Neuropsychopharmacology

Article	Citations
The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function	510
Prefrontal cortex and depression	260
The role of PFC networks in cognitive control and executive function	238
Frequency and profile of objective cognitive deficits in hospitalized patients recovering from COVID-19	154
Augmentation therapy with minocycline in treatment-resistant depression patients with low-grade peripheral inflammation: results from a double-blind randomised clinical trial	142
Development of prefrontal cortex	131
Addiction as a brain disease revised: why it still matters, and the need for consilience	127
Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD	126
Mechanisms underlying dorsolateral prefrontal cortex contributions to cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia	107
The prefrontal cortex, pathological anxiety, and anxiety disorders	102
Neuromodulation of prefrontal cortex cognitive function in primates: the powerful roles of monoamines and acetylcholine	101
Neurobiology of loneliness: a systematic review	100
Direct comparison of the acute effects of lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in healthy subjects	100
Evolution of prefrontal cortex	96
Towards an understanding of psychedelic-induced neuroplasticity	95
Sex differences in dopamine release regulation in the striatum	93
Choosing appropriate language to reduce the stigma around mental illness and substance use disorders	81
The neurobiology of drug addiction: cross-species insights into the dysfunction and recovery of the prefrontal cortex	75
Systematic misestimation of machine learning performance in neuroimaging studies of depression	68
Assessing the mechanisms of brain plasticity by transcranial magnetic stimulation	67
Exploratory study of the dose-related safety, tolerability, and efficacy of dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in healthy volunteers and major depressive disorder	65
Reinforcement-learning in fronto-striatal circuits	59
Synaptic plasticity and mental health: methods, challenges and opportunities	59
The addiction risk factor: A unitary genetic vulnerability characterizes substance use disorders and their associations with common correlates	56
Habit, choice, and addiction	55

Neuroimaging in schizophrenia: an overview of findings and their implications for synaptic changes	55
Prefrontal connectomics: from anatomy to human imaging	54
The protective effect of operant social reward on cocaine self-administration, choice, and relapse is dependent on delay and effort for the social reward	53
Repeated lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) reverses stress-induced anxiety-like behavior, cortical synaptogenesis deficits and serotonergic neurotransmission decline	50
Common and specific large-scale brain changes in major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, and chronic pain: a transdiagnostic multimodal meta-analysis of structural and functional MRI studies	48
Meta-analysis of human prediction error for incentives, perception, cognition, and action	47
Interactive relations between maternal prenatal stress, fetal brain connectivity, and gestational age at delivery	47
Differentiating the effect of antipsychotic medication and illness on brain volume reductions in first-episode psychosis: A Longitudinal, Randomised, Triple-blind, Placebo-controlled MRI Study	45
Prefrontal-hippocampal interactions supporting the extinction of emotional memories: the retrieval stopping model	45
Alterations in microbiome composition and metabolic byproducts drive behavioral and transcriptional responses to morphine	45
Pharmacological and genetic manipulations at the µ-opioid receptor reveal arrestin-3 engagement limits analgesic tolerance and does not exacerbate respiratory depression in mice	45
Astrocyte-derived TNF and glutamate critically modulate microglia activation by methamphetamine	44
A versatile GPCR toolkit to track in vivo neuromodulation: not a one-size-fits-all sensor	44
Long-term safety and maintenance of response with esketamine nasal spray in participants with treatment-resistant depression: interim results of the SUSTAIN-3 study	44
Release of endogenous dynorphin opioids in the prefrontal cortex disrupts cognition	43
Dose-related effects of ketamine for antidepressant-resistant symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in veterans and active duty military: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled multi-cente	43
Association of locus coeruleus integrity with Braak stage and neuropsychiatric symptom severity in Alzheimer’s disease	42
Efficacy and tolerability of baclofen in a U.S. community population with alcohol use disorder: a dose-response, randomized, controlled trial	42
