OOIR: Observatory of International Research

Papers

(The TQCC of Artificial Intelligence and Law is 8. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2022-05-01 to 2026-05-01.)

Article	Citations
Integrating legal event and context information for Chinese similar case analysis	81
Attentive deep neural networks for legal document retrieval	62
Bridging the divide: technical research and application on legal judgment prediction	45
Using GPT-4o as a factor extractor for Brazilian consumer law judgments*	43
LLM-as-a-judge is bad, based on AI attempting the exam qualifying for the member of the Polish National Board of Appeal	40
System for the anonymization of Romanian jurisprudence	39
Building from scratch: a multi-agent framework with human-in-the-loop for multilingual legal terminology mapping	37
Effectiveness in retrieving legal precedents: exploring text summarization and cutting-edge language models toward a cost-efficient approach	36
Graph contrastive learning networks with augmentation for legal judgment prediction	30
The potential of an artificial intelligence (AI) application for the tax administration system’s modernization: the case of Indonesia	27
Joining metadata and textual features to advise administrative courts decisions: a cascading classifier approach	26
MARRO: multi-headed attention for rhetorical role labeling in legal documents	24
Understanding unnecessary stops and police use of force in NYPD Stop, Question, and Frisk with machine learning techniques	24
Policing based on automatic facial recognition	23
Document-level legal relation extraction based on domain feature and dual self-distillation	22
Analogical lightweight ontology of EU criminal procedural rights in judicial cooperation	22
Topic classification of case law using a large language model and a new taxonomy for UK law: AI insights into summary judgment	21
A formalization of the Protagoras court paradox in a temporal logic of epistemic and normative reasons	21
The black box problem revisited. Real and imaginary challenges for automated legal decision making	20
Overcoming sentencing inconsistency - a proposal for algorithmic guidelines and juridical misalignment index	19
Self-training improves few-shot learning in legal artificial intelligence tasks	16
Towards a simple mathematical model for the legal concept of balancing of interests	15
Investigating legal question generation using large language models	15
Combining prompt-based language models and weak supervision for labeling named entity recognition on legal documents	13
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the first decade	13

The trade-off between robustness and reliability in chinese legal large language models: an empirical study	13
Exploring explainable AI in the tax domain	13
Automated legal reasoning with discretion to act using s(LAW)	12
A support system for the detection of abusive clauses in B2C contracts	12
Agents preserving privacy on intelligent transportation systems according to EU law	11
Correction: Using attention methods to predict judicial outcomes	11
A sentence is known by the company it keeps: Improving Legal Document Summarization Using Deep Clustering	11
Identifying open-texture in regulations using LLMs	11
Judicial knowledge-enhanced magnitude-aware reasoning for numerical legal judgment prediction	11
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the second decade	10
From unstructured text to structured reasoning: a hybrid knowledge graph for Indonesian sentencing analysis	10
A collaboration between judge and machine to reduce legal uncertainty in disputes concerning ex aequo et bono compensations	10
Comprehensive research on semantic understanding, applicability, and impact analysis of legal provisions based on deep learning and natural language processing	10
Challenges and Opportunities for Visual Analytics in Jurisprudence	9
Patterns for legal compliance checking in a decidable framework of linked open data	9
The digital transformation of jurisprudence: an evaluation of ChatGPT-4’s applicability to solve cases in business law	9
A large scale benchmark for session-based recommendations on the legal domain	9
Law Smells	9
Content-aware instruction for zero-shot Chinese criminal legal case retrieval: a large language model-based framework	9
Correction to: Code is law: how COMPAS affects the way the judiciary handles the risk of recidivism	8
Reasoning with inconsistent precedents	8
Correction: thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the second decade	8
Using machine learning to create a repository of judgments concerning a new practice area: a case study in animal protection law	8
Catala: Moving towards the future of legal expert systems	8
Re-evaluating GPT-4’s bar exam performance	8
R2GQA: retriever-reader-generator question answering system to support students understanding legal regulations in higher education	8
Information extraction from employment tribunal judgments using a large language model	8
Enhancing legal judgment summarization with integrated semantic and structural information	8
LegItBART: a summarization model for Italian legal documents	8
Legal text classification in Korean sexual offense cases: from traditional machine learning to large language models with XAI insights	8
Cost–benefit analysis of deploying shallow, deep learning and generative models for legal text classification	8
Introduction to the special issue on applications and evaluation of large language models in the legal domain	8