Natural Hazards

Article	Citations
Influence analysis of spatially variable cohesion on flow process and run-out distance of landslides	245
Analysis of site-specific ground amplification in Saemangeum Reclaimed Area, South Korea	236
Hazard assessment of glacial lakes in Himalaya through erosional features detection using deep learning	145
Linkages between riverine flooding risk and economic damage over the continental United States	120
The socio-economic consequences of the earthquakes in the Dominican Republic (2003), Honduras (2007 and 2009) and Haiti (2010) on gender relations: urban vs. rural areas	114
Pantanal wetland wildfires are associated with drought in interconnected biomes	107
Extracting landslide geological disaster relationships based on knowledge graph using deep learning approach	107
Enhancing earthquake disaster risk assessment: insights from pandemic circumstances, case studies, and lessons learned	103
A model test method for simulating the decrease in slope soil strength: application to an excavation slope	103
Historical and future trends in population exposed to landslides in Japan	98
Optimal machine learning techniques for meteorological modeling of $${\textrm{PM}}_{2.5}$$ concentration in five major polluted cities of South-East Asia	92
Fragility and damage functions for production forests exposed to volcanic ashfall and flood hazards in Aotearoa-New Zealand	92
Site amplification and rupture velocity in EXSIM and updated EXSIM during the 2017 Mw6.6 Jiuzhaigou, China earthquake	88
Sudden wave flooding on steep rock shores: a clear but hidden danger	87
Understanding flash floods in a changing urban landscape: the Zagreb 1989 and 2020 events	83
Future patterns of grassland fire occurrence in Inner Mongolia, China	79
Potential failure mechanism of a rock slope with weak intercalated layer and the reinforcement effect evaluation	77
Spatial multi-criteria evaluation approach for flood hazard and vulnerability assessment of Jammu City Region, India	74
Quantifying the realized and unrealized benefits of seismic interventions using causal inference	73
Analysing agricultural drought resilience over Indian mainland at sub-basin level using long-term (2002-23) precipitation, soil moisture and ancillary datasets	67
Crop index insurance as a tool for climate resilience: lessons from smallholder farmers in Nigeria	66
Statistical modeling for long-term meteorological forecasting: a case study in Van Lake Basin	66
Correction To: Modelling the seismic activity of Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye with recurrent neural network (RNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) methods	58
Collapsibility deterioration mechanism and evaluation of compacted loess with sodium sulfate under drying–wetting cycles	58
Integrated landslide analysis using petrological investigation and drone based high resolution geospatial assessment: Irshalwadi landslide- A case study from Western Ghats of India	57

At-site flood frequency analysis in Brazil	56
Landslide-triggered tsunamis – a review	53
Social vulnerability correlates of flood risk to crops and buildings	52
Seismic and geomorphic assessment for coseismic landslides zonation in tropical volcanic contexts	51
Damage analysis of retired typhoons in mainland China from 2009 to 2019	51
Mean rainfall characteristics of tropical cyclones over the North Indian Ocean using a merged satellite-gauge daily rainfall dataset	51
An improved azimuth-dependent Holland model for typhoons along the Zhejiang coast prior to landfall based on WRF–ARW simulations	50
Lightning characteristics and associated microphysical parameters in a strong thunderstorm with an extreme gale	50
Evaluation of flood hazard vulnerabilities and innovative management strategies in Afghanistan’s central region	50
Forest fire distribution standard in the south of Amazonas state	48
An urban drought categorization framework and the vulnerability of a lowland city to groundwater urban droughts	47
A comparative Bayesian optimization-based machine learning and artificial neural networks approach for burned area prediction in forest fires: an application in Turkey	45
Examining the potential of natural disaster monuments as surrogate indicators for disaster hazards in Japan	45
Estimation of dam breach parameters and simulation of flood propagation due to overtopping failure in long-existing landslide dams	44
Consideration of near-field directivity effects in probabilistic seismic hazard assessment: a case study over North–East India	42
Influence of aerosols on tropical cyclone dynamics during landfall over Indian region	42
Critical droughts extracted from dry periods	42
Hydrological and hydrodynamic reconstruction of a flood event in a poorly monitored basin: a case study in the Rolante River, Brazil	42
