Viral Immunology

Article	Citations
Interleukin-4 Promotes Human Metapneumovirus Replication Through the JAK/STAT6 Pathway	116
Elevated Plasma Fractalkine Level Is Associated with the Severity of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome in Humans	36
Epidemiologic Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5.1.3 Variant and the Protection Provided By Inactivated Vaccination	32
Characteristics of Circulatory γδ T cells in Patients with Symptomatic Chronic Hepatitis B Infection	29
Epstein-Barr Virus Antibodies and Autoimmune Diseases: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Analysis	27
Effect of Disease-Modifying Therapies on COVID-19 Vaccination Efficacy in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A Comprehensive Review	18
The Impact of Vaccination on the Likelihood of COVID-19 Infection	15
Investigating the Immunogenic Properties of a Mutagenized NS3/4A-Based HCV Genotype 3a DNA Vaccine	14
Plasma Levels of Secreted Cytokines in Virologically Controlled HIV-Infected Aging Adult Individuals on Long-Term Antiretroviral Therapy	12
Does COVID-19 Vaccination with BNT162b2 Influence HIV-Related Immunological and Virological Markers? Data from 235 Persons Living with HIV at Cotugno Hospital, Naples, Italy: Immune Response After Sec	12
Evaluation of an Immunoglobulin E Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Early Diagnosis of Dengue	12
Peripheral Circulating Exosomal-miRNAs Potentially Mediate the Sensitivity to Interferon Treatment in Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Patients	11
Genetic Association of Interleukin-6 Polymorphism (rs1800796) with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Chinese Han Population	11
Scavenger Receptors in the Pathogenesis of Viral Infections	10
Maintenance of Long-Term Effective Humoral Immune Response in Patients with COVID-19 with Homologous or Heterologous Booster Vaccines: A Retrospective Study	10
Hybrid Immunity Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2	9
Letter to the Editor: Should Viruses Exist? A Brief Reflection on the (Re)evolution of the Virus–Life Relationship	8
Interleukin-33 Reinvigorates Antiviral Function of Viral-Specific CD8+ T Cells in Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection	8
Interleukin-36gamma Mediates the In Vitro Activation of CD8+ T Cells from Patients Living with Chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Infection	8
Anatomical Distribution of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells During HIV Infection	8
Memory T Cells Subpopulations in a Cohort of COVID-19 Vaccinated or Recovered Subjects	8
Transcriptomic Analysis of Interferon Response in Toll-Like Receptor 2 Ligand-Treated and Herpes Simplex Virus 1-Infected Neurons and Astrocytes	7
Immunoinformatics-Based Identification of the Conserved Immunogenic Peptides Targeting of Zika Virus Precursor Membrane Protein	7
Measles and Rubella Seroprevalence Among Children and Adolescents of Córdoba, Argentina: A Cross-Section Study in the Context of the Elimination Program	7
Immunogenicity of a Candidate Live Attenuated Vaccine for Rift Valley Fever Virus with a Two-Segmented Genome	7

A New Year, and a New Variant to Deal With	7
Clinical Significance of BTLA and HVEM Expression on Circulating CD4+ T and CD8+ T Cells in Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection	7
Human Endogenous Retroviruses and Toll-Like Receptors	7
Truncated Diphtheria Toxin DT390 Enhances the Humoral Immunogenicity of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Capsid Antigen in Mice	7
Exploring SARS-CoV-2 Spikes Glycoproteins for Designing Potential Antiviral Targets	7
Type I IFNs: A Blessing in Disguise or Partner in Crime in MERS-CoV-, SARS-CoV-, and SARS-CoV-2-Induced Pathology and Potential Use of Type I IFNs in Synergism with IFN-γas a Novel Antiviral Ap	6
Differential Expression Patterns of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 and Other Tryptophan and Arginine Catabolic Pathway Genes in Dengue Correlate with Clinical Severity-Pilot Study Results	6
Detection of IgM and IgG Antibodies to Human Parvovirus B19 in Sera of Patients with Thymoma-Associated Myasthenia Gravis	6
Liver Damage and Exposure to Toxic Concentrations of Endogenous Retinoids in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Disease: Hypothesis	6
Clinical Characteristics and Immune Status of Patients with Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome	6
