Minerva Anestesiologica

Article	Citations
First ultrastructural autoptic findings of SARS -Cov-2 in olfactory pathways and brainstem	81
Safety and efficacy of remimazolam compared with propofol in induction of general anesthesia	56
SIAARTI recommendations for the allocation of intensive care treatments in exceptional, resource-limited circumstances	46
Prevalence and outcome of silent hypoxemia in COVID-19	45
Noninvasive respiratory support in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure associated with COVID-19 and other viral infections	30
Pericapsular nerve group block: an overview	29
Opioid free anesthesia: evidence for short and long-term outcome	29
Management of critically ill patients with COVID-19: suggestions and instructions from the coordination of intensive care units of Lombardy	27
Dynamic bedside assessment of the physiologic effects of prone position in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients by electrical impedance tomography	25
Low diaphragm muscle mass predicts adverse outcome in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia: an exploratory pilot study	23
Moral distress in the ICU: it's time to do something about it!	22
Lung ultrasound predicts non-invasive ventilation outcome in COVID-19 acute respiratory failure: a pilot study	21
The diagnostic accuracy of mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin for sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis	18
How to use cerebral ultrasound in the ICU	18
Thoracic continuous spinal anesthesia for high-risk comorbid older patients undergoing major abdominal surgery: one-year experience of an Italian geriatric hospital	16
Barotrauma in mechanically ventilated patients with Coronavirus disease 2019: a survey of 38 hospitals in Lombardy, Italy	16
Effect of remote ischemic preconditioning on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in patients undergoing liver resection: a randomized controlled trial	16
Vasopressors to treat refractory septic shock	16
Remimazolam versus propofol for procedural sedation and anesthesia: a systemic review and meta-analysis	16
Comparison between the ultrasound-guided erector spinae block and the subcostal approach to the transversus abdominis plane block in obese patients undergoing sleeve gastrectomy: a randomized controll	16
Effects of anesthesia depth on postoperative cognitive function and inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis	15
The predictive ability of carotid artery corrected flow time and respirophasic variation in blood flow peak velocity measured by ultrasonography for fluid responsiveness in parturients for cesarean de	15
Superficial cervical plexus block alone or combined with interscalene brachial plexus block in surgery for clavicle fractures: a randomized clinical trial	15
Long-term complications of COVID-19 in ICU survivors: what do we know?	15
Managing chronic pain patients at the time of COVID-19 pandemic	14

Could the use of a table make power analysis description more reader-friendly?	14
Airways ultrasound in predicting difficult face mask ventilation	14
Chronic cancer and non-cancer pain and opioid-induced hyperalgesia share common mechanisms: neuroinflammation and central sensitization	14
Effectiveness of quadratus lumborum block for postoperative pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis	13
Artificial intelligence and telemedicine in anesthesia: potential and problems	13
High neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is associated with poor clinical outcome in patients with critically ill stroke	13
Presurgical cognitive impairment is associated with postoperative delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction	13
Follow-up blood cultures in Gram-negative bacilli bacteremia: are they needed for critically ill patients?	13
Epidural anesthesia is no longer the standard of care in abdominal surgery with ERAS. What are the alternatives?	13
Pediatric anesthesia practice in Italy: a multicenter national prospective observational study derived from the APRICOT Trial	12
Neurophysiological models of phantom limb pain: what can be learnt	12
Lidocaine for postoperative sore throat: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials	11
Post-traumatic stress disorder, burnout and their impact on global functioning in Italian emergency healthcare workers	11
Perioperative cardioprotection: back to bedside	11
Understanding left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in anesthesia and intensive care patients: a glass with progressive shape change	10
PROSAFE: a European endeavor to improve quality of critical care medicine in seven countries	10
Risk factors of postoperative delirium after liver transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis	10
Levosimendan to facilitate weaning from cardiorespiratory support in critically ill patients: current evidence and future directions	10
Pericapsular nerve group block for hip surgery	10
COVID-19 pandemic in ICU. Limited resources for many patients: approaches and criteria for triaging	10
Ultrasound-guided parasternal blocks: techniques, clinical indications and future prospects	10
Carotid vs. aortic velocity time integral and peak velocity to predict fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients. A comparative study	9
Donation after circulatory death: possible strategies for in-situ organ preservation	9
Microbiome: what intensivists should know	9
Difference between prolonged versus standard duration of prone position in COVID-19 patients: a retrospective study	9
Efficacy of ultrasound-guided parasternal block in adult cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials	9
Hands-free induction of general anesthesia: a randomised pilot study comparing usual care and high-flow nasal oxygen	9
