Periodica Polytechnica-Civil Engineering

Article	Citations
Mechanistic-empirical Design of Perpetual Road Pavement Using Strain-based Design Approach	28
Influence of Steam Curing on the Performance of High-strength Concrete Incorporating Metakaolin	26
Prediction of Restrained Shrinkage of New-to-old Concrete Interface	20
Influence of Size and Orientation of 3D Printed Fiber on Mechanical Properties under Bending Stress	19
Plate Buckling Assessment of Unstiffened and Uniaxial Compressed Plates through Overall Imperfection Method	16
Experimental and Numerical Assessment of the Seismic Behavior of Non-uniform Slit Dampers and Bar Dampers in Moment Resisting Reinforced Concrete Frames	15
Utilization of Recyclable Concrete and Ceramic Waste as Filling Material in Hot Mix Asphalt	13
Mechanically Stabilized Earth Wall Reliability Analysis Using Response Surface Methodology, ANN, ANFIS and Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm	12
Investigating the Site Response Variability of Deep Sedimentary Column Induced by Varying Soil Friction Angles	12
Investigation on Key Influencing Factors Affecting Temperature Distribution in Concrete	11
Optimizing of Discrete Time-cost Trade-off Problem in Construction Projects Using Advanced Jaya Algorithm	10
Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Self-compacting Concretes Containing Mineral Additives Produced by Substituting Fine Recycled Aggregate in Different Rates	10
Experimental and Numerical Study on RC Beams Strengthened by NSM Using CFRP Reinforcements	10
Reliability Assessment Methodology of Blast Protective Steel Moment Resisting Frame Using NiTi SMA-based Connection	10
A New Approach to the Optimal Placement of the Viscous Damper Based on the Static Force Distribution Pattern	9
LID Approach to Railway Track Drainage: Determination of Heavy Metal Content in the Embankment of Railway	9
Simple Equations for Predicting Maximum Displacement of Isolation Systems Using Lead Rubber Bearings	9
Mechanical Properties of Gas Storage Sandstone under Uniaxial Cyclic Loading and Unloading Condition	9
Influence of Sustainable Grout Material on the Moisture Damage of Semi-flexible Pavement	8
Finite Element Analyses of Cast-in-situ RC Flat Slab with an Equivalent Frame for Horizontal Loads	8
The Effect of Mineral Composition on the Correlation between Point Load Index with the Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Sulfate Rocks and their Point Loading Deformation	8
The Effect of Irregular Seismic Loading and Soil Density on the Liquefaction Behavior of Saturated Sand	8
Investigation of Cutting Rock by TBM Hob using a SPG Method	7
Effects of Non-traditional Additives on the Early Strength of a Lean Clay Soil Stabilized by Compound Calcium-based Stabilizer	7
Reliability Analysis of the Slope Stability of Homogeneous Earth Dam under Seismic Loading	7

Meso-scale Study of Bond Behavior between Ribbed Steel Rebar and Fiber-reinforced Cementitious Composite Considering Rebar Rib Geometry	7
Generation and Evaluation of CPT Data Using Kriging Interpolation Technique	7
An Experimental Investigation into the Effect of Ceramic Fiber on the Fatigue Cracking of Stone Matrix Asphalt	7
An Automated Method to Quickly Predict the Settlements of Embankments during Construction	7
Chaos-based Swarm Intelligence Algorithms for Optimal Design of Truss Structures	7
Evaluation of Static Nonlinear Behavior of Coupled Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls with Steel Beams	7
Temperature-based Evapotranspiration in the WSVI Drought Index Implementation	6
The Effects of Heat on the Cyclic Behavior of Retrofitted Concrete Columns (by Steel Plates and CFRP)	6
Investigation on NSM-CFRP Ropes Shear Strengthened RC Beams with an Inclusion of Steel-reinforced Geopolymer in the Compressive Zone	6
Probabilistic Slope Stability Evaluation Using Hybrid Metaheuristic Approach	6
Dynamic and Residual Pore Water Pressure Response of Hybrid Foundation System Under Combined Action of Wind, Wave and Seismic Loading	5
Optimization of H-type Anti-slide Pile Support Structure Based on RSM-NSGA-II	5