Cross-Neutralization of Vanguard C4 Vaccine Against Australian Isolates of Canine Parvovirus Variants CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c	6
Acknowledgment of Reviewers 2024	6
Virus-Induced Programmed Cell Death: To Die, or Not to Die?	6
Modular Approaches to Understand the Immunobiology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Latency	6
Evaluation of an F Protein-Based Recombinant Protein for Immunization Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus	6
Human Cytomegalovirus Infection and Cardiovascular Disease: Current Perspectives	6
Correlation of COVID-19 Severity and Immunoglobulin Presence Against Spike and Nucleocapsid Proteins in SARS-CoV-2	6
Evaluation of CVC1302 for Improved Efficacy of FMD-Inactivated Vaccine in Oxidative Stressed Mice Generated with PCV2 Infection	6
Persistence of RNA Viruses in the Respiratory Tract: An Overview	6
Knowledge on Human Papillomavirus Infections, Cancer Biology, Immune Interactions, Vaccination Coverage and Common Treatments: A Comprehensive Review	5
The Potential of mRNA Vaccines to Fight Against Viruses	5
Correction to: The Role of the SARS-CoV-2 S-Protein Glycosylation in the Interaction of SARS-CoV-2/ACE2 and Immunological Responses by Ramírez Hernández et al. Viral Immunol. 2021;34(3):165–173	5
Altered TLR7 Expression-Mediated Immune Modulation Is Supportive of Persistent Replication and Intrauterine Transmission of HBV	5
Hepatitis B Virus Envelope Antigen and Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen Both Contribute to the Innate Immune Response During Persistent Hepatitis B Virus Infection	5
Vaccination Hesitancy and Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2: Is It Time to Reconsider?	5
Acknowledgment of Reviewers 2023	5
Effective Treatment of COVID-19 Infection with Repurposed Drugs: Case Reports	5
Letter to the Editor: Can Viral RNAs Become Attached to the Cell Surface? Potential Consequences of a Hypothetical and Novel Way	5
Call for Papers: Viral Immunology	5
Investigation of Fas (APO-1)-Related Apoptosis in Piglets Intradermally or Intramuscularly Vaccinated with a Commercial PRRSV MLV	5
Dengue Virus Increases the Expression of TREM-1 and CD10 on Human Neutrophils	5
A Series of Articles About T Cells and Vaccines	5
Comparison of Immunogenicity Between a Candidate Live Attenuated Vaccine and an Inactivated Vaccine for Cache Valley Virus	5
Cytokine Profile in Patients with Postacute Sequelae of COVID-19	5
Differential Reactivation of Cytomegalovirus and Epstein–Barr Virus in Patients with B Cell Lymphoma	5
Interleukin-18 Plays a Positive Feedback Activity to Natural Killer-Like B Cells in Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure	4
Let Us Not Forget the Cells	4
Enhanced Programmed Cell Death Protein 1/Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 Expression Induced by Severe Influenza A Virus Infection Impairs Host's Antiviral Response	4
IGH Complementarity Determining Region-3-Cytomegalovirus Protein Chemical Complementarity Linked to Better Overall Survival Probabilities for Glioblastoma	4
The CCR5 and CXCR3 Pathways in Hepatitis C Virus Liver Transplanted Recipients Treated by a Direct Antiviral Agent Regimen: Informative Kinetics Profiles	4
Characterization of Pre-Existing Neutralizing Antibody to Human Adenovirus Types 5 and 49 and Simian Type 23 in Chinese Population	4
Advances in the Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnostic Methods, and Vaccine Development of Dengue Fever: A Comprehensive Review	4
Hepatitis C Virus Alters Macrophage Cholesterol Metabolism Through Interaction with Scavenger Receptors	4
A Stable mRNA-Based Novel Multi-Epitope Vaccine Designs Against Infectious Heartland Virus by Integrated Immunoinformatics and Reverse Vaccinology Approaches	4
Expression Pattern of Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines and Key Differential Transcription Factors in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Iranian Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients with Di	4
Correlation Between TWEAK Serum Level and HTLV-1 Proviral Load in HAM/TSP	4
Correction to: A Seroprevalence Study on Residents in a Senior Care Facility with Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Infection, by Kim, et al. Viral Immunology 2023;36(3):203–208; doi: 10.1089/vi	4
The Age-Dependent Role of Th22, Tc22, and Tc17 Cells in the Severity of Pneumonia in COVID-19 Immunopathogenesis	4