Computational models of adaptive behavior and prefrontal cortex	41
Does cannabidiol make cannabis safer? A randomised, double-blind, cross-over trial of cannabis with four different CBD:THC ratios	41
Telemedicine for treating mental health and substance use disorders: reflections since the pandemic	40
Advances in modeling learning and decision-making in neuroscience	39
Ketamine and rapid antidepressant action: new treatments and novel synaptic signaling mechanisms	38
Accelerated brain aging predicts impulsivity and symptom severity in depression	37
Astrocyte regulation of synaptic signaling in psychiatric disorders	37
A meta-analysis of conditioned fear generalization in anxiety-related disorders	37
Opioid-sparing effect of cannabinoids for analgesia: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical and clinical studies	37
The effects of FAAH inhibition on the neural basis of anxiety-related processing in healthy male subjects: a randomized clinical trial	36
Prognostic neuroimaging biomarkers of trauma-related psychopathology: resting-state fMRI shortly after trauma predicts future PTSD and depression symptoms in the AURORA study	36
The prefrontal cortex and OCD	36
The prediction-error hypothesis of schizophrenia: new data point to circuit-specific changes in dopamine activity	35
Functional connectivity during frustration: a preliminary study of predictive modeling of irritability in youth	35
Integration of brain and behavior measures for identification of data-driven groups cutting across children with ASD, ADHD, or OCD	35
What’s wrong with my experiment?: The impact of hidden variables on neuropsychopharmacology research	35
The clinical effectiveness of using a predictive algorithm to guide antidepressant treatment in primary care (PReDicT): an open-label, randomised controlled trial	35
Prefrontal cortex interactions with the amygdala in primates	35
Rapid-acting antidepressants and the circadian clock	34
Efficacy and safety of transcranial direct current stimulation as an add-on treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized, sham-controlled trial	34
The role of anterior insula–brainstem projections and alpha-1 noradrenergic receptors for compulsion-like and alcohol-only drinking	33
Sleep dysregulation in binge eating disorder and “food addiction”: the orexin (hypocretin) system as a potential neurobiological link	33
Neural circuits regulating prosocial behaviors	32
The renin–angiotensin system in PTSD: a replication and extension	32
Oxytocin receptor expression patterns in the human brain across development	32
Foraging with the frontal cortex: A cross-species evaluation of reward-guided behavior	32
Psilocybin for treatment resistant depression in patients taking a concomitant SSRI medication	31
Optogenetic inhibition of indirect pathway neurons in the dorsomedial striatum reduces excessive grooming in Sapap3-knockout mice	31
Co-released norepinephrine and galanin act on different timescales to promote stress-induced anxiety-like behavior	31
Associations among locus coeruleus catecholamines, tau pathology, and memory in aging	31
Somatostatin neurons control an alcohol binge drinking prelimbic microcircuit in mice	31
Comparative acute effects of mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide, and psilocybin in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study in healthy participants	31

Association of gray matter volumes with general and specific dimensions of psychopathology in children	31
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and suicidal behaviour: a population-based cohort study	30
White-matter free-water diffusion MRI in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis	30
Identification of transdiagnostic psychiatric disorder subtypes using unsupervised learning	30
Incerto-thalamic modulation of fear via GABA and dopamine	30
The M1/M4 preferring muscarinic agonist xanomeline modulates functional connectivity and NMDAR antagonist-induced changes in the mouse brain	29
Autism risk gene KMT5B deficiency in prefrontal cortex induces synaptic dysfunction and social deficits via alterations of DNA repair and gene transcription	29
Transcriptional signatures of the cortical morphometric similarity network gradient in first-episode, treatment-naive major depressive disorder	29
Transcriptome-wide association study of treatment-resistant depression and depression subtypes for drug repurposing	29
Dynamics of amygdala connectivity in bipolar disorders: a longitudinal study across mood states	29
Interactions between ventrolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex during learning and behavioural change	28
Optogenetic stimulation of lateral hypothalamic orexin/dynorphin inputs in the ventral tegmental area potentiates mesolimbic dopamine neurotransmission and promotes reward-seeking behaviours	28