Elevation in optic nerve sheath diameter due to the pneumoperitoneum and Trendelenburg is associated to postoperative nausea, vomiting and headache in patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy	9
Principled decisions and virtuous care: an ethical assessment of the SIAARTI Guidelines for allocating intensive care resources	9
The effectiveness of clavipectoral fascia plane block for analgesia after clavicle surgery: a report of five cases	9
Clinical ethics consultation in the intensive care unit	9
Effects of lung-protective ventilation strategy on lung aeration loss and postoperative pulmonary complications in moderate-risk patients undergoing abdominal surgery	9
Serratus intercostal interfascial plane block in supraumbilical surgery: a prospective randomized comparison	9
Fever management in COVID-19 patients	9
Effects of deep neuromuscular block on surgical workspace conditions in laparoscopic bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials	9
Predictive parameters of difficult intubation in thyroid surgery: a meta-analysis	9
Risk factors for difficult Laryngeal Mask Airway LMA-Supreme™ (LMAS) placement in adults: a multicentric prospective observational study in an Italian population	8
Anesthesia for the elderly: a narrative review	8
A new pressure guided management tool for epidural space detection: feasibility assessment in a clinical scenario	8
The Oxygen Reserve Index as a determinant of the necessary amount of postoperative supplemental oxygen	8
Effect of volatile anesthetics on mortality and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials	8
Hemoadsorption: effective in reducing circulating fragments of the endothelial glycocalyx during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients undergoing on-pump cardiac surgery?	8
PEEP in thoracic anesthesia: pros and cons	8
Prediction of difficult laryngoscopy in school-aged patients with microtia	7
A randomized trial comparing the Ambu® Aura-i™ and the Ambu® Aura Gain™ laryngeal mask as conduit for tracheal intubation in children	7
Tier-three therapies for refractory intracranial hypertension in adult head trauma	7
Could intraoperative magnesium sulphate protect against postoperative cognitive dysfunction?	7
Effects of direct laryngoscopy versus Glidescope videolaryngoscopy on subjective and objective measures of cognitive workload: an in-vivo randomized trial	7
Reliability of transcranial sonography for assessment of brain midline shift in adult neurocritical patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis	7
Comparison of remifentanil consumption in pupillometry-guided versus conventional administration in children: a randomized controlled trial	7

The aerosol box for tracheal intubation by a junior operator in patients with COVID-19	7
Effectiveness and validity of midsagittal tongue cross-sectional area and width measured by ultrasound to predict difficult airways	7
Remimazolam versus traditional sedatives for procedural sedation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and safety outcomes	7
Extracorporeal immune modulation in COVID-19 induced immune dysfunction and secondary infections: the role of oXiris® membrane	7
Safety and efficacy of Staged Extubation Set in patients with difficult airway: a prospective multicenter study	7
Causes of arterial hypotension during anesthetic induction with propofol investigated with perfusion index and ClearSightTM in young and elderly patients	7
A noninvasive postoperative clinical score to identify patients at risk for postoperative pulmonary complications: the Air-Test Score	7
Presepsin as a biomarker in perioperative medicine	7
Labor outcomes with epidural analgesia: an observational before-and-after cohort study comparing continuous infusion versus programmed intermittent bolus plus patient-controlled analgesia	7
Electroencephalographic density spectral array monitoring during propofol sedation in teenagers, using the narcotrend electroencephalographic monitor	7
Role of dexmedetomidine in the treatment of delirium in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis	7
Fluctuation in red cell distribution width predicts disseminated intravascular coagulation morbidity and mortality in sepsis: a retrospective single-center study	7
Postoperative fatigue after day surgery: prevalence and risk factors. A prospective observational study	7
Cardiac function after cardiac arrest: what do we know?	7
A systematic review and meta-analysis of three risk factors for chronic postsurgical pain: age, sex and preoperative pain	7
ESP block and chronic pain: the dark side of the moon	7
The doctor's point of view: eye-tracking as an investigative tool in the extubation process in intensive care units. A pilot study	7
Older adults with severe coronavirus disease 2019 admitted to intensive care unit: prevalence, characteristics and risk factors for mortality	7
The gut as a hidden source of sepsis	7
Comparison of LMA® Gastro™ airway and gastrolaryngeal tube in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a prospective randomized observational trial	6
General anesthesia in early childhood and possible association with autism: a population-based matched cohort study	6
Regional anesthesia techniques and postoperative delirium: systematic review and meta-analysis	6
Ileus in the critically ill: causes, treatment and prevention	6
SARS-CoV-2 pandemic impact on traumatic brain injury epidemiology: an overview of the Veneto region	6
Comparison of two regional citrate anticoagulation modalities for continuous renal replacement therapy by a prospective analysis of safety, workload, effectiveness, and cost	6
End of life in the time of COVID-19: the last farewell by video call	6
Subxiphoid cardiac drainage pain management: could ultrasound rectus sheath block be the answer?	6