Preparation of flood potential maps using machine learning and comparison of their performance	42
Fire-danger modeling and mapping in natural ecosystems of northeastern Iran: application of physiographic, vegetative, climatic and human-made indicators	41
Fuzzy flash flood risk and vulnerability assessment for the city of Sanandaj, Kurdistan Province, Iran	41
Probabilistic and deterministic-based approach for liquefaction potential assessment of layered soil	41
Financial fund allocation in China's catastrophe insurance market: a game-theoretic analysis	41
Atmospheric drivers of the 26 May 2025 heavy rainfall event over mumbai: insights from observations and reanalysis	40
Drivers and coping mechanisms for floods: experiences of residents in urban Kumasi, Ghana	40
The growing link between heatwaves and megafires: evidence from southern Mediterranean countries of Europe	40
Access to the Fagradalsfjall 2021–2023 volcanic eruptions: a case-study of pedestrian routes mapping with least-cost-path analyses	40
Wave climate pattern, storms and extremes for Northern Djerba Island (South-East Tunisia)	40
Principal results of the Portoviejo (Ecuador) seismic microzonation project and importance for seismic hazard mitigation	40
The potential seismic hazard of the Tarímbaro-Álvaro Obregón fault, a major structure of the Morelia-Acambay fault system in central México	39
Flood susceptibility prediction using MaxEnt and frequency ratio modeling for Kokcha River in Afghanistan	39
Automated detection of damaged buildings in post-disaster scenarios: a case study of Kahramanmaraş (Türkiye) earthquakes on February 6, 2023	39
Displacement prediction of slow-moving landslides using InSAR and ensemble regression models based on slope units	39
Hydrological response of wildfire affected Mediterranean watersheds	39
Post-dynamic behaviors of the saturated loess in the Zhongchuan slide triggered by the Jishishan M6.2 earthquake	38
A Case Study of the Tornadic Supercell in the Province of Pampanga, Philippines (27 May 2024)	38
Urban flood susceptibility mapping using frequency ratio and multiple decision tree-based machine learning models	38
Environmental factors in tsunami evacuation simulation: topography, traffic jam, human behaviour	38
Study on the evolutionary mechanisms driving deformation damage of dry tailing stack earth–rock dam under short-term extreme rainfall conditions	38
Exploring the integration of local and scientific knowledge in early warning systems for disaster risk reduction: a review	37
Hanging glacier avalanche (Raunthigad–Rishiganga) and debris flow disaster on 7 February 2021, Uttarakhand, India: a preliminary assessment	37
Multicollinearity and spatial correlation analysis of landslide conditioning factors in Langat River Basin, Selangor	37
Explaining urban communities’ adaptation strategies for climate change risk: novel evidence from Rawalpindi, Pakistan	37
Projections patterns of precipitation concentration under climate change scenarios	36
The temporal clustering of storm surge, wave height, and high sea level exceedances around the UK coastline	36
Spatio-temporal analysis of subsiding districts in Balochistan, Pakistan using Multi-Sensor SBAS InSAR and GNSS	36
Collapsible characteristics and prediction model of remodeled loess	36
Improving multi-step drought forecasting in Atlantic Canada through variational mode decomposition and machine learning: The role of sand-cat swarm optimization technique in kernel ridge regression	36
Multiple-hazard fragility assessment of bridges subjected to successive earthquake and flood events	35
Understanding the environmental conditions of the extreme precipitation event on June 20, 2015, in the city of Douala, Cameroon	35

FDI and CO2 emissions in developing countries: the role of human capital	35
Slope failures and safety index assessment of waste rock dumps in Nigeria’s major mines	34
Flood resilience assessment from the perspective of urban (in)formality in Surat, India: Implications for sustainable development	34
Integrated tsunami risk mapping and evacuation-route planning for Atacames, Ecuador: a multi-century catalogue, hydrodynamic modelling and GIS-based vulnerability approach	34
Mapping wildfire ignition probability and predictor sensitivity with ensemble-based machine learning	33
Field test study on rock mass deterioration characteristics of bank slope hydro-fluctuation belt of Three Gorges Reservoir	32
TRIGRS-FOSM: probabilistic slope stability tool for rainfall-induced landslide susceptibility assessment	32
Dynamic determination of landslide stability and thrust force considering slip zone evolution	32
The impact of extreme weather events on water quality: international evidence	32
Evolution of flood protection levels and flood vulnerability in Europe since 1950 estimated with vine-copula models	32