Prediction of Rock's Brittleness and Dynamic Properties Utilizing Effective Artificial Intelligence Approaches	5
Effect of Maximum Aggregate Size and Powder Content on the Properties of Self-compacting Recycled Aggregate Concrete	5
Experimental Investigation on the Dynamic Characteristics of Representative Sand and Clay in the Beijing Region	5
Mechanical Response of Thin Composite Beams Made of Functionally Graded Material Using Finite Element Method	5
Effect of Polypropylene Fibers on the Behavior of Dune Sand Concrete Subjected to Elevated Temperatures	5
Volume of Fluid Implementation of Water Inrush and Escape Route Optimization in Tunnel	5
Role of Nonlinearity in the Soil in Earthquake-Resistant Design of Structures	5
Assessing the Effects of Motor Oil, Gypsum, and Sodium Chloride on the Behavior of Lime-improved Grey High Plasticity Clay	5
A Framework for Optimization of Double Layer Grids with Supporting Cables	5
A Comprehensive Investigation of Performance Characteristics, Mechanical Properties and Durability Parameters of Self-compacting Concrete Containing Iron Slag as Coarse Aggregate	5
Modified Correlations to Predict Shear-wave Velocity Using Cone Penetration Test Data for Hungary	5
Size Effect on Flexural and Fracture Properties of Polypropylene Fiber-reinforced Engineered Cementitious Composite	4
In-situ Primary Stress Detection Based on Seismic Tomography Measurements and Numerical Back-analysis for an Underground Radwaste Repository	4
Shear Strength Evaluation of Concrete Beams with FRP Transverse Rebar	4
Development of Empirical Models to Predict Gap Acceptance Parameter Based on the Geometrical and Operational Parameters of Different Roundabouts	4
Estimation of Bond Strength based on Corroded Hinge Beam Specimens: Assessment of Design Guidelines and Analytical Models	4
Evaluating the Cyclic Behavior of the Sloped Extended End-plate Beam-to-column Connections	4
Effect of Wrapping Thickness and Type on Reinforced Bridge Piers: A Numerical Study	4
Determinate Chloride Diffusion Coefficient and Corrosion Initiation on Self-consolidating Concrete	4
Automated Graph Theoretic Force Method and its Application in Optimal Design of Frame Structures	4
Experimental Analysis of Out-of-plane Behavior of Masonry Infill Walls Strengthened with Textile Reinforced Mortar and Wall Post in Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Frames	4
Influence of Brick Waste Powder on the Shear Behaviour of Cemented Sandy Soil	4
Stabilization of Clayey Soil with Alkali-activated Hybrid Slag/Cement	4
Thermomechanical Analysis of Glass Powder Based Eco-concrete Panels: Limitations and Performance Evaluation	4
Evaluation of Dynamic Properties of Sand Mixed with Expanded Glass Granules by Energy Concept Under Cyclic Torsional Loadings	4
Optimizing Landfill Capacity: A Numerical Study of the Slope Inclination Variation Impact on Landfill Storage Capacity and Its influence on the Safety Factors under Different Models	4
Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams with FRP Bars Exposed to Elevated Temperature	4
Comparative Assessment of Pore Structure and Water Retention in Concrete Using MIP, CT, SEM, and Dewpoint Techniques	4
Frequencies of Near Regular Structures Using the Results of the Corresponding Regular Structures	4
Effect of Oil Contamination on the Behavior of Collapsible Soil	4
Laboratory Investigation and Field Performance Evaluation of Chemically Stabilized Cement Treated Subbase	4
Enhancing Mechanical Performance of Hemp Fiber-reinforced Cementitious Composites	4
Analysis of FGM Cantilever Beams under Bending-torsional Behavior Using a Refined 1D Beam Theory	3
SMAP Soil Moisture Measurement in Hungary over Agricultural Land	3
Deterioration Effect of Sandstone Tensile Strength and Its Mesoscopic Mechanism under Dry-wet Cycles	3
Effect of Coconut Fiber Content on the Properties of Unfired Building Bricks Incorporating Thermal Power Plant Ashes	3
The Effect of Elevated Temperature on Ordinary Portland Cements	3
An Efficient Kriging Surrogate Model for Developing Seismic Fragility Curves of Low-rise Steel Structures Considering Epistemic Uncertainties	3