Poly(Lactide-co-Glycolide) Nanoparticle-Mediated Vaccine Delivery of Encapsulated Surface Antigen Protein of Hepatitis B Virus Elicits Effective Immune Response	4
Intracellular Toll-Like Receptors Modulate Adaptive Immune Responses in Head and Neck Cancer	4

Chemical Complementarity of Tumor Resident, Adaptive Immune Receptor CDR3s and Previously Defined Hepatitis C Virus Epitopes Correlates with Improved Outcomes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma	3
Induction of Immune Responses by Recombinant PH-1 Domain of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus Glycoprotein B in Chickens	3
Immunity and Immune Evasion Mechanisms of Epstein–Barr Virus	3
The FOXP3-924 A/G Single Nucleotide Polymorphism May Be Associated with Predictive Factors for Human T Lymphotropic Virus 1 Associated Myelopathy	3
Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Human Pegivirus Coinfected Individuals Display Functional Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells and Follicular T Cells Irrespective of PD-1 Expression	3
Re: “The Association of Programmed Death 1 Gene Polymorphisms of PD1.3 G/A and PD1.5 C/T with Risk of COVID-19 in an Iranian Population: A Case–Control Study” by Rayati Damavandi et al.	3
Cross-Reactive Profile Against Two Conserved Coronavirus Antigens in Sera from SARS-CoV-2 Hybrid and Vaccinated Immune Donors	3
Asymptomatic COVID-19 Reinfection in a Pediatric Patient with Heterotaxy Syndrome	3
Investigation of the Seroprevalence of Antimeasles Immunoglobulin G Antibody in Students at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences	3
Response to Daungsupawong/Wiwanitkit LTE	3
Dr. Anthony Fauci Reflects on His 54-Year Career at NIH	3
Unveiling Immunological and Hematological Markers in COVID-19: Insights from a Clinical Study	3
Profile of Cytokines and T Cell Subsets Transcription Factors in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Viral Encephalitis	3
Impact of Different Cofactors on Naturally Acquired Human Papillomavirus Antibody Levels Among Unvaccinated Pregnant Women	3
Red Blood Cell Malfunction in COVID-19: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets	3
Expression Pattern of Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase and Serum Level of 25-Hydroxycholesterol and Relevant Inflammatory Cytokines in Patients with Varying Disease Severity of COVID-19	3
Humoral and Cellular Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 in Children Undergoing Cardiac Surgery	3
The Nuclear Pore Complex 62 Suppression Inhibits Coxsackievirus B Replication and Inflammatory Response	3
Elevation of Myeloperoxidase Correlates with Disease Severity in Patients with Hantaan Virus Infection	3
The Effects of Severe Symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 Infections on the Anti/Proapoptotic Molecules: A 6-Month Cohort Study	3
Arexvy: A Comprehensive Review of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine for Revolutionary Protection	3
Lack of Effects of the Genetic Polymorphisms of Interleukin-10 in Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19	3
Herd Immunity Against COVID-19: More Questions Than Answers	3
Association of Interleukin-6 (rs1800795) and Interleukin-10 (rs1800896) Genetic Polymorphisms with the Outcome of COVID-19 Infection: A Single Center Study	3
Detection of the Serum Cytokines Predicts COVID-19 Pathogenesis in Egyptian Patients	3
An Overview About the Role of Adaptive Immunity in Keeping SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections at Bay	3
The Spectrum of Response	3
TLR3\TLR7 as Differentially Expressed Markers Among Viral, Nonviral, and Autoimmune Diseases in Egyptian Patients	3
The Role of Lymphocyte Subsets, PD-1, and FAS (CD95) in COVID-19 Cancer Patients	3
Safety and Efficacy of the Modified Vaccinia Ankara–Bavaria Nordic Vaccine Against Mpox in the Real World: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis	2
Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients' Postvaccination	2
Interleukin-24 Limits Tumor-Infiltrating T Helper 17 Cell Response in Patients with Hepatitis B Virus-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma	2
Role of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus in Brain Cells	2
Analysis of Serum Anti-HBs Levels and HBsAg/HBeAg Markers in Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study	2
