Hockey Tournament, Copenhagen 1933	0
Historical Transformations of the Palestinian Civil Society: The Case of Sports Clubs in the West Bank	0
Olympic Infighting: An Exploration of Power Games between Leaders of International Sport Federations and the International Olympic Committee	0
Ladies and Lords: A History of Women’s Cricket in Britain	0
Sports and Lao-Viet Contact and Conflict in the 1930s	0
What Factors Determine the Success or Failure of ‘Cross-Border’ Career Development of Chinese Retired Olympic Champions? A Qualitative Comparative Analysis	0
Introduction	0
‘Winners, Regardless’?: Racial Politics, Civil Rights Struggles, and the 1950 Track and Field Tour of South Africa	0
Aerobics Made in Poland: Women’s Mass Leisure Activity in the Socialist State, 1983–1989	0
Framing Expertise: R. Alan Eagleson and the Toronto Globe and Mail , 1967–1994	0
Modern Visions of Physical Education: The Dissemination and Institutionalization of Polish Enlightenment Publications	0
Ad Santel is Coming to Town: The 1921 Yasukuni Shrine ‘MMA Fights’ Between Catch Wrestling and Kōdōkan Judo	0
The 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics and Inter-Asian Connections in South Korea	0
The History of Outdoor Learning in Canada	0
Health, Sports, and Authoritarianism in Mexico’s Educational Project, 1930–1940	0
C. Gärtner, the Olympic Circus, and the Origins of Equestrianism in the Grand Duchy of Posen	0
‘Know the Game—Boxing’: Boxing in Colonial Kenya, 1895–1963	0
Festive Federalism: Race, Nation, and Neoliberal Aesthetics at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games	0
Daciada and Winter Sports in Romania, 1976–1989	0
Institutional Change in the Governance of Chinese Football: The Era of ‘Top-Level Design’ Under the Leadership of Xi Jinping	0
Local, National and Global Histories of Netball: An Overview	0

The Games That Never Happened: Social Reception and Press Coverage of the Kraków Bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics (2012–2014)	0
An Olympic Fairytale: The Zimbabwean Women’s Field Hockey Victory at the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games	0
Field Hockey in China: An Exploration of Socioeconomic and Political Changes, 1900–2024	0
National Mourning: The First Norwegian Sports Boycott in 1905	0
Examination of the Sportification Process of Aerobic and Its Competitive History	0
Basketball Returns Home: The Diffusion and Translocation of Basketball to Scotland	0
Local Netball Histories in Twentieth Century Cape Province, South Africa	0
Football’s Forgotten Years: Reclaiming the AFL Competition’s Earliest Era – 1870 to 1896	0
From Funerals to Flares: Europeanisation of Finnish Football Supporter Culture	0
Entrepreneurial Goals: Development and Africapitalism in Ghanaian Soccer Academies	0
Turkey’s First Female Auto Racing Champion: Samiye Cahit Morkaya	0
A Dilemma: Women in Turkish Sport News Amidst Modernization and Traditionalism	0
The Historical Sociology of Japanese Martial Arts , by Raul Sanchez Garcia	0
National Mythscapes and Popular New Zealand Rugby Histories: Representing the 1986 Cavaliers	0
The Inheritance and Dissemination of Wushu Culture in the Global Era	0
The 1952 and 1994 Olympic Flames: Norway’s Quest for Winter Olympic Identity	0
Windsurfing’s Rapid Global Diffusion: The Evolution of a 1970s Technology-First Sport	0
Sport, Migration, and Gender in the Neoliberal Age	0
The Failed Decolonization of Egyptian Basketball, 1920–1952	0
Football and Black Identity: Lifestyle Construction in A Voz da Raça in São Paulo, Brazil, in 1933	0
Netball in Zimbabwe: Towards a Social History	0
Baseball in the Atacama Desert: From Elitist Sport to Popular Identity in Tocopilla, Chile (1915–1971)	0
Football, Entertainment, and Business: Hans Gamper and KS Cracovia’s 1923 Tour of Spain	0
A Sporting Nation: Creating Sámi Identity through Sport	0
‘Complete Anglers’ in Persia: On the Genesis of the Art of Angling in the ‘Valley of Happiness’	0
Women’s Competitive Sport in Iran: Unravelling Four Decades of Discursive Evolution, 1979–2020	0
Mass Choreography in Olympic Ceremonies: The Case of Turin 2006	0
‘Who Walked against Time’: Nineteenth Century Intersections of Pedestrianism and Medicine	0
The Sporting Club Maccabi de Paris in the Interwar Period (1924–1939): The Path of a Zionist Club	0
A Runner’s Journey	0
Tracing Two South Korean Olympic Pathways: Symbols, Conflicts, and Integration through Global Sports Events	0
Building European Fraternity Through Gymnastics: The Establishment of the Bureau Des Fédérations Européennes de Gymnastiques, 1863–1913	0
Flashpoint: How a Little-Known Sporting Event Fueled America’s Anti-Apartheid Movement	0
Ernest Wilimowski – Polish and German National Team Player with an Unspecified Nationality	0
‘Cultivating Character’: The Association of British Athleticism with the Educational Value of Japanese Football in Shūkyū Monthly Magazine (1931–41)	0
Grenoble 1968, Albertville 1992, and the Establishment of a Strategy to Protect and Market the Winter Olympic Emblems	0
Cackyhander: Writing about Cricket, Sports History and the Olympic Games	0
No Foreign Game: Association Football and the Making of Irish Identities	0
Invention, Interpretation, and Diffusion: A Transnational Framework for the Development of Netball, 1895–1926	0