Comparative Analysis of the Numerical Model and Geodetic Measurements of the Settlement in the Kobilja Glava Tunnel	3
Development Process of Workplace Mobility Planning in Three Pilot Locations	3
Optimization of the Engineering Properties of Cement Concrete Containing Gravel and Waste Rock Using Dense Packing and Response Surface Methodology	3
Fatigue Life and Crack Initiation of K and N Type Jacket Structure Using 3D Fatigue FE Analysis	3
The Effect of Different Block Shapes on the Downstream Local Scour in Piano Key Weir	3
Optimization of Breakpoint Chlorination Technologies for Drinking Water Treatment: a Hungarian Case Study	3
Development of an Alternative Bitumen Rejuvenator Consisting of Waste Oils and Reacted and Activated Rubber (RAR)	3
Symmetry Measure of Truss Structures with Disturbed Higher-order Symmetries	3
Cyclic Behavior of New Steel Plate Shear Walls Reinforced with Trapezoidal Corrugated Plates	3
Processes Towards Sedimentation around a Reed Island in a Shallow Lake	3
Mechanical Response and Failure Characteristics of Granite under Unloading Conditions and Its Engineering Application	3
Numerical Investigation of the Effects of Ground Motion Characteristics on the Seismic Behavior of Liquefiable Soil	3
Combining Discrete Wavelet Transform and Strong Ground Motion Duration to Reduce Computational Costs in Dynamic Analysis of Structures	3
Investigation of New Energy Absorbing Mechanisms Used to Fix Rock Bolt Plates	3
Experimental Investigation of High-performance Fiber-reinforced Cementitious Composite and its Effect on RC Beams by Numerical Method	3
Advanced Hybrid AI Models for Predicting Softening Point and Penetration of Modified Bitumen	3
Effects of Core Drilling Location on the Response of Eccentric Axially Loaded Columns under Cyclic Lateral Loads	3
Comprehensive Review of Classes F and C Fly Ash Effects on Clayey Soils: Geotechnical Predictive Correlations	3
Overview of the Empirical Relations between Different Aggregate Degradation Values and Rock Strength Parameters	3
Cycle Bases of Graphs for the Analysis of Frames Structures Using Force Method	3
Seismic Performance Assessment of a Pin-bearing Restraint System for Curved Bridge	2
Calibration of Hypoplastic Parameters – Two Different Aspects	2
Simple Model of Soil-structure Interaction in Horizontal Motion Taking into Account the Nonlinearity of the Soil	2
Artificial Neural Networks for Inverse Problems in Damage Detection using Computational and Experimental Eddy Current	2
Simplified and Cost-Effective Method of Studying the Effect of Steel Fibers on Ultra-high Performance Concrete Specimens’ Properties/Members’ Performance	2
Widening Gap of Land Evaporation to Reference Evapotranspiration Implies Increasing Vulnerability to Droughts in Hungary	2
The Impact of Natural Fibers on Thermal Resistance and Spalling in High-performance Concrete	2
Developing Hybrid Algorithms with Fire Hawk Optimization on Concrete's Chloride Diffusion	2
Review on Machine Learning-based Defect Detection of Shield Tunnel Lining	2
The Effects of Sequential Aftershocks on the Behavior of the Irregular RC Buildings	2
Enhancing the Mechanical Performance of Concrete Slabs through the Incorporation of Nano-sized Iron Oxide Particles (Fe2O3)	2
Strength Improvement Using Polypropylene Fiber as Reinforcement in Natural Pozzolana-lime-stabilized Expansive Clayey Soil Artificially Contaminated by Sulfates	2
An Experimental Study on the Topography Effects on the Seismic Response of Combined Piled Raft Foundation	2
Experimental Analysis of an Innovative Double Strap Joint Splicing of GFRP Bars by NSM Methods for Strengthening RC Beams	2
Enhancing 3D Precision: Point Cloud Upsampling Methods — A Review	2
Microstructural Changes of High Strength Concrete during Low Cycle Compression Fatigue Test after Exposure to High Temperature	2
An Integrated Time-frequency Framework for Cable Force Identification in Long Cables of Long-span Bridges	2
Durability Indices of a Sealing Mortar Incorporating Blast Furnace Slag	2
