OOIR: Observatory of International Research

Papers

(The median citation count of Viral Immunology is 1. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2021-02-01 to 2025-02-01.)

Article	Citations
Epidemiologic Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5.1.3 Variant and the Protection Provided By Inactivated Vaccination	113
CD32 Expression by CD4⁺ T and CD8⁺ T Lymphocytes Is Increased in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection	38
Comparison of Achievements in the Implementation of COVID-19 Vaccination in Five Provinces to Establish Herd Immunity in Indonesia in the Perspective of the New Public Service	33
Association of the Interleukin 1B-31*C Proinflammatory Allele with the Severity of COVID-19 Patients: A Preliminary Report	32
Cellular Immune Responses Against γ-Inactivated Antigen in the Recovered Cases of Kyasanur Forest Disease	29
Intracellular Toll-Like Receptors Modulate Adaptive Immune Responses in Head and Neck Cancer	27
Call for Papers: Viral Immunology	26
Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccine Development: An Overview	21
Nanoadjuvants Produced by Advanced Nanochelating Technology in the Inactivated-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Vaccine Formulation: Preliminary Results on Cytokines and IgG Responses	16
Structural Analysis and Epitope Prediction of S2 Domain of SARS-CoV-2, Conservation Analysis Among Major Variants	16
A Focus on Vaccines Against Viruses	15
Call for Special Issue Papers: Virus-Induced Programmed Cell Death	13
Enhanced Programmed Cell Death Protein 1/Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 Expression Induced by Severe Influenza A Virus Infection Impairs Host's Antiviral Response	12
Inflammatory Consequences and Immune Modulation	12
Call for Special Issue Papers: Virus-Induced Programmed Cell Death	12
Evaluation of an Immunoglobulin E Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Early Diagnosis of Dengue	11
Bioinformation Analysis of Differential Expression Proteins in Different Processes of COVID-19	11
Prevalence and Influence of the −174 G/C Polymorphism in the Interleukin-6 Gene in Arboviruses Infections	11
Modulation of Memory B Cell Phenotypes and Toll-Like Receptor-7 in Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection During Direct-Acting Antiviral Interferon-Free Therapy: Correlation with Interleukin-7	11
Epidemiology of Porcine Pseudorabies from 2010 to 2018 in Tianjin, China	10
Letter to the Editor: The Clinical Features of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Are Becoming Milder with Limited Symptomatic Effects	8
Characteristics of Circulatory γδ T cells in Patients with Symptomatic Chronic Hepatitis B Infection	8
Re: “Postinfectious Immunity After COVID-19 and Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2” by Krsak et al.	8
The Genetic Variant TNFA (rs361525) Is Associated with Increased Susceptibility to Developing Dengue Symptoms	7
Characterization of Pre-Existing Neutralizing Antibody to Human Adenovirus Types 5 and 49 and Simian Type 23 in Chinese Population	7

Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-Specific B Cell Memory Responses in Infected and Vaccinated Individuals	7
Expression Pattern of Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines and Key Differential Transcription Factors in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Iranian Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients with Di	7
TLR9 in the Human Papilloma Virus Infections: Friend or Foe?	7
Inhibition of Autophagy Does Not Affect Innate Cytokine Production in Human Lung Epithelial Cells During Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection	6
Relationship Between Human FCγRIIA rs1801274 G Allele and Risk of Death Among Different SARS-CoV-2 Variants	6
The Effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the Spleen and T Lymphocytes	6
Elevated Plasma Fractalkine Level Is Associated with the Severity of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome in Humans	6
Unleash the mRNA	6
Interleukin-18 Plays a Positive Feedback Activity to Natural Killer-Like B Cells in Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure	6
Is There a Rationale for Using Bacillus Calmette–Guerin Vaccine in Coronavirus Infection?	6
Interleukin-4 Promotes Human Metapneumovirus Replication Through the JAK/STAT6 Pathway	6
Dual Roles of Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily 14 in Antiviral Immunity	6
