Equine Veterinary Journal

Article	Citations
Clinically and temporally specific diagnostic thresholds for plasma ACTH in the horse	27
Active equine parvovirus‐hepatitis infection is most frequently detected in Austrian horses of advanced age	23
Exploring horse owners' understanding of obese body condition and weight management in UK leisure horses	23
African horse sickness in Thailand: Challenges of controlling an outbreak by vaccination	22
Equine metabolic syndrome in UK native ponies and cobs is highly prevalent with modifiable risk factors	21
Microdamage in the equine superficial digital flexor tendon	20
Outbreak of acute larval cyathostominosis – A “perfect storm” of inflammation and dysbiosis	20
Incidence and causes of pregnancy loss after Day 70 of gestation in Thoroughbreds	20
Validation of standing cone beam computed tomography for diagnosing subchondral fetlock pathology in the Thoroughbred racehorse	20
Comparison of working equid welfare across three regions of Mexico	19
Science‐in‐brief: Risk assessment for reducing injuries of the fetlock bones in Thoroughbred racehorses	17
First report of equine parvovirus‐hepatitis‐associated Theiler’s disease in Europe	17
Predictors of laminitis development in a cohort of nonlaminitic ponies	17
Subchondral focal osteopenia associated with proximal sesamoid bone fracture in Thoroughbred racehorses	16
Extracellular vesicles from equine mesenchymal stem cells decrease inflammation markers in chondrocytes in vitro	15
Impact of concurrent treatment with omeprazole on phenylbutazone‐induced equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS)	15
Variation in GPS and accelerometer recorded velocity and stride parameters of galloping Thoroughbred horses	14
Equine parvovirus hepatitis	14
A long‐term study of sinoscopic treatment of equine paranasal sinus disease: 155 cases (2012–2019)	14
Laparoscopic closure of the vaginal rings in the standing horse using a tacked intraperitoneal slitted mesh (TISM) technique	14
Rhodococcus equi foal pneumonia: Update on epidemiology, immunity, treatment and prevention	14
The accuracy of ACTH as a biomarker for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in horses: A systematic review and meta‐analysis	14
Antimicrobial resistance in clinical bacterial isolates from horses in the UK	14
Environmental persistence of equid herpesvirus type‐1	13
Equine granulosa cell tumours among other ovarian conditions: Diagnostic challenges	13

Changes in the faecal bacterial microbiota during hospitalisation of horses with colic and the effect of different causes of colic	13
Localisation of cannabinoid and cannabinoid‐related receptors in the equine dorsal root ganglia	13
Objectively measured movement asymmetry in yearling Standardbred trotters	12
Epidural administration of opioid analgesics improves quality of recovery in horses anaesthetised for treatment of hindlimb synovial sepsis	12
Osteochondral fragmentation of the cervical articular process joints; prevalence in horses undergoing CT for investigation of cervical dysfunction	12
Monitoring equine ascarid and cyathostomin parasites: Evaluating health parameters under different treatment regimens	12
Failure of serological testing for antigens A and C of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi to identify guttural pouch carriers	12
Whole‐genome sequencing identifies missense mutation in GRM6 as the likely cause of congenital stationary night blindness in a Tennessee Walking Horse	11
Exercise‐associated rhythm disturbances in poorly performing Thoroughbreds: risk factors and association with racing performance	11
Inter‐observer variability of two grading systems for equine glandular gastric disease	11
Effect of feed deprivation on daily water consumption in healthy horses	11
Seminal plasma, and not sperm, induces time and concentration‐dependent neutrophil extracellular trap release in donkeys	11
Investigating the pathogenesis of high‐serum gamma‐glutamyl transferase activity in Thoroughbred racehorses: A series of case‐control studies	11
A long‐term study of equine cheek teeth post‐extraction complications: 428 cheek teeth (2004‐2018)	11
Serum amyloid A as an aid in diagnosing sepsis in equine neonates	11
Use of in vitro assays to identify antibiotics that are cytotoxic to normal equine chondrocytes and synovial cells	11
Detection of atrial fibrillation with implantable loop recorders in horses	10
Hanoverian F/W‐line contributes to segregation of Warmblood fragile foal syndrome type 1 variant PLOD1:c.2032G>A in Warmblood horses	10
Effects of endurance racing on horse plasma extracellular particle miRNA	10
