OOIR: Observatory of International Research

Papers

(The TQCC of Artificial Intelligence and Law is 6. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2021-12-01 to 2025-12-01.)

Article	Citations
Bridging the divide: technical research and application on legal judgment prediction	55
Using GPT-4o as a factor extractor for Brazilian consumer law judgments*	50
Attentive deep neural networks for legal document retrieval	42
Integrating legal event and context information for Chinese similar case analysis	39
How to justify a backing’s eligibility for a warrant: the justification of a legal interpretation in a hard case	38
Building from scratch: a multi-agent framework with human-in-the-loop for multilingual legal terminology mapping	28
Joining metadata and textual features to advise administrative courts decisions: a cascading classifier approach	28
Graph contrastive learning networks with augmentation for legal judgment prediction	26
The winter, the summer and the summer dream of artificial intelligence in law	26
Effectiveness in retrieving legal precedents: exploring text summarization and cutting-edge language models toward a cost-efficient approach	26
The potential of an artificial intelligence (AI) application for the tax administration system’s modernization: the case of Indonesia	26
System for the anonymization of Romanian jurisprudence	21
Understanding unnecessary stops and police use of force in NYPD Stop, Question, and Frisk with machine learning techniques	20
MARRO: multi-headed attention for rhetorical role labeling in legal documents	19
Policing based on automatic facial recognition	19
A formalization of the Protagoras court paradox in a temporal logic of epistemic and normative reasons	19
Analogical lightweight ontology of EU criminal procedural rights in judicial cooperation	18
Topic classification of case law using a large language model and a new taxonomy for UK law: AI insights into summary judgment	18
Towards a simple mathematical model for the legal concept of balancing of interests	17
The black box problem revisited. Real and imaginary challenges for automated legal decision making	17
Combining prompt-based language models and weak supervision for labeling named entity recognition on legal documents	16
Investigating legal question generation using large language models	14
Self-training improves few-shot learning in legal artificial intelligence tasks	14
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the first decade	13
Exploring explainable AI in the tax domain	13

Overcoming sentencing inconsistency - a proposal for algorithmic guidelines and juridical misalignment index	13
Correction: Using attention methods to predict judicial outcomes	12
Automated legal reasoning with discretion to act using s(LAW)	12
Judicial knowledge-enhanced magnitude-aware reasoning for numerical legal judgment prediction	11
A support system for the detection of abusive clauses in B2C contracts	10
A sentence is known by the company it keeps: Improving Legal Document Summarization Using Deep Clustering	10
Agents preserving privacy on intelligent transportation systems according to EU law	10
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the second decade	9
Challenges and Opportunities for Visual Analytics in Jurisprudence	9
Identifying open-texture in regulations using LLMs	9
A collaboration between judge and machine to reduce legal uncertainty in disputes concerning ex aequo et bono compensations	9
Comprehensive research on semantic understanding, applicability, and impact analysis of legal provisions based on deep learning and natural language processing	9
Reasoning with inconsistent precedents	8
A large scale benchmark for session-based recommendations on the legal domain	8
Patterns for legal compliance checking in a decidable framework of linked open data	7
Law Smells	7
Enhancing legal judgment summarization with integrated semantic and structural information	7
Information extraction from employment tribunal judgments using a large language model	6
Introduction to the special issue on applications and evaluation of large language models in the legal domain	6
LegItBART: a summarization model for Italian legal documents	6
Correction: thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the second decade	6
Re-evaluating GPT-4’s bar exam performance	6
Catala: Moving towards the future of legal expert systems	6
The digital transformation of jurisprudence: an evaluation of ChatGPT-4’s applicability to solve cases in business law	6
Legal text classification in Korean sexual offense cases: from traditional machine learning to large language models with XAI insights	6
Correction to: Code is law: how COMPAS affects the way the judiciary handles the risk of recidivism	6