Does COVID-19 Vaccination with BNT162b2 Influence HIV-Related Immunological and Virological Markers? Data from 235 Persons Living with HIV at Cotugno Hospital, Naples, Italy: Immune Response After Sec	6
Formulation of Recombinant H1N1 Hemagglutinin in MF59 and Alum Adjuvants: A Comparison of the Vaccines Potency and Efficacy in BALB/C Mice	6
Cells Stimulated with More Than One Toll-Like Receptor–Ligand in the Presence of a MyD88 Inhibitor Augmented Interferon-β via MyD88-Independent Signaling Pathway	6
Assessment of Proinflammatory Cytokines Among Patients with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection	6
IGH Complementarity Determining Region-3-Cytomegalovirus Protein Chemical Complementarity Linked to Better Overall Survival Probabilities for Glioblastoma	6
Adjuvant Effects ofPseudomonas aeruginosaFlagellin on the Immunological Patterns of the HIV-1 Vaccine Candidate: Vaccine Formulations Versus Different Routes of Immunization	6
Functional Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the MBL2 and TLR3 Genes Influence Disease Severity in Influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 Virus-Infected Patients from Maharashtra, India	5
The Impact of Vaccination on the Likelihood of COVID-19 Infection	5
Virus Protein-Specific Immune Responses in Selective Depletion of Lymphocyte Populations Using Monoclonal Antibodies in Bolivian Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensisv)	5
Comments on Thrombosis After Vaccination: The Leader Sequence of the Spike Protein Might Be Responsible for Thrombosis and Antibody-Mediated Thrombocytopenia	5
Letter to the Editor: Proposal for Th1-Induction Therapy for Atopic Dermatitis: A Possibility for the Use of the Varicella Zoster Virus Vaccine	5
COVID-19 Infection: Data Gaps for Diagnostic Laboratory Preparedness and Tasks on Hand	5
The Structural Features of Henipavirus Matrix Protein Driving Intracellular Trafficking	5
Correlation Between TWEAK Serum Level and HTLV-1 Proviral Load in HAM/TSP	5
Dengue Virus and Platelets: From the Biology to the Clinic	5
Investigating the Immunogenic Properties of a Mutagenized NS3/4A-Based HCV Genotype 3a DNA Vaccine	5
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Cell Apoptotic Pathways in Patients with HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis: A Systematic Review	5
Immunogenicity of a Candidate Live Attenuated Vaccine for Rift Valley Fever Virus with a Two-Segmented Genome	5
Acknowledgment of Reviewers 2021	5
Hybrid Immunity Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2	5
Epstein-Barr Virus Antibodies and Autoimmune Diseases: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Analysis	5
Toll-Like Receptors 7/8: A Paradigm for the Manipulation of Immunologic Reactions for Immunotherapy	5
Occurrence and Associated Risk Factors of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus and Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Infections in Greece	5
Effect of Disease-Modifying Therapies on COVID-19 Vaccination Efficacy in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A Comprehensive Review	5
Peripheral Circulating Exosomal-miRNAs Potentially Mediate the Sensitivity to Interferon Treatment in Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Patients	5
Let Us Not Forget the Cells	5
Immunity in the Presence of Chronic or Repeated Infection	5
Parvovirus Capsid-Antibody Complex Structures Reveal Conservation of Antigenic Epitopes Across the Family	4
Evaluation of Adjuvant Effect of Cytosine-Guanosine-Oligodeoxynucleotide in Meat-Type Chickens Coadministered In Ovo with Herpesvirus of Turkey Vaccine	4
Letter to the Editor: Issues on COVID-19 Pathogenesis	4
Plasma Levels of Secreted Cytokines in Virologically Controlled HIV-Infected Aging Adult Individuals on Long-Term Antiretroviral Therapy	4
Anatomical Distribution of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells During HIV Infection	4
How to Understand Herd Immunity in the Context of COVID-19	4
Letter to the Editor: CD14⁺HLA-DR⁺ Cells in Patients May Be a Biomarker Reflecting the Progression of COVID-19	4
Research Progress on the Weak Immune Response to the COVID-19 Vaccine in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes	4
Safety and Efficacy Profile of Live, Intermediate Plus Vaccine Against Infectious Bursal Disease Based on Strain G6	4
Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein-3 Rs12252-G Variant Increases COVID-19 Mortality Potential in Egyptian Population	4