Variation in insulin response to oral sugar test in a cohort of horses throughout the year and evaluation of risk factors for insulin dysregulation	10
Antimicrobial prescribing and antimicrobial resistance surveillance in equine practice	10
Visual lameness assessment in comparison to quantitative gait analysis data in horses	10
A radiomics platform for computing imaging features from µCT images of Thoroughbred racehorse proximal sesamoid bones: Benchmark performance and evaluation	10
Fédération Equestre Internationale eventing: Risk factors for horse falls and unseated riders during the cross‐country phase (2008‐2018)	10
Serum and cerebrospinal fluid phosphorylated neurofilament heavy protein concentrations in equine neurodegenerative diseases	10
Radiological prevalence of osteoarthritis of the cervical region in 104 performing Warmblood jumpers	10
The equine mononuclear phagocyte system: The relevance of the horse as a model for understanding human innate immunity	10
Demography, preventative healthcare and reason for relinquishment of donkeys to an equine charity in the UK (2013‐2015)	10
A new strain of Taylorella asinigenitalis shows differing pathogenicity in mares and Jenny donkeys	10
Inhaled ciclesonide is efficacious and well tolerated in the treatment of severe equine asthma in a large prospective European clinical trial	10
Pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of acetaminophen (paracetamol) in adult horses with mechanically induced lameness	9
Current joint therapy usage in equine practice: Changes in the last 10 years	9
Practical protocols for timed artificial insemination of jennies using cooled or frozen donkey semen	9
Intraincisional medical grade honey decreases the prevalence of incisional infection in horses undergoing colic surgery: A prospective randomised controlled study	9
Commercial genetic testing for type 2 polysaccharide storage myopathy and myofibrillar myopathy does not correspond to a histopathological diagnosis	9
Sero‐molecular survey and risk factors of equine piroplasmosis in horses in Spain	9
Protective effects of dexmedetomidine on small intestinal ischaemia‐reperfusion injury in horses	9
A single bout of high‐intensity exercise modulates the expression of vitamin D receptor and vitamin D‐metabolising enzymes in horse skeletal muscle	9
BEVA primary care clinical guidelines: Wound management in the horse	9
Prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes, parasite control practices and anthelmintic resistance patterns in a working horse population in Egypt	9
Outcomes after cervical vertebral interbody fusion using an interbody fusion device and polyaxial pedicle screw and rod construct in 10 horses (2015‐2019)	9
Adaptation strategies of horses with induced forelimb lameness walking on a treadmill	9
In vitro synergy of eugenol on the antifungal effects of voriconazole against Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei strains isolated from the genital tract of mares	9
Recovery of horses from general anaesthesia: A systematic review (2000‐2020) of risk factors and influence of interventions during the recovery period	9
Changes in Thoroughbred speed and stride characteristics over successive race starts and their association with musculoskeletal injury	9
Implantable loop recorders can detect paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in Standardbred racehorses with intermittent poor performance	9
Risk factors for bit‐related lesions in Finnish trotting horses	8
First catheter‐based high‐density endocardial 3D electroanatomical mapping of the right atrium in standing horses	8
Progression of shallow medial femoral condyle radiographic lucencies in Thoroughbred repository radiographs and their influence on future racing careers	8
Effects of age, disease and anastomosis on short‐ and long‐term survival after surgical correction of small intestinal strangulating diseases in 89 horses	8

Gross post‐mortem and histological features in 27 horses with confirmed lumbosacral region pain and five control horses: A descriptive cadaveric study	8
Acute, subacute and chronic sequelae of horses accidentally exposed to monensin‐contaminated feed	8
Chondrosesamoidean ligament enthesopathy: Prevalence and findings in a population of lame horses imaged with positron emission tomography	8
Recovery of horses from general anaesthesia: A systematic review (2000–2020) of the influence of anaesthetic protocol on recovery quality	8
A composite absorbable implant used to treat subchondral bone cysts in 38 horses	8
Expression of select mRNA in Thoroughbreds with catastrophic racing injuries	8