Measuring maladaptive avoidance: from animal models to clinical anxiety	28
Sustained effects of single doses of classical psychedelics in humans	28
MDMA-induced changes in within-network connectivity contradict the specificity of these alterations for the effects of serotonergic hallucinogens	28
Dysregulation of threat neurocircuitry during fear extinction: the role of anhedonia	27
Convergent genomic and pharmacological evidence of PI3K/GSK3 signaling alterations in neurons from schizophrenia patients	27
Interactions between hippocampal activity and striatal dopamine in people at clinical high risk for psychosis: relationship to adverse outcomes	27
Chronic social defeat stress impairs goal-directed behavior through dysregulation of ventral hippocampal activity in male mice	27
Genetic underpinnings of sociability in the general population	27
Aberrant triple-network connectivity patterns discriminate biotypes of first-episode medication-naive schizophrenia in two large independent cohorts	27
The anterior retrosplenial cortex encodes event-related information and the posterior retrosplenial cortex encodes context-related information during memory formation	26
Systemic enhancement of serotonin signaling reverses social deficits in multiple mouse models for ASD	26
Enhanced heroin self-administration and distinct dopamine adaptations in female rats	26
Remifentanil self-administration in mice promotes sex-specific prefrontal cortex dysfunction underlying deficits in cognitive flexibility	26
Astrocyte-neuron signaling in the mesolimbic dopamine system: the hidden stars of dopamine signaling	26
Deep transcriptome sequencing of subgenual anterior cingulate cortex reveals cross-diagnostic and diagnosis-specific RNA expression changes in major psychiatric disorders	25
Insular cortex corticotropin-releasing factor integrates stress signaling with social affective behavior	25
Beta-adrenergic blockade blunts inflammatory and antiviral/antibody gene expression responses to acute psychosocial stress	25
Hippocampus and amygdala fear memory engrams re-emerge after contextual fear relapse	25
Long-term alcohol consumption alters dorsal striatal dopamine release and regulation by D2 dopamine receptors in rhesus macaques	24
Sex differences in appetitive and reactive aggression	24
Genome-wide association study accounting for anticholinergic burden to examine cognitive dysfunction in psychotic disorders	24
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) modulates dependence-induced alcohol drinking and anxiety-like behavior in male rats	24
Neuroimaging correlates and predictors of response to repeated-dose intravenous ketamine in PTSD: preliminary evidence	24
Adolescent stress sensitizes the adult neuroimmune transcriptome and leads to sex-specific microglial and behavioral phenotypes	24
Prefrontal contributions to the stability and variability of thought and conscious experience	24
Acute psilocybin enhances cognitive flexibility in rats	24
Therapeutic potential of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor modulators in psychiatry	24
Salivary beta-endorphin in nonsuicidal self-injury: an ambulatory assessment study	23
Are we compulsively chasing rainbows?	23
Patient-specific connectomic models correlate with, but do not reliably predict, outcomes in deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder	23
Rapid homeostatic plasticity and neuropsychiatric therapeutics	23
Genome-wide Mendelian randomization identifies actionable novel drug targets for psychiatric disorders	23
Adolescents are more sensitive than adults to acute behavioral and cognitive effects of THC	23
Overdose mortality rates for opioids and stimulant drugs are substantially higher in men than in women: state-level analysis	23
Within-subject, double-blinded, randomized, and placebo-controlled evaluation of the combined effects of the cannabinoid dronabinol and the opioid hydromorphone in a human laboratory pain model	23
Anterior cingulate cortex is necessary for spontaneous opioid withdrawal and withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia in male mice	23
A cross-species assay demonstrates that reward responsiveness is enduringly impacted by adverse, unpredictable early-life experiences	23
Genetic contributions to alcohol use disorder treatment outcomes: a genome-wide pharmacogenomics study	22
Cocaine induces paradigm-specific changes to the transcriptome within the ventral tegmental area	22
Basal forebrain cholinergic signaling in the basolateral amygdala promotes strength and durability of fear memories	22
Intergenerational trauma is associated with expression alterations in glucocorticoid- and immune-related genes	22
Effects of a psychedelic 5-HT2A receptor agonist on anxiety-related behavior and fear processing in mice	22