Flood susceptibility modelling of the Teesta River Basin through the AHP-MCDA process using GIS and remote sensing	31
Estimation of site response function using Nakamura technique: a case study from Kumaun Himalaya	31
Structure and dynamics of Biela Skala deep-seated gravitational slope deformation in central Slovakia volcanic field	31
Incorporating the climate oscillations in the computation of meteorological drought over India	31
The aftermath of 2023 Kahramanmaras earthquakes: evaluation of strong motion data, geotechnical, building, and infrastructure issues	31
Analysis of the post-earthquake economic recovery of the most severely affected areas in the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake	31
Spatiotemporal changes in hurricane-force wind risk assessment in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico	30
The situation of homeless individuals in earthquakes and policy recommendations: A phenomenological study	30
Geomorphic controls on debris flow activity in the paraglacial zone of the Southeast Tibetan Plateau	30
Seismic moment deficit and hazard assessment of the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis	30
Susceptibility evaluation of highway landslide disasters based on SBAS-InSAR: a case study of S211 highway in Lanping County	30
Hazard and risk assessment for early phase road planning in Norway	30
Groundwater-induced seasonal slumps in gullies of the Bação Complex, Southeastern Brazil	29
A framework for assessing the effectiveness of local stabilization measures through InSAR deformation analysis: a case study on a mega-landslide in Chongqing, China	29
How can biomechanical measures incorporate climate change adaptation into disaster risk reduction and ecosystem sustainability?	29
A diversion routing optimization model for urban evacuation planning	29
Development of a standardised framework with universal core indicators for flood resilience assessment	29
Host-to-target region testing of machine learning models for seismic damage prediction in buildings	29
Decision-making study on risk evaluation of earth and rock dams based on ANP unascertained measurement theory	29
Evolution of runoff discharge patterns and risk assessment of water inrush in mountainous railroad tunnels	28
Study of caspian Sea tsunami caused by a potential submarine landslide triggered due to seismic activity of the faulting system of the northern Iranian plateau	28
Assessing long-term rainfall trends and changes in a tropical watershed Brantas, Indonesia: an approach for quantifying the agreement among satellite-based rainfall data, ground rainfall data, and sma	28
Regional-scale landslide modeling using machine learning and GIS: a case study for Idukki district, Kerala, India	28
Vulnerability of coastal infrastructure to extreme floodings: case study of Varandey area, Barents Sea, Russian Arctic	27
Risk analysis and evaluation of emergency rescue in landslide disaster	27
Probabilistic assessment of the earthquake-induced soil liquefaction hazard at national scale: macrozonation of the Italian territory	27
Modelling and analysis of extreme weather-induced disasters in Indian North-West Himalayas	27
Hazardous exogenous geological processes in the mountains under the pressure of human activity: 15-year observations from a natural landscape to a large ski resort	27
Historical earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions and comets in the eastern Mediterranean and the Sinai sub-plate: evidence from two little-known Greek documents	26
Aftershock sequence of the Yogyakarta earthquake 2006 (Mw ~ 6.4), Indonesia, based on analysis of hypocenter relocation, static, and dynamic stress	26
Managing the Sundhnúkagígar–Grindavík volcanic emergency in Iceland, 2023–2026	26
Overview of the natural hazard exposure of mosques in Japan	26
Approaching the challenge of multi-phase, multi-hazard volcanic impact assessment through the lens of systemic risk: application to Taranaki Mounga	26
Compound flood hazard assessment and analysis due to tropical cyclone-induced storm surges, waves and precipitation: a case study for coastal lowlands of Kelani river basin in Sri Lanka	26
Hospital-system functionality quantification based on supply–demand relationship under earthquake	26
Flood hazard assessment and mitigation using a multi-criteria approach in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt	26
Prediction of present and future flood discharges in catchments with sparse data coverage	26
Insights into Western Sicily’s seismotectonics from recent seismicity and 1968 Belice mainshock ground motion simulations	25
Urban waterlogging in coastal cities: a composite multicriteria index approach from Bangladesh	25
On the recent increase in Atlantic Ocean hurricane activity and influencing factors	25