Pharmacokinetics and anti‐inflammatory effects of flunixin meglumine as a sole agent and in combination with phenylbutazone in exercised Thoroughbred horses	8
Commercial amniotic membrane extract for treatment of corneal ulcers in adult horses	8
Validation of an equine fitness tracker: ECG quality and arrhythmia detection	8
Retroperitoneoscopy in the horse: Anatomical study of the retroperitoneal perirenal space and description of a surgical approach	7
Use of cone‐beam computed tomography for advanced imaging of the equine patient	7
Fetal morphological features and abnormalities associated with equine early pregnancy loss	7
The prevalence of uveitis in a population of donkeys in the UK	7
Acute interstitial pneumonia in foals: A severe, multifactorial syndrome with lung tissue recovery in surviving foals	7
Retrospective analysis of oblique and straight distal sesamoidean ligament desmitis in 52 horses	7
Cellular distribution of cannabinoid‐related receptors TRPV1, PPAR‐gamma, GPR55 and GPR3 in the equine cervical dorsal root ganglia	7
Early incisor lesions and Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis: Reliability of radiographic findings	7
Equine influenza vaccination in the UK: Current practices may leave horses with suboptimal immunity	7
Normal regression of the internal umbilical remnant structures in Standardbred foals	7
First reported case of fragile foal syndrome type 1 in the Thoroughbred caused by PLOD1 c.2032G>A	7
An epidemiological overview of the equine influenza epidemic in Great Britain during 2019	7
Equine sinusitis aetiology is linked to sinus microbiome by amplicon sequencing	7
Movement asymmetries in horses presented for prepurchase or lameness examination	7
Treatment effects of intra‐articular triamcinolone acetonide in an equine model of recurrent joint inflammation	7
Development of the blood supply to the growth cartilage of the medial femoral condyle of foals	7
How low can we go? Influence of sample rate on equine pelvic displacement calculated from inertial sensor data	7
Post‐operative pain behaviour associated with surgical castration in donkeys (Equus asinus)	7
Microstructural properties of the proximal sesamoid bones of Thoroughbred racehorses in training	7
A new equine peripheral caries grading system: Are the caries likely active or inactive?	7
Epigenetic control of exercise adaptations in the equine athlete: Current evidence and future directions	7
Concentrations of neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin are increased in serum and peritoneal fluid from horses with inflammatory abdominal disease and non‐strangulating intestinal inf	6
Quantitative sensory testing of the equine face	6
Outcome following repair of 63 sagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx in UK Thoroughbreds using either a triangular or linear screw configuration	6
Metabolism and global protein glycosylation are differentially expressed in healthy and osteoarthritic equine carpal synovial fluid	6
Potential for residual contamination by Streptococcus equi subspp equi of endoscopes and twitches used in diagnosis of carriers of strangles	6
Rib fractures in adult horses as a cause of poor performance; diagnosis, treatment and outcome in 73 horses	6
Lamellar perfusion and energy metabolism in a preferential weight bearing model	6
Molecular approaches to equine sarcoids	6
Screening for bovine papillomavirus type 13 (BPV13) in a European population of sarcoid‐bearing equids	6
Factors associated with survival and racing performance of 114 Thoroughbred foals with septic arthritis compared with maternal siblings (2009‐2015)	6
Study design synopsis: Bias can cast a dark shadow over studies	6
Economic assessment of African horse sickness vaccine impact	6
Effect of omeprazole and sucralfate on gastrointestinal injury in a fasting/NSAID model	6
Faecal microbiota and antimicrobial resistance gene profiles of healthy foals	6
Implications of the neuroanatomy of the equine thoracolumbar vertebral column with regional anaesthesia and complications following desmotomy of the interspinous ligament	6
Risk factors associated with hypoxaemia in horses undergoing general anaesthesia: A retrospective study	6
Intra‐articular administration of antibiotics in horses: Justifications, risks, reconsideration of use and outcomes	6
Successful vitrification of manually punctured equine embryos	6
Candidate gene expression and coding sequence variants in Warmblood horses with myofibrillar myopathy	6
Horses vaccinated with live attenuated intranasal strangles vaccine seroconvert to SEQ2190 and SeM	6
Smart textiles biotechnology for electrocardiogram monitoring in horses during exercise on treadmill: Validation tests	6