Systematic review of structural and functional neuroimaging studies of cannabis use in adolescence and emerging adulthood: evidence from 90 studies and 9441 participants	22
Cognitive subtypes in recent onset psychosis: distinct neurobiological fingerprints?	22
Low doses of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) increase reward-related brain activity	22
Concordant neurophysiological signatures of cognitive control in humans and rats	21
Distinct trajectories of response to prefrontal tDCS in major depression: results from a 3-arm randomized controlled trial	21
Replicable association between human cytomegalovirus infection and reduced white matter fractional anisotropy in major depressive disorder	21
Restoring glutamate homeostasis in the nucleus accumbens via endocannabinoid-mimetic drug prevents relapse to cocaine seeking behavior in rats	21
Comorbid anxiety-like behavior in a rat model of colitis is mediated by an upregulation of corticolimbic fatty acid amide hydrolase	21
Histone H3 dopaminylation in ventral tegmental area underlies heroin-induced transcriptional and behavioral plasticity in male rats	21
Lower cholinergic basal forebrain volumes link with cognitive difficulties in schizophrenia	21
Brain reactivity during aggressive response in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder treated with a selective progesterone receptor modulator	20
Epigenome-wide association study of alcohol use disorder in five brain regions	20
Chronic escitalopram in healthy volunteers has specific effects on reinforcement sensitivity: a double-blind, placebo-controlled semi-randomised study	20
Nucleus accumbens dichotomically controls social dominance in male mice	20
Striatal Shati/Nat8l–BDNF pathways determine the sensitivity to social defeat stress in mice through epigenetic regulation	20
Changes in the brain structural connectome after a prospective randomized clinical trial of lithium and quetiapine treatment in youth with bipolar disorder	20
Intrinsic reward circuit connectivity profiles underlying symptom and quality of life outcomes following antidepressant medication: a report from the iSPOT-D trial	20
Inactivation of the infralimbic cortex decreases discriminative stimulus-controlled relapse to cocaine seeking in rats	20
TAAR1 dependent and independent actions of the potential antipsychotic and dual TAAR1/5-HT1A receptor agonist SEP-363856	20
Dynamic activity of interpeduncular nucleus GABAergic neurons controls expression of nicotine withdrawal in male mice	20
Evaluating the evidence for sex differences: a scoping review of human neuroimaging in psychopharmacology research	19
The D-amino acid oxidase inhibitor luvadaxistat improves mismatch negativity in patients with schizophrenia in a randomized trial	19
Change in prefrontal activity and executive functions after action-based cognitive remediation in bipolar disorder: a randomized controlled trial	19
Larger dentate gyrus volume as predisposing resilience factor for the development of trauma-related symptoms	19
Traumatic memory reactivation with or without propranolol for PTSD and comorbid MD symptoms: a randomised clinical trial	19
Ketamine in neuropsychiatric disorders: an update	19

The efficacy and safety of zolpidem and zopiclone to treat insomnia in Alzheimer’s disease: a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial	19
Selective 5HT3 antagonists and sensory processing: a systematic review	19
Orexin-1 receptor signaling in ventral tegmental area mediates cue-driven demand for cocaine	19
Accelerated TMS - moving quickly into the future of depression treatment	19
Metabolic adverse effects of off-label use of second-generation antipsychotics in the adult population: a systematic review and meta-analysis	19
Randomized controlled experimental study of hydrocortisone and D-cycloserine effects on fear extinction in PTSD	19
Sex differences in myelin content of white matter tracts in adolescents with depression	18
Behavioral and accumbens synaptic plasticity induced by cues associated with restraint stress	18
Addiction should be treated, not penalized	18
BDNF controls GABAAR trafficking and related cognitive processes via autophagic regulation of p62	18
Long-term effects of intermittent early life stress on primate prefrontal–subcortical functional connectivity	18
Cell-type specific synaptic plasticity in dorsal striatum is associated with punishment-resistance compulsive-like cocaine self-administration in mice	18
Divergent modulation of pain and anxiety by GABAergic neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray and dorsal raphe	18
Astrocytes modulate extracellular neurotransmitter levels and excitatory neurotransmission in dorsolateral striatum via dopamine D2 receptor signaling	18