Use of digital elevation models for flood susceptibility assessment via a hydrogeomorphic approach: A case study of the Basento River in Italy	25
A multidisciplinary approach to investigate active and new tectonic effects on landslides spatial distributions: case study in the Pre-Rif Ridges morphostructural unit	25
Development of satellite data based rainfall IDF curves and hyetographs for flood risk management in the Kashmir Valley	25
Dendrogeomorphological analysis of a debris flow in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve, central Mexico	25
Performance assessment of WRF-ELEC and lightning potential index for improved forecasting in Odisha, India	25
Historical trends and future implications of disasters in Honduras	25
A systematic scoping review of the Social Vulnerability Index as applied to natural hazards	24
Monitoring and modeling of a landslide in Kahroud, Iran, by InSAR measurements and slope stability analysis	24
Structure-driven evaluation of GBDT and neural networks for Geo-Tabular landslide hazard assessment on the Tibetan plateau	24
Socio-demographic disparities in the familiarity with coastal climate adaptation strategies: implications for coastal management and climate justice	24
Methodological approach for mapping the flood physical vulnerability index with geographical open-source data: an example in a small-middle city (Ponferrada, Spain)	24
Exploring latent heat flux anomalies for seismic activity detection: insights from RST methodology and case studies	24
Study on meteorological risk early warning for landslides based on analysis of extreme rainfall-induced clustering landslide events: a case of Bailong River Basin in China	24
National seismic risk assessment: an overview and practical guide	24
Deep learning based flood segmentation: evaluating EfficientNet and ResNet for UNet, SegNet and DeepLabV3+	23
Major factors affecting soil radon emanation	23
Prediction of earthquake damage of reservoir dam based on RS-XGBoost	23
Hybrid ensembled machine learning algorithm for landslide susceptibility assessment and data enhancement via Dual Discriminator Conditional Generative Adversarial Network	23
Hydrodynamic modeling and risk assessment of surge events in the Kazakh sector of the Caspian Sea	23
Flood disaster management: integrating machine learning and geospatial data analysis for optimal assembly areas in Bartın river Basin, Turkiye	23
Evaluating the cost–benefit of LID strategies for urban surface water flooding based on risk management	23
Resident perspectives on tornado-induced tree canopy loss and a decade of regrowth in Springfield, Massachusetts	23
Assessing hurricane-induced flood risks in urban areas using Bayesian networks and GIS applications	23
Statistical learning to identify salient factors influencing FEMA public assistance outlays	22
Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis of Meghalaya, India: integrating region-specific seismicity with uncertainties	22
Influence of land use and land cover datasets on dam-break modeling in the semiarid region of Brazil	22
Primarily tsunami modeling of the Mw 8.8 Kamchatka Peninsula earthquake on July 29, 2025	22
Correction to: A new model for the prediction of earthquake ground-motion duration in Iran	22
Human activities reshape the drought regime in the Yangtze River Basin: a land surface-hydrological modelling analysis with representations of dam operation and human water use	22
Integrated hydrological study for flash flood assessment using morphometric analysis and MCDA based on hydrological indices—Al-Sail Al-Kabir, KSA	22

Multiscale evaluation of the structural characteristics of intact loess subjected to wet/dry cycles	22
Development of smoothed seismicity models for seismic hazard assessment in the Red Sea region	22
Correction to: Social vulnerability to long-duration power outages in Brazil	22
Probabilistic seismic loss estimation for residential buildings in Pakistan	22
Investigating sensitivity to extreme weather of a mid-size global south city: an integrated MCDA (AHP)-GIS based modeling approach	22
Investigating the dynamics of water–sand mixing inrush in viscous sand layers: insights from laboratory experiments	22
Hydroclimate influences ice jam dynamics in southern Quebec watersheds through competing effects on ice cover resistance and dislocation forces	21
Influence of the catching dam layout on the kinematic characteristics of rock avalanche	21
Security risk assessment and visualization study of key nodes of sea lanes: case studies on the Tsugaru Strait and the Makassar Strait	21
Statistically-based regional landslide susceptibility assessment in the UNESCO global geopark Caminhos dos Cânions do Sul (Brazil)	21
Study of the impact of ash fallout from the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjöll (2010) on vegetation using MODIS data	21