Zika Virus Vaccine: The Current State of Affairs and Challenges Posed by Antibody-Dependent Enhancement Reaction	4

SARS-CoV-2 and Guillain–Barré Syndrome: Lessons from Viral Infections	4
Expression of SARS-CoV-2 Host Cell Entry Factors in Immune System Components of Healthy Individuals and Its Relevance for COVID-19 Immunopathology	4
Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses Through Human Monocytes and Tissue Macrophages	4
Correction to: A Seroprevalence Study on Residents in a Senior Care Facility with Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Infection, by Kim, et al. Viral Immunology 2023;36(3):203–208; doi: 10.1089/vi	4
The Role of Type I Interferon Signaling in Regulating Cytokine Production and Cell Survival in Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages	4
D614G SARS-CoV-2 Pseudovirus Infectivity and Binding of Spike Protein to the ACE2 Receptor Inversely Correlates with Serum SARS-CoV-2-Specific IgG Levels	4
Possible Routes for Zika Virus Vertical Transmission in Human Placenta: A Comprehensive Review	3
Expression and Clinical Significance of Peripheral Blood IL-17A, IL-22, Tim-3, and gal-9 in Children with Infectious Mononucleosis	3
Letter to the Editor: Toll-Like Receptor Antagonists as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy Against Cytokine Storm in COVID-19-Infected Patients	3
Interleukin-36gamma Mediates the In Vitro Activation of CD8⁺ T Cells from Patients Living with Chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Infection	3
Are Epitopic Sites of 3AB and 3D Nonstructural Proteins Sufficient for Detection of Foot and Mouth Disease?	3
SARS-CoV-2-Specific Memory B Cell Responses Are Maintained After Recovery from Natural Infection and Postvaccination	3
Hepatitis C Virus Alters Macrophage Cholesterol Metabolism Through Interaction with Scavenger Receptors	3
Letter to the Editor: Should Viruses Exist? A Brief Reflection on the (Re)evolution of the Virus–Life Relationship	3
Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 IgG Binding Capability to Variants of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus	3
Cryo-Electron Microscopy Structures of the Pneumoviridae Polymerases	3
Human Endogenous Retroviruses and Toll-Like Receptors	3
An Interview with an Icon: Dr. Anthony Fauci	3
Assessment of S-Specific IgG and IgM Positive Rates in Healthy Hospital Staff Members Vaccinated with the Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine	3
Interleukin-33 Reinvigorates Antiviral Function of Viral-Specific CD8⁺ T Cells in Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection	3
Pilot Analyses of Interferon Subtype Expression Profiles in Patients with Herpes Zoster or Postherpetic Neuralgia	3
Diagnostic Value of Natural Killer Cells, CD56+ CD16+ Natural Killer Cells, NLRP3, and Lactate Dehydrogenase in Severe/Critical COVID-19: A Prospective Longitudinal Study According to the Sever	3
Genetic Association of Interleukin-6 Polymorphism (rs1800796) with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Chinese Han Population	3
The Age-Dependent Role of Th22, Tc22, and Tc17 Cells in the Severity of Pneumonia in COVID-19 Immunopathogenesis	3
Levamisole Therapy in COVID-19	3
Differential Antibody Response to SARS-CoV-2 Antigens in Recovered and Deceased Iranian COVID-19 Patients	3
Scavenger Receptors in the Pathogenesis of Viral Infections	3
Hepatitis B Virus Infection Promotes M2 Polarization of Macrophages by Upregulating the Expression of B7x In Vivo and In Vitro	3
Quantitative Antibody Levels Against SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein in COVID-19 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children	3
The Role of Lymphocyte Subsets, PD-1, and FAS (CD95) in COVID-19 Cancer Patients	3
Transcriptomic Analysis of Interferon Response in Toll-Like Receptor 2 Ligand-Treated and Herpes Simplex Virus 1-Infected Neurons and Astrocytes	3
Safety and Efficacy of the Modified Vaccinia Ankara–Bavaria Nordic Vaccine Against Mpox in the Real World: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis	3
Alteration in the Population of Intraepithelial Lymphocytes and Virus Shedding in Specific-Pathogen-Free Chickens Following Inoculation with Lentogenic and Velogenic Newcastle Disease Virus Strains	2
A New Year, and a New Variant to Deal With	2
An Improved DNA Vaccine Against Bovine Herpesvirus-1 Using CD40L and a Chemical Adjuvant Induces Specific Cytotoxicity in Mice	2