Excavating the Ancestry of ‘Globetrotting’: New Perspectives on the Intersection of Racial Politics, Civil Rights Struggles and anti-Apartheid Crusades in US Track and Field from the 1920s through the	0
The Second Women’s Olympic Games, Gothenburg, 1926	0
Visualising Sport: ‘Visual Turns’, Visual Texts, Visual Culture	0
Media Framing of Race and Football in Colonial Nigeria: 1914 to 1950s	0
Technology and Its Role in Making Dinghy Sailing More Accessible: Innovation Networks in the USA, United Kingdom and France	0
On the Hand-Strike Techniques of Ancient Hellenic Boxing and Pankration	0
The 1968 Olympic Games: Tourism as Part of Nation Branding in Mexico	0
Popularization of Physical Culture and Tourism in the Grand Duchy of Posen: A Case Study of the Tygodnik Poznański (Posen Weekly) Magazine	0
The Attempted Grobalization of Parkour by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique	0
A Seemingly Endless Debate? The Establishment of Golf Courses in Taiwan	0
Indigenous Public History: Cherbourg’s Marching Girls	0
Bold Ambitions, Austere Realities: On the Unfulfilled Plans for the Warsaw Olympic Games	0
‘God Bless Joan Payson’: The Surprising Coverage of the First Woman to Buy a Sports Team	0
The Founder of the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) Choi Hong Hi: An Exploration of Fiction and Fact	0
The Icy Road towards the First Olympic Winter Games in Chamonix 1924	0
Historicizing Machoism in Swedish Ice Hockey	0
Through the Lens of the Trainer-Masseurs: Australia’s Incongruous Engagement with the Olympic Amateur Ethos	0
On the Origins of the Young Men’s Catholic Association as a Response to the Protestant Recreation Ethic in the United States, 1854–1909	0
Local, National and Global Histories of Field Hockey: An Overview	0
‘A Hero Who Made This Country Proud’: Boxing, Nation, and the Politics of Sport in Kenya, ca 1950–1980	0
The Imperial State of Iran, a Deal-Broker: Enabling the People’s Republic of China’s Asian Games Debut in the 1974 Tehran Asian Games	0
Introduction: Public Sport History and Community Sport	0
Dead or Alive: How Amateurism Shaped Marathons in Norway, 1896–1906	0
Nadia și Securitatea [Nadia and the Securitate]	0
Daniel Prenn – From Germany’s First Man in the Top Ten to ‘“No Nationality” Man’?	0
A Supplementary Sport? Towards a Historical Analysis of the Development of Badminton in New Zealand, c. 1870–1939	0
A New Dawn: The Rise of Women’s Hockey Leagues and the Emergence and Demise of the English Ladies Hockey Leagues Association, 1910–1960	0
Estranged: Notes on the Historical Development of the Relationship between Players and Manufacturers of Ice Hockey Equipment in Canada	0
The Premier and China’s Pursuit of the Olympics	0
Channelling Soft Power: The Qatar 2022 World Cup, Migrant Workers, and International Image	0
Building the Landscape of Sports Diplomacy: R. William Jones Cup Intercontinental Basketball Tournament on Formosa Island in the Cold War Era	0
Politics in Sport Facility Development in Budapest, 1863–1945	0
Summit Diplomacy: US-Soviet Mountaineering Exchanges, 1974–1989	0
The Sportization of Rowing and Swimming in the Tietê River (São Paulo, Brazil, 1899–1949)	0
Sport and History: Continuity and Change. Local Stories to Explain Global History	0
‘Unsportsmanlike Behaviour’: Okigwe Football League and Inter-Community Rivalries in Southeastern Nigeria, 1949–1951	0
Sports, Human Rights and Diplomacy: Argentine ‘Rebel’ Rugby Tours to South Africa in the 1980s	0
‘I Consider Myself a Political Prisoner’: The Long and Strange Journeys of American Rebels Enmeshed in Ironies of the Athletes’ Rights Crusade	0
A ‘Rebel’ on the Run: Kenyan Gambles on Intercollegiate Athletics, Apartheid Sport, and US Road Racing of the 1980s – The Case of Samson Obwocha	0
Dongdaemun Stadium Memorial, Seoul: The Ambiguous Status of a South Korean Sports Heritage	0
‘We Have Given Birth to a Very Busty Infant’: Post-War Origins of Sports Medicine in New Zealand	0
Educating the Elite in an Egalitarian Context: The Emergence of Sport Schools for Elite Talents in Sweden in the 1970s	0
Dawn of the War on Steroids	0
‘Cricket is Perfectly Suited to the Chinese People’: The Contemporary Development of Chinese Cricket	0
The Anthropology of Sport: Bodies, Borders, Biopolitics	0
Chamonix 1924: The First Winter Olympics	0
‘Striking the Mighty Anvil Known as “Propaganda”’: Journalism and the Institutionalization of Sport in Spain, 1890–1920	0
The Financial Impact of World Series Cricket on Australia’s State Cricket Associations, 1974–1982	0
The Beginnings of the International Ice Hockey Federation	0
The So-Called ‘First’ Korean Taekwondo School: The Ch’ŏngdo Kwan	0
Marion Jackson’s Conflicted Sacrifice: The Atlanta Daily World’s Black Southern Sportswriter on the Tension between Integration and HBCU Sport	0
‘If the IOC Finds Out about This, All of You Will Be Declared Professionals’: The Professionalization of Finnish Track Athletes from the 1960s to 1980s	0
From Balls and Hoops to Coconuts and Tambourines: Protagonisms and Paradoxes of European Coach Ilona Peuker on Brazilian Floors	0
The Environmental Reimagining of Olympic Sarajevo	0
Counterpunch: The Cultural Battles Over Heavyweight Prizefighting in the American West	0
Non-Racial Sport in South Africa: A Documentary Analysis of the Struggle for International Recognition, 1946–1971	0