Natural hazards fatalities in Brazil, 1979–2019	21
Lightning fatalities in the Philippines, 2006–2021	21
Slope stability prediction based on AutoML for multiple failure mechanisms	21
Micro-dust and Pistacia atlantica tolerance	21
The role of risk perception, prior experience, and sociodemographics in disaster preparedness and emergency response toward typhoons in Hong Kong	21
Disaster attributes and distribution laws of debris flows in the upper Parlung Zangbo River	21
Landslide susceptibility mapping using maximum entropy (MaxEnt) and geographically weighted logistic regression (GWLR) models in the Río Aguas catchment (Almería, SE Spain)	21
Liquefaction phenomena following the February 6th, 2023, Turkiye earthquakes: observation and lessons	21
Fire at the Kartalkaya Ski Centre hotel and evaluation of the response efforts	21
Residential building and sub-building level flood damage analysis using simple and complex models	21
Multi-class classification automated machine learning for predicting earthquakes using global geomagnetic field data	21
The effect of big five personality traits of prospective disaster risk managers on individual disaster resilience	21
Drought analysis based on nonparametric multivariate standardized drought index in the Seyhan River Basin	21
Correction To: An improved information quantity method for non-landslide selection to enhance landslide susceptibility evaluation: a case study in Yongfeng, South China	20
Impact of satellite derived wind and LULC on coastal inundation: a sensitivity study for the east coast of India	20
Model tests and numerical simulations on hydraulic fracturing and failure mechanism of rock landslides	20
A three-dimensional nonlinear rock damage creep model with double damage factors and residual strength	20
Modeling agricultural drought based on the earth observation-derived standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index and vegetation health index in the northeastern highlands of Ethiopia	20
Increasing compound heat and precipitation extremes and population exposure in a warming Vietnam	20
Delineating village-level drought risk in Marinduque Island, Philippines	20
Integrated analysis of land use and land cover changes and landslide susceptibility: a machine learning approach in Rangamati Sadar, Bangladesh	20
How can research-based studio experience assist in tackling natural disasters?	20
A data-driven approach for regional-scale fine-resolution disaster impact prediction under tropical cyclones	20
Classifying and bounding geomagnetic storms based on the SYM-H and ASY-H indices	20
Identification of community assets: a survey of coastal Oregonians’ priorities for natural hazard preparedness	20
A pilot study for climate risk assessment in agriculture: a climate-based index for cherry trees	20
Identification of flood causes and flood modeling for the reconstruction of affected land in Bireuen District, Aceh Province, Indonesia	20
Risk analysis of pipeline drainage capacity at typical time of urban rainstorm waterlogging process	20
Prediction of factor of safety of slopes using stochastically modified ANN and classical methods: a rigorous statistical model selection approach	20
Research on dynamic stability evaluation method for large creeping landslide in reservoir areas	20
An information quantity and machine learning integrated model for landslide susceptibility mapping in Jiuzhaigou, China	20
Land subsidence hazard assessment based on novel hybrid approach: BWM, weighted overlay index (WOI), and support vector machine (SVM)	19
Analyzing drought trends over Sindh Province, Pakistan	19
Investigation and classification of water resources management strategies: possible threats and solutions	19
Assessing the impacts of climate change on flooding under Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 scenarios in the river Chenab, Pakistan	19
Assessment of land use change in the wetland of Barotse Floodplain, Zambezi River Sub-Basin, Zambia	19
Atmospheric patterns favourable to storm surge events on the coast of São Paulo State, Brazil	19
Living on top of a volcanic-hydrothermal system: the case of Copahue village, Argentina	19
Natural disasters, resilience-building, and risk: achieving sustainable cities and human settlements	19
Content analysis of YouTube videos regarding natural disasters in India and analysis of users sentiment through viewer comments	19
Towards sustainable development: understanding resilience capacity and well-being of rural households in the Dabie Mountainous Area, China	19
The increasing risk of heatwaves to vulnerable populations in eastern Australia	19
Spatio-temporal characteristics of meteorological drought based on the MCI of Penman–Monteith	19