Expression of SARS-CoV-2 Host Cell Entry Factors in Immune System Components of Healthy Individuals and Its Relevance for COVID-19 Immunopathology	2
Phenotypic and Kinetic Changes of Myeloid Lineage Cells in Innate Response to Chikungunya Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques	2
D614G SARS-CoV-2 Pseudovirus Infectivity and Binding of Spike Protein to the ACE2 Receptor Inversely Correlates with Serum SARS-CoV-2-Specific IgG Levels	2
Postinfectious Immunity After COVID-19 and Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2	2
Adjuvant Effects ofPseudomonas aeruginosaFlagellin on the Immunological Patterns of the HIV-1 Vaccine Candidate: Vaccine Formulations Versus Different Routes of Immunization	2
The Genetic Variant TNFA (rs361525) Is Associated with Increased Susceptibility to Developing Dengue Symptoms	2
A Multiplex Fluorescence of Loop Primer Upon Self-Dequenching Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for the Detection of Epstein–Barr Virus and Human Parvovirus B19 in Clinical Transplant Sampl	2
Pilot Analyses of Interferon Subtype Expression Profiles in Patients with Herpes Zoster or Postherpetic Neuralgia	2
Hepatitis B Virus Infection Promotes M2 Polarization of Macrophages by Upregulating the Expression of B7x In Vivo and In Vitro	2
Levamisole Therapy in COVID-19	2
Comparison of Adverse Events and Antibody Responses Among Different COVID-19 Vaccination Schedules	2
Imbalance Between Soluble and Membrane-Bound CD100 Regulates Monocytes Activity in Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure	2
Human Cytomegalovirus UL24 and UL43 Cooperate to Modulate the Expression of Immunoregulatory UL16 Binding Protein 1	2
Comments on Thrombosis After Vaccination: The Leader Sequence of the Spike Protein Might Be Responsible for Thrombosis and Antibody-Mediated Thrombocytopenia	2
The Association of Programmed Death 1 Gene Polymorphisms of PD1.3 G/A and PD1.5 C/T with Risk of COVID-19 in an Iranian Population: A Case–Control Study	2
Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-Specific B Cell Memory Responses in Infected and Vaccinated Individuals	2
Virus Protein-Specific Immune Responses in Selective Depletion of Lymphocyte Populations Using Monoclonal Antibodies in Bolivian Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensisv)	2
New Avenues to Explore in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Both TRIM25 and TRIM56 Positively Correlate with VEGF, GAS6, and sAXL in COVID-19 Patients	2
Extracellular Vesicles Contribute to Viral-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Understanding Their Involvement in Viral Hepatitis and Their Potential as Biomarkers for Early Hepatocellular Carcinoma Det	2
Epidemiology of Porcine Pseudorabies from 2010 to 2018 in Tianjin, China	2
A Photodermatologic Perspective on Shingles: A Narrative Review Exploring the Skin Microbiome as a Variable in the Effect of UV Radiation on VZV Reactivation	2
Effects of AIM2 and IFI16 on Infectious Diseases and Inflammation	2
Role of Innate Immune Regulatory Genes, FOXP3 and FOS in Chronic Hepatitis B Infection	2
A New Antibody Binding Test for Potency Assessment of the Human Rabies Vaccine	2
Alteration in the Population of Intraepithelial Lymphocytes and Virus Shedding in Specific-Pathogen-Free Chickens Following Inoculation with Lentogenic and Velogenic Newcastle Disease Virus Strains	2
Expression and Clinical Significance of Peripheral Blood IL-17A, IL-22, Tim-3, and gal-9 in Children with Infectious Mononucleosis	2
Possible Routes for Zika Virus Vertical Transmission in Human Placenta: A Comprehensive Review	2
TLR9 in the Human Papilloma Virus Infections: Friend or Foe?	2
Interaction Between Genetic Susceptibility and COVID-19 Pathogenesis in Pediatric Multisystem Inflammatory Disorders: The Role of Immune Responses	2
Dynamics of Neutralizing Antibodies and Binding Antibodies to Domains of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein in COVID-19 Survivors	2
Development of a Recombinant Protein-Based Immunoassay for Detection of Antibodies Against Karolinska Institute and Washington University Polyomaviruses	2
Evaluation of Adjuvant Effect of Cytosine-Guanosine-Oligodeoxynucleotide in Meat-Type Chickens Coadministered In Ovo with Herpesvirus of Turkey Vaccine	1
Ascorbic Acid and α-Tocopherol in the Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Formulation: Induction of the Th1 Pattern in Aged Mice	1
