OOIR: Observatory of International Research

Papers

(The median citation count of Artificial Intelligence and Law is 3. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2022-05-01 to 2026-05-01.)

Article	Citations
Integrating legal event and context information for Chinese similar case analysis	81
Attentive deep neural networks for legal document retrieval	62
Bridging the divide: technical research and application on legal judgment prediction	45
Using GPT-4o as a factor extractor for Brazilian consumer law judgments*	43
LLM-as-a-judge is bad, based on AI attempting the exam qualifying for the member of the Polish National Board of Appeal	40
System for the anonymization of Romanian jurisprudence	39
Building from scratch: a multi-agent framework with human-in-the-loop for multilingual legal terminology mapping	37
Effectiveness in retrieving legal precedents: exploring text summarization and cutting-edge language models toward a cost-efficient approach	36
Graph contrastive learning networks with augmentation for legal judgment prediction	30
The potential of an artificial intelligence (AI) application for the tax administration system’s modernization: the case of Indonesia	27
Joining metadata and textual features to advise administrative courts decisions: a cascading classifier approach	26
MARRO: multi-headed attention for rhetorical role labeling in legal documents	24
Understanding unnecessary stops and police use of force in NYPD Stop, Question, and Frisk with machine learning techniques	24
Policing based on automatic facial recognition	23
Document-level legal relation extraction based on domain feature and dual self-distillation	22
Analogical lightweight ontology of EU criminal procedural rights in judicial cooperation	22
Topic classification of case law using a large language model and a new taxonomy for UK law: AI insights into summary judgment	21
A formalization of the Protagoras court paradox in a temporal logic of epistemic and normative reasons	21
The black box problem revisited. Real and imaginary challenges for automated legal decision making	20
Overcoming sentencing inconsistency - a proposal for algorithmic guidelines and juridical misalignment index	19
Self-training improves few-shot learning in legal artificial intelligence tasks	16
Towards a simple mathematical model for the legal concept of balancing of interests	15
Investigating legal question generation using large language models	15
The trade-off between robustness and reliability in chinese legal large language models: an empirical study	13
Exploring explainable AI in the tax domain	13

Combining prompt-based language models and weak supervision for labeling named entity recognition on legal documents	13
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the first decade	13
Automated legal reasoning with discretion to act using s(LAW)	12
A support system for the detection of abusive clauses in B2C contracts	12
A sentence is known by the company it keeps: Improving Legal Document Summarization Using Deep Clustering	11
Identifying open-texture in regulations using LLMs	11
Judicial knowledge-enhanced magnitude-aware reasoning for numerical legal judgment prediction	11
Agents preserving privacy on intelligent transportation systems according to EU law	11
Correction: Using attention methods to predict judicial outcomes	11
From unstructured text to structured reasoning: a hybrid knowledge graph for Indonesian sentencing analysis	10
A collaboration between judge and machine to reduce legal uncertainty in disputes concerning ex aequo et bono compensations	10
Comprehensive research on semantic understanding, applicability, and impact analysis of legal provisions based on deep learning and natural language processing	10
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the second decade	10
Patterns for legal compliance checking in a decidable framework of linked open data	9
The digital transformation of jurisprudence: an evaluation of ChatGPT-4’s applicability to solve cases in business law	9
A large scale benchmark for session-based recommendations on the legal domain	9
Law Smells	9
Content-aware instruction for zero-shot Chinese criminal legal case retrieval: a large language model-based framework	9
Challenges and Opportunities for Visual Analytics in Jurisprudence	9
Reasoning with inconsistent precedents	8
Correction: thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the second decade	8
Using machine learning to create a repository of judgments concerning a new practice area: a case study in animal protection law	8
Catala: Moving towards the future of legal expert systems	8
Re-evaluating GPT-4’s bar exam performance	8
R2GQA: retriever-reader-generator question answering system to support students understanding legal regulations in higher education	8
Information extraction from employment tribunal judgments using a large language model	8
Enhancing legal judgment summarization with integrated semantic and structural information	8
LegItBART: a summarization model for Italian legal documents	8
Legal text classification in Korean sexual offense cases: from traditional machine learning to large language models with XAI insights	8
Cost–benefit analysis of deploying shallow, deep learning and generative models for legal text classification	8
Introduction to the special issue on applications and evaluation of large language models in the legal domain	8
Correction to: Code is law: how COMPAS affects the way the judiciary handles the risk of recidivism	8
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: Editor’s Introduction	7
Legal sentence boundary detection using hybrid deep learning and statistical models	7
An LLMs-based neuro-symbolic legal judgment prediction framework for civil cases	7
From jargon to clarity: bridging understanding through graded simplification of legal data	7
ALTER: a lightweight topic-aware representation legal case retrieval system	7
Integrating text mining and system dynamics to evaluate financial risks of construction contracts	7
Thirty years of artificial intelligence and law: the third decade	6
An interdisciplinary account of the terminological choices by EU policymakers ahead of the final agreement on the AI Act: AI system, general purpose AI system, foundation model, and generative AI	6
Empirical analysis of binding precedent efficiency in Brazilian Supreme Court via case classification	6
Correction: A support system for the detection of abusive clauses in B2C contracts	6
Causality-inspired legal provision selection with large language model-based explanation	6
Automating petition classification in Brazil’s legal system: a two-step deep learning approach	5
Ant: a process aware annotation software for regulatory compliance	5
Compliance checking on first-order knowledge with conflicting and compensatory norms: a comparison among currently available technologies	5
Neural reranking for UK statutory retrieval: Provision-level evaluation and an open distilled model	5
Advancing legal recommendation system with enhanced Bayesian network machine learning	5
Changing meaning of the rule of law	5
Providing legal pincite recommendations using language representations	5