Intratesticular mepivacaine versus lidocaine in anaesthetised horses undergoing Henderson castration	6
Preconditioning with lidocaine and xylazine in experimental equine jejunal ischaemia	6
Inflammatory cytokines in horses with cervical articular process joint osteoarthritis on standing cone beam computed tomography	6
Equine leptospirosis: Experimental challenge of Leptospira interrogans serovar Bratislava fails to establish infection in naïve horses	6
Detection of hypoglycin A and MCPA‐carnitine in equine serum and muscle tissue: Optimisation and validation of a LC‐MS–based method without derivatisation	5
Atrial fibrillatory rate as predictor of recurrence of atrial fibrillation in horses treated medically or with electrical cardioversion	5
Rational dosage regimens for cephalothin and cefazolin using pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics analysis in healthy horses	5
Nasal high flow oxygen therapy in hospitalised neonatal foals	5
Hoof kinetic patterns differ between sound and laminitic horses	5
Hay versus haylage: Forage type influences the equine urinary metabonome and faecal microbiota	5
Vaccination against GnRH as a prelude to surgical castration of horses	5
Challenges to exotic disease preparedness in Great Britain: The frontline veterinarian's perspective	5
Equine nutrition in the post‐operative colic: Survey of Diplomates of the American Colleges of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Veterinary Surgeons, and European Colleges of Equine Internal Medicine a	5
Genomic characterisation of bovine papillomavirus types 1 and 2 identified in equine sarcoids in Japan	5
Standing equine cheek tooth extraction: A multivariate analysis of the effect of antibiotics on the risk of post‐operative complications	5
Pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of cannabidiol in horses after intravenous and oral administration with oil and micellar formulations	5
Symmetric dimethylarginine and renal function analysis in horses with dehydration	5
Treatment of racehorse superficial digital flexor tendonitis: A comparison of stem cell treatments to controlled exercise rehabilitation in 213 cases	5
Seroprevalence and evaluation of risk factors associated with seropositivity for Borrelia burgdorferi in Ontario horses	5
Real‐time three‐dimensional echocardiography for left atrial volume assessment in Thoroughbred racehorses: Observer variability and comparison with two‐dimensional echocardiography	5
Intrasynovial triamcinolone treatment is not associated with incidence of acute laminitis	5
Intraocular pressure following four different intravenous sedation protocols in normal horses	5
Use of antimicrobials licensed for systemic administration in UK equine practice	5
The effect of season, management and endocrinopathies on vitamin D status in horses	5
Characteristics of complete tibial fractures in California racehorses	5
A randomised, controlled trial to determine the effect of levothyroxine on Standardbred racehorses	5
Clinical insights: Imaging of the equine fetlock in Thoroughbred racehorses: Identification of imaging changes to predict catastrophic injury	5
Training related risk factors for exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage in British National Hunt racehorses	5
Pain severity scores for common equine disorders as provided by horse owners and equine veterinarians	5

Acute abdominal dehiscence following laparotomy: A multicentre, international retrospective study	5
Diagnostic characteristics of refractometry cut‐off points for the estimation of immunoglobulin G concentration in mare colostrum	4
A computed tomographic study of endodontic and apical changes in 81 equine cheek teeth with sagittal fractures	4
Active immunisation against GnRH as treatment for unilateral granulosa theca cell tumour in mares	4
Stress fracture of the palmar, distal cortex of the third metacarpal bone: A diagnostic challenge with a good prognosis	4
Tiludronic acid can be detected in blood and urine samples from Thoroughbred racehorses over 3 years after last administration	4
Radiographic changes of the proximal third metatarsal bone do not predict presence or severity of proximal suspensory desmopathy in a predominately Quarter Horse population	4
Head and tail rope‐assisted recovery improves quality of recovery from general anaesthesia in horses undergoing emergency exploratory laparotomy	4
Medication control of flunixin in racing horses: Possible detection times using Monte Carlo simulations	4
A reassortant G3P[12] rotavirus A strain associated with severe enteritis in donkeys (Equus asinus)	4
