OOIR: Observatory of International Research

Papers

(The median citation count of Artificial Intelligence and Law is 3. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2022-08-01 to 2026-08-01.)

Article	Citations
Integrating legal event and context information for Chinese similar case analysis	96
Using GPT-4o as a factor extractor for Brazilian consumer law judgments*	55
Bridging the divide: technical research and application on legal judgment prediction	49
LLM-as-a-judge is bad, based on AI attempting the exam qualifying for the member of the Polish National Board of Appeal	47
Attentive deep neural networks for legal document retrieval	47
Joining metadata and textual features to advise administrative courts decisions: a cascading classifier approach	41
Effectiveness in retrieving legal precedents: exploring text summarization and cutting-edge language models toward a cost-efficient approach	38
Building from scratch: a multi-agent framework with human-in-the-loop for multilingual legal terminology mapping	37
Graph contrastive learning networks with augmentation for legal judgment prediction	31
System for the anonymization of Romanian jurisprudence	31
Policing based on automatic facial recognition	30
Understanding unnecessary stops and police use of force in NYPD Stop, Question, and Frisk with machine learning techniques	29
MARRO: multi-headed attention for rhetorical role labeling in legal documents	28
Analogical lightweight ontology of EU criminal procedural rights in judicial cooperation	27
Document-level legal relation extraction based on domain feature and dual self-distillation	25
Topic classification of case law using a large language model and a new taxonomy for UK law: AI insights into summary judgment	24
A formalization of the Protagoras court paradox in a temporal logic of epistemic and normative reasons	24
Investigating legal question generation using large language models	20
Overcoming sentencing inconsistency - a proposal for algorithmic guidelines and juridical misalignment index	20
The black box problem revisited. Real and imaginary challenges for automated legal decision making	20
Towards a simple mathematical model for the legal concept of balancing of interests	18
The trade-off between robustness and reliability in chinese legal large language models: an empirical study	17
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the first decade	16
Self-training improves few-shot learning in legal artificial intelligence tasks	15
A support system for the detection of abusive clauses in B2C contracts	15

Tracking the evolution of case law with main path analysis	15
Combining prompt-based language models and weak supervision for labeling named entity recognition on legal documents	15
Correction: Using attention methods to predict judicial outcomes	15
Exploring explainable AI in the tax domain	15
Judicial knowledge-enhanced magnitude-aware reasoning for numerical legal judgment prediction	15
Automatic extraction and collection of legal principles from CJEU decisions on Fiscal State Aid	13
Automated legal reasoning with discretion to act using s(LAW)	13
Comprehensive research on semantic understanding, applicability, and impact analysis of legal provisions based on deep learning and natural language processing	12
Challenges and Opportunities for Visual Analytics in Jurisprudence	12
A sentence is known by the company it keeps: Improving Legal Document Summarization Using Deep Clustering	12
Agents preserving privacy on intelligent transportation systems according to EU law	12
Identifying open-texture in regulations using LLMs	11
Content-aware instruction for zero-shot Chinese criminal legal case retrieval: a large language model-based framework	11
From unstructured text to structured reasoning: a hybrid knowledge graph for Indonesian sentencing analysis	11
The digital transformation of jurisprudence: an evaluation of ChatGPT-4’s applicability to solve cases in business law	11
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the second decade	11
A large scale benchmark for session-based recommendations on the legal domain	11
LegItBART: a summarization model for Italian legal documents	10
Correction to: Code is law: how COMPAS affects the way the judiciary handles the risk of recidivism	10
Reasoning with inconsistent precedents	10
Legal text classification in Korean sexual offense cases: from traditional machine learning to large language models with XAI insights	10
Introduction to the special issue on applications and evaluation of large language models in the legal domain	10
Catala: Moving towards the future of legal expert systems	10
Enhancing legal judgment summarization with integrated semantic and structural information	10
Cost–benefit analysis of deploying shallow, deep learning and generative models for legal text classification	9
Correction: thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the second decade	9
Legal sentence boundary detection using hybrid deep learning and statistical models	9
Re-evaluating GPT-4’s bar exam performance	9
R2GQA: retriever-reader-generator question answering system to support students understanding legal regulations in higher education	9
Information extraction from employment tribunal judgments using a large language model	8
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: Editor’s Introduction	8
An interdisciplinary account of the terminological choices by EU policymakers ahead of the final agreement on the AI Act: AI system, general purpose AI system, foundation model, and generative AI	8
From jargon to clarity: bridging understanding through graded simplification of legal data	8
ALTER: a lightweight topic-aware representation legal case retrieval system	8
An LLMs-based neuro-symbolic legal judgment prediction framework for civil cases	8
Integrating text mining and system dynamics to evaluate financial risks of construction contracts	8
Thirty years of artificial intelligence and law: the third decade	7
LAWSUIT: a LArge expert-Written SUmmarization dataset of ITalian constitutional court verdicts	7
Causality-inspired legal provision selection with large language model-based explanation	7
Correction: A support system for the detection of abusive clauses in B2C contracts	7
Empirical analysis of binding precedent efficiency in Brazilian Supreme Court via case classification	7
Automating petition classification in Brazil’s legal system: a two-step deep learning approach	7
Detecting the influence of the Chinese guiding cases: a text reuse approach	6
Deciphering disagreement in the annotation of EU legislation	6
Neural reranking for UK statutory retrieval: Provision-level evaluation and an open distilled model	6
Changing meaning of the rule of law	6
Providing legal pincite recommendations using language representations	6
Advancing legal recommendation system with enhanced Bayesian network machine learning	5
Compliance checking on first-order knowledge with conflicting and compensatory norms: a comparison among currently available technologies	5
Lessons learned building a legal inference dataset	5