Imperfections for Local and Global Interaction Buckling of Welded Square High-strength Steel Box-section Columns	2
Algorithm for Generating Gradient Infills in Load-bearing 3D-printed Parts	2
Assessment of the Resistance of Dolomite Stone from Crac des Chevaliers Against Salt Crystallization	2
A Substructure-based Model Updating Method to Damage Detection for Large-scale Structures	2
Experimental and Statistical Optimization of Low-carbon Binder Concrete under Varying Alkaline Activator Conditions	2
Façade Fire Separation Distances: A Critical Overview and Further Investigations	2
Analytical GNI Analysis for Lateral-torsional Behavior of Thin-walled Beams with Doubly-symmetric I-Sections	2
Investigation of Wind Loading on a Multi-span Anticlastic Tensile Membrane Surface: A CFD Approach	2
Viscoelastic Dynamic Response of Asphalt Pavement in Long Slope Sections	2
Selective Integration of Waste-Derived Glass Nanopowders in Structural Wall Concrete: Improving Thermal Efficiency and Elasto-Mechanical Properties for Sustainable Construction	2
Locating Method for Pick-up and Drop-off Spots for Shared Autonomous Vehicle-based Mobility Services	2
Integrated Design Optimization Process for Building Projects	2
Assessment of Natural Additives Modified Lime Mortars for Repair of Historic Structures with Strength, Durability and Microstructural Parameters	2
Coexisting with Disasters: A State-of-the-art Review of Resilience Assessment of Steel Structures under Extreme Hazards	2
Seismic Behavior of Colliding Buildings, Incorporating Soil-structure Interaction and Accounting for Variability in Structural Parameters, Soil Parameters, and Seismic Action	2
The Modified Energy-based Method for Seismic Evaluation of Structural Systems with Different Hardening Ratios and Deterioration Hysteresis Models	2
Concrete Resistance Achieved with Subtly Ground Tube Glass of Cathode Ray as Supplementary Cementitious Material to Sulphate Attack	2
A Simple Differential Evolution with Random Mutation and Crossover Constants for Constrained Optimization	2
The Effect of Voids on Flexural Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Slabs	2
Evaluation of Behavior of a Deep Excavation by Three-dimensional Numerical Modeling	2
A Modified Reactive Powder Concrete Made with Fly Ash and River Sand: An Assessment on Engineering Properties and Microstructure	2
Critical Buckling Investigation of Composite Beams Under Poisson's Effect Using Nonlocal and Higher-order Shear Deformation Theories	2
Effects of Local Soil Profiles on Seismic Site Response Analysis	2
On the Buckling Response of Functionally Graded Carbon Nanotube-reinforced Composite Imperfect Beams	2
Calculation of the Elastic Maximum Transverse Bending Moment of Trapezoidal Corrugated Web Girder	2
Linear/Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis and Prediction of Failure Mechanism of Irgandi Bridge	2
Fracture System Characterization by Pressure Probe	2
A Two-stage Method for Damage Detection in Z24 Bridge Based on K-nearest Neighbor and Artificial Neural Network	2
Enhancement of Sulfate Resistance in Dune Sand Mortars through Polypropylene Fiber Incorporation	2
A Physics-based Metaheuristic Algorithm Based on Doppler Effect Phenomenon and Mean Euclidian Distance Threshold	2
Assessment of Defect Severity in Wooden Pillars Using Ultrasonic Testing	1
An Efficient Approach into Finite Element Method for Lateral Buckling Analysis of Fiber-Metal Laminates Tapered I-Beams	1
Determination of Plastic Limit by Fall Cone Test for Soils with Different Grain Size Distribution	1
Neural Network Modeling and Sensitivity Analysis of Factors Influencing Dynamic Compaction Vibration Velocity	1
Modified Component-based Model for Single and Double-angle Bolted Connections Used in Braced Steel Frames at Elevated Temperature	1
Metaheuristic-optimized Machine Learning for Mechanical Property Prediction in Eco-friendly Rubberized Concrete	1
Damage Identification of Functionally Graded Beams using Modal Flexibility Sensitivity-based Damage Index	1
Strength Behavior Analysis of Self-healing Concrete Using Bacteria and Silica Gel: A Comparative Study	1