Immunity in the Presence of Chronic or Repeated Infection	1
Do Sputnik V Vaccine-Induced Antibodies Protect Against Seasonal Coronaviruses? Case Study	1
Toll-Like Receptors 7/8: A Paradigm for the Manipulation of Immunologic Reactions for Immunotherapy	1
Re: “Postinfectious Immunity After COVID-19 and Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2” by Krsak et al.	1
Review of Clinical Performance of Serology Based Commercial Diagnostic Assays for Detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Antibodies	1
Clinical Significance of Evaluation of Monocytic Receptors in Patients with Hepatitis C Virus Infection	1
Memory T Cells Subpopulations, COVID-19 Vaccinated and Recovered Subjects: Correspondence	1
Re: “SARS-CoV-2 and Guillain-Barré Syndrome: Lessons from Viral Infections” by Meidaninikjeh et al	1
Surrogate Biomarkers of Disease Progression in Human Pegivirus Seropositive Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals	1
An Overview of the Types of Adjuvants Used in the Vaccination Industry And Their Mechanisms of Action	1
Diagnostic Value of Natural Killer Cells, CD56+ CD16+ Natural Killer Cells, NLRP3, and Lactate Dehydrogenase in Severe/Critical COVID-19: A Prospective Longitudinal Study According to the Sever	1
The Value of “00” One	1
Research Progress on the Weak Immune Response to the COVID-19 Vaccine in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes	1

Epstein Barr Virus and Multiple Sclerosis: Is a Cure Possible?	1
Differential Antibody Response to SARS-CoV-2 Antigens in Recovered and Deceased Iranian COVID-19 Patients	1
Zika Virus Vaccine: The Current State of Affairs and Challenges Posed by Antibody-Dependent Enhancement Reaction	1
Assessment of Proinflammatory Cytokines Among Patients with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection	1
Modulation of Memory B Cell Phenotypes and Toll-Like Receptor-7 in Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection During Direct-Acting Antiviral Interferon-Free Therapy: Correlation with Interleukin-7	1
Rosalind Franklin Society Proudly Announces the 2022 Award Recipient for Viral Immunology	1
Continued Virus-Specific Antibody-Secreting Cell Production, Avidity Maturation and B Cell Evolution in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19	1
Effects of Steroidal Compounds on Viruses	1
Correction to: Impact of Different Cofactors on Naturally Acquired Human Papillomavirus Antibody Levels Among Unvaccinated Pregnant Women, by Kirjavainen, et al. Viral Immunology 2024;37(1):36–	1
Genetic Polymorphism in Toll-Like Receptor 3 and Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 in Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Patients: Correlation with Liver Cirrhosis	1
Cellular Immune Responses Against γ-Inactivated Antigen in the Recovered Cases of Kyasanur Forest Disease	1
SARS-CoV-2-Specific Memory B Cell Responses Are Maintained After Recovery from Natural Infection and Postvaccination	1
The Role of Long Noncoding RNA Negative Regulator of Interferon Response in the Regulation of Hantaan Virus Infection	1
Acknowledgment of Reviewers 2021	1
An Interview with an Icon: Dr. Anthony Fauci	1
Assessment of S-Specific IgG and IgM Positive Rates in Healthy Hospital Staff Members Vaccinated with the Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine	1
Cells Stimulated with More Than One Toll-Like Receptor–Ligand in the Presence of a MyD88 Inhibitor Augmented Interferon-β via MyD88-Independent Signaling Pathway	1
Will mRNA Vaccines Replace All the Rest?	1
Quantitative Antibody Levels Against SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein in COVID-19 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children	1
Rubella Humoral Immunity Among the Saudi Population of Madinah in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia	1
A Single Dose of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Primes a Strong Humoral Immune Response in COVID-19–Recovered Patients	1
Controlling the Burden of COVID-19 by Manipulating Host Metabolism	1
Dysregulation of T Cell Differentiation and the IL17A(+)Foxp3(+)Treg Subset in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients with Hepatitis Flare	1
Prevalence and Influence of the −174 G/C Polymorphism in the Interleukin-6 Gene in Arboviruses Infections	1
The Role of Type I Interferon Signaling in Regulating Cytokine Production and Cell Survival in Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages	1