Asymptomatic COVID-19 Reinfection in a Pediatric Patient with Heterotaxy Syndrome	2
Truncated Diphtheria Toxin DT390 Enhances the Humoral Immunogenicity of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Capsid Antigen in Mice	2
Interleukin-1in COVID-19 Infection: Immunopathogenesis and Possible Therapeutic Perspective	2
Maintenance of Long-Term Effective Humoral Immune Response in Patients with COVID-19 with Homologous or Heterologous Booster Vaccines: A Retrospective Study	2
Measles and Rubella Seroprevalence Among Children and Adolescents of Córdoba, Argentina: A Cross-Section Study in the Context of the Elimination Program	2
Determining the Duration of Maternal Immunity Against Sheep Pox in Lambs	2
Tocilizumab-Induced Unexpected Increase of Several Inflammatory Cytokines in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: The Anti-Inflammatory Side of IL-6	2
Phenotypic and Kinetic Changes of Myeloid Lineage Cells in Innate Response to Chikungunya Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques	2
Structural Perspectives of Beak and Feather Disease Virus and Porcine Circovirus Proteins	2
COVID-19: Way Forward With Serosurveillance Without Overemphasizing Neutralizing Antibodies	2
Do Sputnik V Vaccine-Induced Antibodies Protect Against Seasonal Coronaviruses? Case Study	2
The Nuclear Pore Complex 62 Suppression Inhibits Coxsackievirus B Replication and Inflammatory Response	2
Immunoinformatics-Based Identification of the Conserved Immunogenic Peptides Targeting of Zika Virus Precursor Membrane Protein	2
A Great Time for Vaccine Research	2
Call for Special Issue Papers: Virus-Induced Programmed Cell Death	2
Role of Differences in Respiratory Syncytial Virus F and G Glycoproteins on Susceptibility to Inactivation by Antimicrobial Peptides LL-37 and Human Beta-Defensins	2
Longitudinal Observation of Immune Response for 23 Months in COVID-19 Convalescent Patients After Infection and Vaccination	2
In Vivo Evidence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Persistence in a Subset of Pulmonary Dendritic Cells Following a Primary Infection	2
Combination and Intermittent Therapy Based on Pegylated Interferon Alfa-2a for Chronic Hepatitis B with Nucleoside (Nucleotide) Analog-Experienced Resulting in Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Clearance: A	2
Enterovirus 2C Protein Suppresses IKKα Phosphorylation by Recruiting IKKβ and IKKα into Viral Inclusion Bodies	2
Role of Innate Immune Regulatory Genes, FOXP3 and FOS in Chronic Hepatitis B Infection	2
Exploring SARS-CoV-2 Spikes Glycoproteins for Designing Potential Antiviral Targets	2
The Vaccinated Vulnerable	2
Lack of Association of Polymorphisms in IL22 and IL22RA1 Genes with Fibrosis Severity in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C	2
Cross-Reactive Profile Against Two Conserved Coronavirus Antigens in Sera from SARS-CoV-2 Hybrid and Vaccinated Immune Donors	2
Review of the SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan and Analysis as Well as Prediction of Therapeutic Drugs	2
TLR3\TLR7 as Differentially Expressed Markers Among Viral, Nonviral, and Autoimmune Diseases in Egyptian Patients	2
Elevation of Myeloperoxidase Correlates with Disease Severity in Patients with Hantaan Virus Infection	2
Memory T Cells Subpopulations in a Cohort of COVID-19 Vaccinated or Recovered Subjects	2
The Association of Programmed Death 1 Gene Polymorphisms of PD1.3 G/A and PD1.5 C/T with Risk of COVID-19 in an Iranian Population: A Case–Control Study	2
Correlation of COVID-19 Severity and Immunoglobulin Presence Against Spike and Nucleocapsid Proteins in SARS-CoV-2	2
Analysis of Serum Anti-HBs Levels and HBsAg/HBeAg Markers in Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study	2
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Superantigens Induce Prophylactic Antiviral Activity Against Encephalomyocarditis VirusIn VivoandIn Vitro	2
Immunity Debt, a Gap in Learning, or Immune Dysfunction?	2
Human Cytomegalovirus UL24 and UL43 Cooperate to Modulate the Expression of Immunoregulatory UL16 Binding Protein 1	2
Imbalance Between Soluble and Membrane-Bound CD100 Regulates Monocytes Activity in Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure	1
It is all about the Structure	1
Clinical Significance of BTLA and HVEM Expression on Circulating CD4⁺ T and CD8⁺ T Cells in Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection	1
SARS-CoV-2 Variant-Specific mRNA Vaccine: Pros and Cons	1