Acoustic Emission-based Damage Detection and Classification in Steel Frame Structure Using Wavelet Transform and Random Forest	1
Validating a Two-dimensional Sediment Transport Model on a Large Danubian Floodplain	1
Corrigendum	1
Numerical Evaluation and Prediction of Bond Performance of Ribbed FRP and Steel Bars in Concrete Using Pull-out Test Simulations	1

Robust Topology Optimization of Continuum Structures under the Hybrid Uncertainties: A Comparative Study	1
Determination of Reinforced Fly Ash Concrete Columns’ Resistance Using Nonlinear Models of Materials	1
Sustainable Utilization of Red Mud and Glass Waste in Alkali-Activated Cements: Design and Performance of Products	1
Performance Evaluation of Wet Paving Concrete Incorporating Ternary Blends of Alluvial Tuff and Limestone Aggregates Using Simplex Centroid Mixture Method	1
Finite Element Investigation of the Free Vibration Behavior of Functionally Graded Porous Timoshenko Beams on a Two-parameter Elastic Foundation with Shear Correction Effects	1
Investigation of the Effects of Rock Components for Different Pyroclastic Rocks on Leeb Hardness	1
Rock Mass Characterization and Non-destructive In-situ Testing of a Rock-cut Tomb: Theban Necropolis (Egypt)	1
Numerical Investigation of Cyclic Behavior of Angled U-shaped Yielding Damper on Steel Frames	1
Damage Identification of Bridge Based on Multi-branch Convolutional Neural Network under Moving Load	1
An Iterative Two-step Lagrangian-based Method for Evaluation of Structural Reliability Index	1
Image Acquisition of Critical Bridge Components Using Vision-guided Autonomous Vehicle	1
A New Stress-reduction Model for Soil Arch in Landslides	1
Evaluation of Material Characteristics and Structural Dynamic Properties of a Historical Church: The Case of 19th Century Bursa Derekoy Church (Ayia Paraskevi)	1
Optimal Design of Large-scale Dome Truss Structures with Multiple Frequency Constraints Using Success-history Based Adaptive Differential Evolution Algorithm	1
Strength Optimization of Nanocomposite Cementitious Materials Using Nanoscale Modifications	1
Improving Corrosion Resistance and Prolonging the Service Life of High-performance Concrete Structures Using Fly Ash and Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag	1
Experimental and FEM Analysis for Fracture Performance Evaluation of Concrete Made with Recycled Construction and Demolition Waste Aggregates	1
Response Spectrum of Piecewise Linear Elastic Structures	1
Damage Characteristics of Argillaceous Quartz Sandstone Mesostructure under Different Wetting-drying Conditions	1
An Analytical Model for the Initial Stiffness of Bearing Connections with Slotted Holes	1
Failure Mechanism and Structural Optimization of the Primary Support Structure for Expressway Tunnel in Soft Rock: A Case Study	1
Sustainable Stabilization of Poorly Graded Desert Sand by Cement Kiln Dust and Salt Water for Using in Backfilling and Subbase Layers	1
Sustainable Potentials of Plastics Waste-cement Kiln Dust Blends on Strength Properties of Subbase Soil	1
Study on Dust Removal Technology of Explosive Water Mist in Drill and Blast Tunnelling	1
Modeling the Segmental Lining Behavior Using an Analytical Segmental Joint Model	1
Parametric Study on the Effect of Axial Force on the Seismic Performance of the Bar Damper	1
Development of Structural Damage Detection Method Working with Contaminated Vibration Data via Autoencoder and Gradient Boosting	1
Hydrological Mass Variations in Major River Basins in China with the Use of GRACE Monthly Gravity Field Models	1
Effect of Temperature on the Compressibility Behavior of Glass Fiber-bentonite Mixture	1
Predicting Autogenous Shrinkage of Concrete Including Superabsorbent Polymers and Other Cementitious Ingredients Using Convolution-based Algorithms	1
Optimized Transfer Matrix Approach for Global Buckling Analysis: Bypassing Zero Matrix Inversion	1
Impact of Polyester Recron 3s Fiber on Fly Ash-based Portland Pozzolana Cement Mortars at Various Total Dissolved Solids Levels	1
Influences of the Geopolymer Composition on the Strength and Durability of Fly Ash-based Geopolymer Stabilized Compacted Soil	1