Dual‐contrast micro‐CT enables cartilage lesion detection and tissue condition evaluation ex vivo	4
Towards a safer sport: Risk factors for cross‐country horse falls at British Eventing competition	4
Early castration in foals: Consequences on physical and behavioural development	4
Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in equine orthopaedics	4
Retrobulbar lidocaine injection via the supraorbital fossa is safe in adult horses but produces regionally variable periocular anaesthesia	4
The effect of exercise on cytokine concentration in equine autologous conditioned serum	4
Clinical insights: Recent advances in donkey medicine and welfare	4
Synergistic combinations of clarithromycin with doxycycline or minocycline reduce the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in Rhodococcus equi	4
Study design synopsis: From the horse’s mouth: Qualitative methods for equine veterinary research	4
Cannabinoid receptors are expressed in equine synovium and upregulated with synovitis	4
Genome‐wide association study for host genetic factors associated with equine herpesvirus type‐1 induced myeloencephalopathy	4
Irregular hearts and performance horses	4
Recent advancements in our understanding of equid gammaherpesvirus infections	4
Non‐banked curved tracks influence movement symmetry in two‐year‐old Standardbred trotters	4
Continuous versus discrete data analysis for gait evaluation of horses with induced bilateral hindlimb lameness	4
Ceftiofur use and antimicrobial stewardship in the horse	4
Equine influenza virus surveillance in the United Kingdom from 2019 to 2021	4
Comparison of four tonometers in the measurement of intraocular pressure in healthy horses	4
Efficacy of vaccination against equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV‐1) infection: Systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled challenge trials	4
Longitudinal tendon healing assessed with multi‐modality advanced imaging and tissue analysis	4
Postprandial insulin responses to various feedstuffs differ in insulin dysregulated horses compared with non‐insulin dysregulated controls	4
Detection of synovial sepsis in horses using enzymes as biomarkers	4
Complications following diagnostic and therapeutic sacroiliac joint region injections in horses: A study describing clinicians' experiences	4
Microstructural features of subchondral radiolucent lesions in the medial femoral condyle of juvenile Thoroughbreds: A microcomputed tomography and histological analysis	4
Removal of equine cryptorchid testes through an enlarged umbilical portal in dorsally recumbent horses after intra‐abdominal laparoscopic castration	4
Diagnosis and outcome following tenoscopic surgery of the digital flexor tendon sheath in German sports and pleasure horses	4
Artificial intelligence as a tool to aid in the differentiation of equine ophthalmic diseases with an emphasis on equine uveitis	4
Memories of contagious equine metritis 1977 in Newmarket	4
A risk assessment of equine piroplasmosis entry, exposure and consequences in the UK	4
Fédération Equestre Internationale eventing: Fence‐level risk factors for falls during the cross‐country phase (2008–2018)	4
Adaptations in equine axial movement and muscle activity occur during induced fore‐ and hindlimb lameness: A kinematic and electromyographic evaluation during in‐hand trot	4
Letter to the Editor: Validation of standing cone beam computed tomography for diagnosing subchondral fetlock pathology in the Thoroughbred racehorse	3
Identifying possible thresholds for nonstructural carbohydrates in the insulin dysregulated horse	3
Limited added value of negative pressure wound therapy compared with calcium alginate dressings for second intention healing in a noncontaminated and contaminated equine distal limb wound model	3
Standing flank laparotomy for colic: 37 cases	3
Standing surgery among equine board certified surgeons: Survey regarding current use and trends	3
Clinical predictive models in equine medicine: A systematic review	3
Novel seM‐types of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi identified in isolates circulating in Argentina	3
Clinical insights: Clinicopathological parameters for diagnosing and predicting outcome of horses with colic	3
Radiological, vascular osteochondrosis occurs in the distal tarsus, and may cause osteoarthritis	3
Molecular detection and genetic characteristics of Cryptosporidium spp. in Chinese racehorses	3
Comparison of chlorhexidine and alcohol‐based antisepsis of the distal limbs of horses	3
Pulmonary response of severely asthmatic horses after intra‐articular administration of methylprednisolone	3
