OOIR: Observatory of International Research

Papers

(The median citation count of Artificial Intelligence and Law is 2. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2021-05-01 to 2025-05-01.)

Article	Citations
Integrating legal event and context information for Chinese similar case analysis	69
Attentive deep neural networks for legal document retrieval	38
Joining metadata and textual features to advise administrative courts decisions: a cascading classifier approach	37
How to justify a backing’s eligibility for a warrant: the justification of a legal interpretation in a hard case	32
System for the anonymization of Romanian jurisprudence	31
The winter, the summer and the summer dream of artificial intelligence in law	29
Graph contrastive learning networks with augmentation for legal judgment prediction	29
Effectiveness in retrieving legal precedents: exploring text summarization and cutting-edge language models toward a cost-efficient approach	26
MARRO: multi-headed attention for rhetorical role labeling in legal documents	22
The potential of an artificial intelligence (AI) application for the tax administration system’s modernization: the case of Indonesia	22
Understanding unnecessary stops and police use of force in NYPD Stop, Question, and Frisk with machine learning techniques	18
Policing based on automatic facial recognition	17
Correction to: A review of predictive policing from the perspective of fairness	16
Detecting and explaining unfairness in consumer contracts through memory networks	16
A formalization of the Protagoras court paradox in a temporal logic of epistemic and normative reasons	15
The black box problem revisited. Real and imaginary challenges for automated legal decision making	15
Analogical lightweight ontology of EU criminal procedural rights in judicial cooperation	15
Logical English meets legal English for swaps and derivatives	15
Topic classification of case law using a large language model and a new taxonomy for UK law: AI insights into summary judgment	15
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the first decade	14
Towards a simple mathematical model for the legal concept of balancing of interests	14
Self-training improves few-shot learning in legal artificial intelligence tasks	14
Investigating legal question generation using large language models	13
Exploring explainable AI in the tax domain	13
Correction: Using attention methods to predict judicial outcomes	12

Combining prompt-based language models and weak supervision for labeling named entity recognition on legal documents	12
A support system for the detection of abusive clauses in B2C contracts	11
A sequence labeling model for catchphrase identification from legal case documents	10
Judicial knowledge-enhanced magnitude-aware reasoning for numerical legal judgment prediction	9
A sentence is known by the company it keeps: Improving Legal Document Summarization Using Deep Clustering	8
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the second decade	8
Automated legal reasoning with discretion to act using s(LAW)	8
Improving abstractive summarization of legal rulings through textual entailment	8
A collaboration between judge and machine to reduce legal uncertainty in disputes concerning ex aequo et bono compensations	8
Agents preserving privacy on intelligent transportation systems according to EU law	8
Patterns for legal compliance checking in a decidable framework of linked open data	7
Reasoning with inconsistent precedents	7
Law Smells	7
The digital transformation of jurisprudence: an evaluation of ChatGPT-4’s applicability to solve cases in business law	6
A large scale benchmark for session-based recommendations on the legal domain	6
Contract as automaton: representing a simple financial agreement in computational form	5
Re-evaluating GPT-4’s bar exam performance	5
Using machine learning to create a repository of judgments concerning a new practice area: a case study in animal protection law	5
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: Editor’s Introduction	5
Enhancing legal judgment summarization with integrated semantic and structural information	5
Catala: Moving towards the future of legal expert systems	5
Correction: thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the second decade	5
Integrating text mining and system dynamics to evaluate financial risks of construction contracts	5
Information extraction from employment tribunal judgments using a large language model	5
Correction to: Code is law: how COMPAS affects the way the judiciary handles the risk of recidivism	5
LegItBART: a summarization model for Italian legal documents	5
Legal sentence boundary detection using hybrid deep learning and statistical models	5
An LLMs-based neuro-symbolic legal judgment prediction framework for civil cases	5
An interdisciplinary account of the terminological choices by EU policymakers ahead of the final agreement on the AI Act: AI system, general purpose AI system, foundation model, and generative AI	4
Causality-inspired legal provision selection with large language model-based explanation	4
LAWSUIT: a LArge expert-Written SUmmarization dataset of ITalian constitutional court verdicts	4
Correction: A support system for the detection of abusive clauses in B2C contracts	4
Detecting the influence of the Chinese guiding cases: a text reuse approach	4
Thirty years of artificial intelligence and law: the third decade	4
Automating petition classification in Brazil’s legal system: a two-step deep learning approach	4
Deciphering disagreement in the annotation of EU legislation	4
Mapping the Issues of Automated Legal Systems: Why Worry About Automatically Processable Regulation?	3
Advancing legal recommendation system with enhanced Bayesian network machine learning	3
DeepRhole: deep learning for rhetorical role labeling of sentences in legal case documents	3
SM-BERT-CR: a deep learning approach for case law retrieval with supporting model	3
Compliance checking on first-order knowledge with conflicting and compensatory norms: a comparison among currently available technologies	3
Symbiosis with artificial intelligence via the prism of law, robots, and society	3
Ant: a process aware annotation software for regulatory compliance	3
Masked prediction and interdependence network of the law using data from large-scale Japanese court judgments	2
Make privacy policies longer and appoint LLM readers	2
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: overviews	2
Decision support for detecting sensitive text in government records	2
Definitions of intent suitable for algorithms	2
Lessons learned building a legal inference dataset	2
Segmenting Brazilian legislative text using weak supervision and active learning	2

DiscoLQA: zero-shot discourse-based legal question answering on European Legislation	2
A Bayesian model of legal syllogistic reasoning	2
Bringing legal knowledge to the public by constructing a legal question bank using large-scale pre-trained language model	2
Code is law: how COMPAS affects the way the judiciary handles the risk of recidivism	2
Toward representing interpretation in factor-based models of precedent	2
SIM-GCN: similarity graph convolutional networks for charges prediction	2
Enhancing Indian legal judgment classification with embeddings, feature selection, and ensemble strategies	2