Investigation of the Feasibility of Increasing the Tail-grouting Zone during Mechanized Tunneling in Sandy Soils	1
The Impact of Brick Powder Specific Surface Area on Cement Replacement in Mortar Mixes: A Sustainable and Cost-effective Solution for the Construction Industry	1
Simplified Analysis of Tall Buildings for Soil–structure Interaction in Uniform and Non-uniform Buildings	1
Deflection of a Partially Composite Beam Considering the Effect of Shear Deformation	1
Incorporation of High Loss-on-ignition Fly Ash in Producing High-strength Flowable Mortar	1
Study on Construction Optimization Method of Tunnel Crossing Fault Fracture Zone	1
Failure Analysis of Mortar Specimens with a Hexagonal Honeycomb Panel during Fatigue Load	1
Modeling of Ultra-high Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete Filled Steel Tube Columns under Eccentric Loading	1
Durability Evaluation of Cactus-infused M25 Grade Concrete as a Bio-admixture	1
The Fundamental Geotechnical Characteristics of Recycled Concrete Aggregates of Various Fractions	1
Investigating the Effect of GNP Addition on Self-healing of ECC through Mechanical and Nondestructive Testing	1
Effect of Material Non-linearities on the Transient Dynamic Behavior of the Beni-Bahdel Dam in the Presence of the Dam-foundation Interaction	1
An Approximation of Yield Surface for Doubly Symmetrical Sections of Steel Structures	1
Dynamic Response and Safety Control of Newly Poured Secondary Lining Concrete under Large Section Tunnel Blasting-A Case Study of Longnan Tunnel of Ganshen High-speed Railway	1
Estimation of the Poisson's Ratio of the Rock Mass	1
A Review of Microplastic Identification and Characterization Methods in Aquatic Environments	1
Empirical Punching Shear Capacity Equation for Reinforced Concrete Two-way Slabs with Openings	1
Chaotically Enhanced Meta-Heuristic Algorithms for Optimal Design of Truss Structures with Frequency Constraints	1
Punching Shear Performance of High-compressive Flat Slabs Reinforced with Hybrid Fibres	1
Experimental Study on the Effect of Fibers on Engineered Cementitious Composite Short Square Columns	1
Physics-inspired Metaheuristics for Construction Site Layout Planning Problem	1
Producing Concrete Incorporating Hybrid Cementitious Materials and Recycled Concrete Aggregate with Novel Thermal Treatment Methods	1
Influence of Key Shear Factors on the Shear Performance of Ultra-high Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete Beam Containing Coarse Aggregate	1
Determining the Actual Shape of a Bridge Pylon with Cylindrical and Conical Shapes Using Point Cloud Data and the RANSAC Shape Fitting Method	1
Effect of Local Shear Deformation and Soil Flexibility on the Global Buckling Stability of Uniform and Non-uniform Buildings	1
Resistance to Aging of Asphalt Modified with Multidimensional Nanomaterials: A literary Review	1
Stabilization of Zeolite and Bentonite with Sewage Sludge Ash	1
Stability Analysis of Slopes under Surcharge Loading Using FE Stress Deviator Increasing Method-proposal of Stability Charts	1
Crack Identification and Quantification of Bridge Concrete Based on YOLOX and Image Processing Techniques	1
Sustainable Use of Construction Waste: Fire Resistance and Strength Characteristics of Recycled Aggregate Concrete for Sustainable Concrete	1
Long-term Effects of Munisipal Solid Waste Leachate on Soil Geotechnical Properties	1
Numerical Modeling of Early-age Effects on the Mechanical Behavior of Concrete Gravity Dams	1
Hybrid ECBO–ANN Algorithm for Shear Strength of Partially Grouted Masonry Walls	1
Mechanical and Durability Properties of Sustainable Self-compacting Concrete with Waste Glass Powder and Silica Fume	1
The Effect of Freeze-thaw on Mechanical and Ultrasonic Properties of Hungarian Oolitic Stones	1
Influence of Saline-treated Wastewater on Properties of Concrete: An Experimental Study	1
Effect of Activator Type on Geopolymer Mortars Containing Different Types of Fly Ash	1
Multi-objective Static-dynamic Scheduling for Dual-tunnel Construction under Spatiotemporal Constraints	1