Hepatitis viruses: prevalence of equine parvovirus‐hepatitis virus and equine hepacivirus in France and Australia	3
A new equine anaesthetic mortality study two decades after CEPEF2: CEPEF4 is going live!	3
Hoof morphometry in a population of lame and nonlame working donkeys in Pakistan	3
Effect of infrared and red monochromatic light on equine wound healing	3
Cardiopulmonary function and intestinal blood flow in anaesthetised, experimentally endotoxaemic horses given a constant rate infusion of dexmedetomidine	3
Prevalence of the E321G MYH1 variant in Brazilian Quarter Horses	3
Strip‐grazing: Reduces pony dry matter intakes and changes in bodyweight and morphometrics	3
Oxidative state in equine neonates: Anti‐ and pro‐oxidants	3
Retrospective analysis of lameness localisation in Western Performance Horses: A ten‐year review	3
Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in Horses from communities of the Mapuche native people, Araucanía Region, Chile	3
A high glucose concentration during early stages of in vitro equine embryo development alters expression of genes involved in glucose metabolism	3
Study design synopsis: Designing and performing pharmacokinetic studies for systemically administered drugs in horses	3
An alternative arthroscopic approach to the caudal pouches of the equine lateral femorotibial joint	3
Immune‐mediated haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenia in 25 adult equids: 1997‐2016	3
Airway smooth muscle remodelling in mild and moderate equine asthma	3
The effect of ischaemic postconditioning on mucosal integrity and function in equine jejunal ischaemia	3
Outcome analysis of 95 harness racehorses with confirmed dorsal displacement of the soft palate treated with laryngeal tie‐forward surgery	3
Long‐term athletic performance in sport horses after desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon	3
Evaluation of the combined glucose‐insulin and intravenous glucose tolerance tests for insulin dysregulation diagnosis in donkeys	3
Contrast therapy: Tissue heating and cooling properties within the equine distal limb	3
Fluoroquinolone exposure in utero did not affect articular cartilage of resulting foals	3
Retrospective case review investigating the effect of replacing oaten hay with a non‐cereal hay on equine peripheral caries in 42 cases	3
Scoping review: Occurrence and definitions of postoperative complications in equine colic surgery	3
Fundamentals of arrhythmogenic mechanisms and treatment strategies for equine atrial fibrillation	3
Science‐in‐brief: Report on the Global Equine Endocrinology Symposium	2
Deep digital flexor tendon lesions in the pastern are associated with the presence of distal tendinopathy	2
Objective evaluation for analgesia of the distal interphalangeal joint, the navicular bursa and perineural analgesia in horses with naturally occurring forelimb lameness localised to the foot	2
A scoping review of the current evidence on treatment and outcomes following synovial sepsis	2
Prevalence of ophthalmic abnormalities in ponies competing in polo or polocrosse	2
Open Research—What is it, and how can Equine Veterinary Journal's authors engage with Open Research initiatives?	2
Age‐related differences in blood pressure, ultrasound‐derived arterial diameters and arterial wall stiffness parameters in horses	2
Clinical magnetic resonance image quality of the equine foot is significantly influenced by acquisition system	2
Upper body movement analysis of multiple limb asymmetry in 367 clinically lame horses	2
The effects of flumazenil on ventilatory and recovery characteristics in horses following midazolam‐ketamine induction and isoflurane anaesthesia	2
Clinical insights: Musculoskeletal injury in the racehorse: What is new?	2
Five‐ versus seven‐day dosing intervals of extended‐release injectable omeprazole in the treatment of equine squamous and glandular gastric disease	2
Outcome following emergency laparotomy in 33UKdonkeys: A retrospective multicentre study	2
Science‐in‐brief: The role of the glycocalyx in critically ill patients with reference to the horse	2
Plasma l‐indospicine and 3‐nitropropionic acid in ponies fed creeping indigo: Comparison with results from an episode of presumptive creeping indigo toxicosis	2
Prevalence of and risk factors associated withSalmonellashedding among equids presented to a veterinary teaching hospital for colic (2013–2018)	2
The association between clinical parameters recorded at vet gates during Fédération Equestre Internationale endurance rides and the imminent risk of elimination	2
Plasma metabolomic profiling of healthy pregnant mares and mares with experimentally induced placentitis	2