LAWSUIT: a LArge expert-Written SUmmarization dataset of ITalian constitutional court verdicts	5
Deciphering disagreement in the annotation of EU legislation	5
Mapping the Issues of Automated Legal Systems: Why Worry About Automatically Processable Regulation?	4
A method of legal judgment prediction via prompt learning and charge keywords fusion	4
Bringing legal knowledge to the public by constructing a legal question bank using large-scale pre-trained language model	4
Detecting the influence of the Chinese guiding cases: a text reuse approach	4
SM-BERT-CR: a deep learning approach for case law retrieval with supporting model	4
Definitions of intent suitable for algorithms	4
Make privacy policies longer and appoint LLM readers	4
Towards a comprehensive land use rights management system: Blockchain and semantics integration with legal compliance in Vietnam	4
Trace clustering for judicial process simplification: identifying patterns and enhancing anaslysis	4
Masked prediction and interdependence network of the law using data from large-scale Japanese court judgments	4
Lessons learned building a legal inference dataset	4
AI-driven legal argument strength analyzer & counter-argument generator	3
ARDI: a new dataset for automatic advocate recommendation in the Indian Legal System	3
Supervised multi-stage semantics expanded decision system for Indian legal context	3
DiscoLQA: zero-shot discourse-based legal question answering on European Legislation	3
BERT-TSR: A BERT-based two-stage ranking model for legal case retrieval	3
Code is law: how COMPAS affects the way the judiciary handles the risk of recidivism	3
Hierarchical knowledge graph based legal information retrieval from multiple documents using intelligent agents	3
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: overviews	3
Toward representing interpretation in factor-based models of precedent	3
A Bayesian model of legal syllogistic reasoning	3
Correction: Code is law: how COMPAS affects the way the judiciary handles the risk of recidivism	3
LegalAnalytics: bridging visual explanations and workload streamline in Brazilian Supreme Court appeals	3
Segmenting Brazilian legislative text using weak supervision and active learning	3
Advancing prompt-based language models in the legal domain: adaptive strategies and research challenges	3
SIM-GCN: similarity graph convolutional networks for charges prediction	3
Decision support for detecting sensitive text in government records	3