Ant: a process aware annotation software for regulatory compliance	5
Towards a comprehensive land use rights management system: Blockchain and semantics integration with legal compliance in Vietnam	5
LLM-assisted formalization for deterministic detection of statutory inconsistency in tax law	5
Mapping the Issues of Automated Legal Systems: Why Worry About Automatically Processable Regulation?	5
SM-BERT-CR: a deep learning approach for case law retrieval with supporting model	5
A method of legal judgment prediction via prompt learning and charge keywords fusion	5
Trace clustering for judicial process simplification: identifying patterns and enhancing anaslysis	5
Bringing legal knowledge to the public by constructing a legal question bank using large-scale pre-trained language model	4
LLM as a law professor: having a large language model write a commentary on freedom of assembly	4
Make privacy policies longer and appoint LLM readers	4
Decision support for detecting sensitive text in government records	4
ARDI: a new dataset for automatic advocate recommendation in the Indian Legal System	4
Masked prediction and interdependence network of the law using data from large-scale Japanese court judgments	4
Advancing prompt-based language models in the legal domain: adaptive strategies and research challenges	4
Correction: Code is law: how COMPAS affects the way the judiciary handles the risk of recidivism	4
Segmenting Brazilian legislative text using weak supervision and active learning	4
AI-driven legal argument strength analyzer & counter-argument generator	4
Hierarchical knowledge graph based legal information retrieval from multiple documents using intelligent agents	4
Code is law: how COMPAS affects the way the judiciary handles the risk of recidivism	4
Supervised multi-stage semantics expanded decision system for Indian legal context	4
LegalAnalytics: bridging visual explanations and workload streamline in Brazilian Supreme Court appeals	4
DiscoLQA: zero-shot discourse-based legal question answering on European Legislation	3
SIM-GCN: similarity graph convolutional networks for charges prediction	3
Toward representing interpretation in factor-based models of precedent	3
A novel MRC framework for evidence extracts in judgment documents	3
Enhancing Indian legal judgment classification with embeddings, feature selection, and ensemble strategies	3
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: overviews	3
A Bayesian model of legal syllogistic reasoning	3
M-LAMAC: a model for linguistic assessment of mitigating and aggravating circumstances of criminal responsibility using computing with words	3
Japanese tort-case dataset for rationale-supported legal judgment prediction	3
BERT-TSR: A BERT-based two-stage ranking model for legal case retrieval	3
GPT vs human legal texts annotations: A comparative study with privacy policies	3
Combining topic modelling and citation network analysis to study case law from the European Court of Human Rights on the right to respect for private and family life	3
Intermediate factors and precedential constraint	3
Measuring evidential phenomena for complex reasoning patterns about a mass of evidence	3