Association between polygenic risk for Alzheimer’s disease, brain structure and cognitive abilities in UK Biobank	17
Increased functional coupling of the mu opioid receptor in the anterior insula of depressed individuals	17
Postpartum scarcity-adversity disrupts maternal behavior and induces a hypodopaminergic state in the rat dam and adult female offspring	17
Novel neurosteroid therapeutics for post-partum depression: perspectives on clinical trials, program development, active research, and future directions	17
Rescue of histone hypoacetylation and social deficits by ketogenic diet in a Shank3 mouse model of autism	17
Enduring glucocorticoid-evoked exacerbation of synaptic plasticity disruption in male rats modelling early Alzheimer’s disease amyloidosis	17
Transcriptome-wide association study of post-trauma symptom trajectories identified GRIN3B as a potential biomarker for PTSD development	17
Reduced GABA/glutamate in the thalamus of individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis	17
The effect of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on whole-brain functional and effective connectivity	17
Symptomatic and neurotrophic effects of GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulation in a mouse model of chronic stress	17
Transcriptomics in the nucleus accumbens shell reveal sex- and reinforcer-specific signatures associated with morphine and sucrose craving	17
Noninvasive neuromodulation of the prefrontal cortex in mental health disorders	16
Imaging synaptic density in depression	16
Dorsal striatal dopamine induces fronto-cortical hypoactivity and attenuates anxiety and compulsive behaviors in rats	16
The parabrachial to central amygdala pathway is critical to injury-induced pain sensitization in mice	16
5-MeO-DMT modifies innate behaviors and promotes structural neural plasticity in mice	16
Increased responsiveness to punishment of cocaine self-administration after experience with high punishment	16
Distinct cortical thickness correlates of early life trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder are shared among adolescent and adult females with interpersonal violence exposure	16
A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial of mirtazapine for anxiety in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder	16
Early-life oxytocin attenuates the social deficits induced by caesarean-section delivery in the mouse	16
Do behavioral pharmacology findings predict clinical trial outcomes? A proof-of-concept in medication development for alcohol use disorder	16
The role of orphan receptor GPR139 in neuropsychiatric behavior	16
Genome-wide meta-analysis of alcohol use disorder in East Asians	16
Proof of concept study to develop a novel connectivity-based electric-field modelling approach for individualized targeting of transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment	16
Rostral anterior cingulate network effective connectivity in depressed adolescents and associations with treatment response in a randomized controlled trial	16
A randomized cross-over trial to define neurophysiological correlates of AV-101 N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor blockade in healthy veterans	15
Neural responses to reward anticipation and feedback in adult and adolescent cannabis users and controls	15
A systematic review and meta-analysis of neuromodulation therapies for substance use disorders	15
Structure and function differences in the prelimbic cortex to basolateral amygdala circuit mediate trait vulnerability in a novel model of acute social defeat stress in male mice	15
Prefrontal parvalbumin interneurons deficits mediate early emotional dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease	15
Quantitative standardization of resident mouse behavior for studies of aggression and social defeat	15
Functional connectivity of the anterior insula during withdrawal from cigarette smoking	15
Phase 1 randomized study on the safety, tolerability, and pharmacodynamic cognitive and electrophysiological effects of a dopamine D1 receptor positive allosteric modulator in patients with schizophre	15
Late-life depression accentuates cognitive weaknesses in older adults with small vessel disease	15
Disentangling the roles of dopamine and noradrenaline in the exploration-exploitation tradeoff during human decision-making	15
Adolescent social isolation induces distinct changes in the medial and lateral OFC-BLA synapse and social and emotional alterations in adult mice	15
Noradrenergic correlates of chronic cocaine craving: neuromelanin and functional brain imaging	15
Sex-specific alterations of cortical morphometry in treatment-naïve patients with major depressive disorder	15
The prefrontal cortex and (uniquely) human cooperation: a comparative perspective	15