The Role of Tape Measure Protein in Nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA Virus Capsid Assembly	1
Development of ELISA-Based Assay for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody	1
Virus, Vaccines, and Variants	1
Re: “The Association of Programmed Death 1 Gene Polymorphisms of PD1.3 G/A and PD1.5 C/T with Risk of COVID-19 in an Iranian Population: A Case–Control Study” by Rayati Damavandi et al.	1
The Role of the SARS-CoV-2 S-Protein Glycosylation in the Interaction of SARS-CoV-2/ACE2 and Immunological Responses	1
Lymphocyte Subset Alteration and Monocyte CD4 Expression Reduction in Patients with Severe COVID-19	1

Monocyte Transcriptome in Different Phases of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection Uncovers Potential Functional Roles	1
Correction to: Impact of Different Cofactors on Naturally Acquired Human Papillomavirus Antibody Levels Among Unvaccinated Pregnant Women, by Kirjavainen, et al. Viral Immunology 2024;37(1):36–	1
Expression Pattern of Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase and Serum Level of 25-Hydroxycholesterol and Relevant Inflammatory Cytokines in Patients with Varying Disease Severity of COVID-19	1
Call for Papers: Viral Immunology	1
Cytokine Storm May Not Be the Chief Culprit for the Deterioration of COVID-19	1
Role of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus in Brain Cells	1
Re: “SARS-CoV-2 and Guillain-Barré Syndrome: Lessons from Viral Infections” by Meidaninikjeh et al	1
Chemical Complementarity of Tumor Resident, Adaptive Immune Receptor CDR3s and Previously Defined Hepatitis C Virus Epitopes Correlates with Improved Outcomes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma	1
Comparison of Adverse Events and Antibody Responses Among Different COVID-19 Vaccination Schedules	1
Immunoglobulin G Subclass Response After Chikungunya Virus Infection	1
Persistence of RNA Viruses in the Respiratory Tract: An Overview	1
Detection of IgM and IgG Antibodies to Human Parvovirus B19 in Sera of Patients with Thymoma-Associated Myasthenia Gravis	1
Postinfectious Immunity After COVID-19 and Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2	1
The Spectrum of Response	1
Interleukin-24 Limits Tumor-Infiltrating T Helper 17 Cell Response in Patients with Hepatitis B Virus-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma	1
Re: “Association of the Interleukin 1B-31C Proinflammatory Allele with the Severity of COVID-19 Patients: A Preliminary Report” by Galán-Huerta et al.*	1
Detection of the Serum Cytokines Predicts COVID-19 Pathogenesis in Egyptian Patients	1
Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients' Postvaccination	1
Immunomodulatory Effects of α-Tocopherol on the H1N1 Influenza Vaccine: Improving the Potency and Efficacy of the Influenza Vaccine in Aged Mice	1
Generation and Evaluation of Recombinant Baculovirus Coexpressing GP5 and M Proteins of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Type 1	1
Role of Autophagy in the Ubiquitinated Hepatitis B Virus Core Antigen Enhancing Dendritic Cell Function	1
Evaluation of CVC1302 for Improved Efficacy of FMD-Inactivated Vaccine in Oxidative Stressed Mice Generated with PCV2 Infection	1
A New Antibody Binding Test for Potency Assessment of the Human Rabies Vaccine	1
COVID-19: Testing Landscape Post-Infection, -Vaccination, and Future Perspectives	1
Virus-Induced Programmed Cell Death: To Die, or Not to Die?	1
Evodiamine Enhanced the Anti-Inflammation Effect of Clindamycin in the BEAS-2B Cells Infected with H5N1 and Pneumoniae D39 Through CREB-C/EBPβ Signaling Pathway	1
TLR2, as a Pathogen Recognition Receptor, Plays Critical Roles in Hepatitis B Outcome	1
Characterization of Two Highly Specific Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting the Glycan Loop of the Zika Virus Envelope Protein	1
Viral Biology and Immune Privilege in the Development of Extrahepatic Manifestations During Hepatitis E Virus Infection	1
Different Formulations of Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Candidates in Human Compatible Adjuvants: Potency Studies in Mice Showed Different Platforms of Immune Responses	1
Manganese and the cGAS–STING Pathway in Infectious Mononucleosis Caused by Epstein-Barr Virus Infection	1
Acknowledgment of Reviewers 2022	1
Multiple Sexual Partners as Major Predictor of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Seropositivity Among Pregnant Women, Osun State, Nigeria	1