An improved GA-BP model based on self-organizing map mode unsupervised clustering ability promoting and its application in landslide susceptibility mapping	19
Safe development paradox: evidence and methodological insights from a systematic review	19
Deformation evaluation and displacement forecasting of baishuihe landslide after stabilization based on continuous wavelet transform and deep learning	19
Discontinuity characterization for slope stability assessment using combined aerial photogrammetry, and geophysics approach	19
Temporal distribution model and occurrence probability of M ≥ 6.5 earthquakes in North China Seismic Zone	19
Correction: Multiple-hazard fragility assessment of bridges subjected to successive earthquake and flood events	19
Improvement of flood susceptibility mapping by introducing hybrid ensemble learning algorithms and high-resolution satellite imageries	19
Landslides impact and management on human settlements over 3000 years: the case of the Montilla Castle Hill (Córdoba, Spain)	19
Coupled effect of joint orientation and blast-induced damage zone on the stability of jointed rock slopes	19
A systematic review of landslide research in urban planning worldwide	19
Going beyond generalisation: perspective on the persistence of urban floods in Dar es Salaam	19
Assessment of environmental and atmospheric impacts of stubble burning in Mardin-Diyarbakır (Southeastern of Türkiye): a remote sensing approach	19
A Bayesian method for dam failure risk analysis using causal loop diagrams and word frequency analysis	18
A pathway for multi-stage cyclone-induced hazard tracking—case study for Yaas	18
Application of multivariate techniques to assess active tectonics: implications for geohazard risk in the Siang valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India	18
Bibliometric analysis on urban flood and waterlogging disasters during the period of 1998—2022	18
Insights into meteorological drought: navigating Uganda’s cattle corridor through past trends and future projections	18
Rapid forecasting of compound flooding for a coastal area based on data-driven approach	18
Flood analysis using HEC-RAS 1D model for the delta of Brahmani river, Odisha, India	18
Tropical cyclone induced compound flooding in Madagascar: a coupled modeling approach	18
Utility of satellite precipitation products for drought monitoring (case study: southwestern regions in Iran)	18
Research on flood prediction based on hybrid AI model VMD_BiLSTM: a case study in BeiJing flood, China	18
Features of crevasse splay deposits and sedimentary processes associated with levee breaching due to the October 2019 flood of the Chikuma River, Central Japan	18
A winter-season meteotsunami in the Balearics: the 22 January 2021 squall-line driven event	18
Spatial analysis and hazard assessment of large-scale ancient landslides around the reservoir area of Wudongde hydropower station, China	18
Urban flood risk analysis using presence-only machine learning approach: an integrated MaxEnt-cloud model framework in Harbin, China	18
Heavy rainfall event in Nova Friburgo (Brazil): numerical sensitivity analysis using different parameterization combinations in the WRF model	18
Remote sensing-based early warning for agricultural flood damage mitigation in recurrent flood-prone areas	18
A refined model of a typhoon near-surface wind field based on CFD	18
Spatial understanding of historical and future landslide variation in Africa	18
Urban heat as a growing hazard: a spatiotemporal analysis of land-use/land-cover changes and land surface temperature in Ha Noi city, Viet Nam	18
Event-based mapping and spatial pattern analysis of landslides in parts of central Vietnam	18
Investigation of rock mass deformation through nap-of-the-object photogrammetry: a case study of Hongyun Golden Peak in Fanjing Mountain, China	17
Correction: Identifying human activities and rainfall impacts in landslide: a case study from southwestern China	17
Risk evaluation of rockfall hazard in the tunnel portals of western mountain railway tunnels based on the improved G1–EWM–UMT model	17
A fusion-based framework for daily flood forecasting in multiple-step-ahead and near-future under climate change scenarios: a case study of the Kan River, Iran	17
Characterization of synoptic systems triggering disasters in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil	17
Uncovering spatiotemporal patterns of floods using multi-sensor optical and synthetic aperture radar imagery in the major agriculture zone of Sindh, Pakistan	17
Identifying bridges prone to instream wood accumulation: insights from bridges across the UK	17
Methods for representing regional disaster recovery estimates: modeling approaches and assessment tools for improving emergency planning and preparedness	17
Seasonal and upstream rainfall controls on monsoon flood onset in Bangladesh’s Haor wetlands	17