Rats choose alcohol over social reward in an operant choice procedure	15
Transdiagnostic evaluation of epigenetic age acceleration and burden of psychiatric disorders	15
Identification of an optimal dose of intravenous ketamine for late-life treatment-resistant depression: a Bayesian adaptive randomization trial	14
A highly D3R-selective and efficacious partial agonist (S)-ABS01-113 compared to its D3R-selective antagonist enantiomer (R)-ABS01-113 as potential treatments for opioid use disorder	14
Identifying nootropic drug targets via large-scale cognitive GWAS and transcriptomics	14
Therapeutic mechanisms of psychedelics and entactogens	14
Impact of exogenous estradiol on task-based and resting-state neural signature during and after fear extinction in healthy women	14
The association of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) with hippocampal volume in schizophrenia: a preliminary MRI study	14
Nanoparticle delivery systems for substance use disorder	14
Medial orbitofrontal cortex dopamine D1/D2 receptors differentially modulate distinct forms of probabilistic decision-making	14
Prediction of short-term antidepressant response using probabilistic graphical models with replication across multiple drugs and treatment settings	14
Default mode network dissociation linking cerebral beta amyloid retention and depression in cognitively normal older adults	14
In vivo imaging translocator protein (TSPO) in autism spectrum disorder	14
Finding new and better treatments for psychiatric disorders	14
Deconstructing dissociation: a triple network model of trauma-related dissociation and its subtypes	14
Trait anxiety is associated with amygdala expectation and caloric taste receipt response across eating disorders	14
A normative chart for cognitive development in a genetically selected population	14
Ventral tegmental area glutamate neurons establish a mu-opioid receptor gated circuit to mesolimbic dopamine neurons and regulate opioid-seeking behavior	14
Psychosis spectrum illnesses as disorders of prefrontal critical period plasticity	14
Effects of topiramate on neural responses to alcohol cues in treatment-seeking individuals with alcohol use disorder: preliminary findings from a randomized, placebo-controlled trial	14
Association between age of cannabis initiation and gray matter covariance networks in recent onset psychosis	14
Plasticity of synapses and reward circuit function in the genesis and treatment of depression	14
The basolateral amygdala to lateral septum circuit is critical for regulating social novelty in mice	14
Acute effects of MDMA and LSD co-administration in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in healthy participants	13
UNRAVELing the synergistic effects of psilocybin and environment on brain-wide immediate early gene expression in mice	13
Neurosteroids: mechanistic considerations and clinical prospects	13
Predictors of change in suicidal ideation across treatment phases of major depressive disorder: analysis of the STAR*D data	13
Reaching for the unreachable: low intensity focused ultrasound for non-invasive deep brain stimulation	13
The impact of COVID-19 on cognition in severe cases highlights the need for comprehensive neuropsychological evaluations in all survivors	13
Involvement of the ghrelin system in the maintenance and reinstatement of cocaine-motivated behaviors: a role of adrenergic action at peripheral β1 receptors	13
Oxytocin activation of paraventricular thalamic neurons promotes feeding motivation to attenuate stress-induced hypophagia	13
Genetic evidence for a potential causal relationship between insomnia symptoms and suicidal behavior: a Mendelian randomization study	13
Disrupted subcortical functional connectome gradient in drug-naïve first-episode schizophrenia and the normalization effects after antipsychotic treatment	13
Electrophysiological signatures of reward learning in the rodent touchscreen-based Probabilistic Reward Task	13
Effects of classical PKC activation on hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive performance: mechanism of action	13
Membrane excitability of nucleus accumbens neurons gates the incubation of cocaine craving	13
FKBP5 inhibitors modulate alcohol drinking and trauma-related behaviors in a model of comorbid post-traumatic stress and alcohol use disorder	13
Synaptic effects of IL-1β and CRF in the central amygdala after protracted alcohol abstinence in male rhesus macaques	13
The role of neurotrophic factors in novel, rapid psychiatric treatments	13
Impairment in acquisition of conditioned fear in schizophrenia	13
BNST PKCδ neurons are activated by specific aversive conditions to promote anxiety-like behavior	12
Psychedelics: preclinical insights provide directions for future research	12