Lung ultrasound for pregnant women admitted to ICU for COVID-19 pneumonia	6
Massive transfusion in trauma: an evolving paradigm	6
The role of noninvasive brain oximetry in adult critically ill patients without primary non-anoxic brain injury	6
Short-term perioperative cognitive therapy combined with rehabilitation exercise reduces the incidence of neurocognitive disorder in elderly patients: a randomized controlled trial	6
Drugs for anesthesia and analgesia in the preterm infant	6
The use of the ICU diary during the COVID-19 pandemic as a tool to enhance critically ill patient recovery	6
A matter of timing: EEG monitoring for neurological prognostication after cardiac arrest in the era of targeted temperature management	6
Predicting difficult spinal anesthesia: development of a neuraxial block assessment score	6
COVID-19 patients in the operating room: a concise review of existing literature	6
Effect of opioid-free anesthesia on postoperative analgesia after laparoscopic gynecologic surgery	6
The effects of exposure to severe hyperoxemia on neurological outcome and mortality after cardiac arrest	6
Bilateral lumbar ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block versus local anesthetic infiltration for perioperative analgesia in lumbar spine surgery: a randomized controlled trial	6
Pain, the unknown: epistemological issues and related clinical implications	6
Detection of strong inspiratory efforts from the analysis of central venous pressure swings: a preliminary clinical study	6
Impact of COVID-19-adapted guidelines on resuscitation quality in out-of-hospital-cardiac-arrest: a manikin study	6
Registers and biobanks in ICU and anesthesia	6
Benefits and boundaries of processed electroencephalography (pEEG) monitors when they do not concur with standard anesthetic clinical monitoring: lights and shadows	6
Efficacy of dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to Quadratus lumborum block for pediatrics undergoing laparoscopic pyeloplasty. A prospective randomized double blinded study	6
Erector spinae plane block for myofascial pain syndrome: only a short-term relief?	6
Perioperative management in complex spine surgery	5
Prospective evaluation of preoperative lung ultrasound for prediction of perioperative outcome and myocardial injury in adult patients undergoing vascular surgery (LUPPO study)	5
Performance of the Hypotension Prediction Index in living donor liver transplant recipients	5
Benefits of dexmedetomidine on postoperative analgesia after bariatric surgery	5
Point of care coagulation management in anesthesiology and critical care	5
Changes in plasma volume before and after major abdominal surgery following stroke volume variation-guided fluid therapy: a randomized controlled trial	5
The Orogastric Tube Guide® as a novel strategy for gastric tube insertion: a prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial	5
Artificial intelligence in intensive care: moving towards clinical decision support systems	5
Remimazolam: an ultrashort-acting intravenous anesthetic suitable for general anesthesia	5
Comparison of remimazolam and propofol about safety outcome indicators during general anesthesia in surgical patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis	5
Nutrition deficit during intensive care stay: incidence, predisposing factors and outcomes	5
Propofol use in children: updates and controversies	5
The effect of perioperative dexmedetomidine on postoperative bowel function recovery in adult patients receiving general anesthesia	5
Adjacent segment syndrome after failed back surgery: biomechanics, diagnosis, and treatment	5
What's new on septic encephalopathy? Ten things you need to know	5
Platelet morphological indices on Intensive Care Unit admission predict mortality in septic but not in non-septic patients	5
PENG radiofrequency and hip chronic pain: is this the future?	5
Vasopressor for refractory septic shock: dexmedetomidine could help decrease norepinephrine requirements	5
Treatment of intractable hiccups using combined cervical vagus nerve and phrenic nerve blocks under ultrasound guidance	5
Bilateral continuous erector spinae plane block: an alternative to epidural catheter for major open abdominal surgery	5
Comparison of ropivacaine plasma concentration after posterior Quadratus Lumborum Block in Cesarean Section with ropivacaine with epinephrine vs. plane	5
Comparison of efficacy of erector spinae plane block, thoracic paravertebral block, and erector spinae plane block and thoracic paravertebral block combination for acute pain after video-assisted thor	5
Hiccup, a neglected side-effect of remimazolam bolus?	5
Effect of dexmedetomidine on CD4+ T cells and programmed cell death protein-1 in postoperative analgesia: a prospective, randomized, controlled study	5
Neuromuscular monitoring using TOF-Cuff® versus TOF-Scan®: an observational study under clinical anesthesia conditions	5
Desflurane is not inferior to sevoflurane in the occurrence of adverse respiratory events during laryngeal mask airway anesthesia: a non-inferiority randomized double-blinded controlled study	4
The effects of two-handed jaw thrust on i-gel™ placement in anesthetized non-paralyzed patients	4
Validity of presepsin for the diagnosis and prognosis of sepsis in elderly patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit	4
The role of the PENG block in hip fracture in elderly patient with severe comorbidities	4
Wound infiltration of dexmedetomidine as an adjunct to local anesthesia in postoperative analgesia for lumbar surgery	4
Future in regional anesthesia and pain medicine: the pharmacological view	4
Moving past Mallampati: airway ultrasound in predicting difficult face mask ventilation	4
Erector spinae plane block associated to serratus anterior plane block for awake radical mastectomy in a patient with extreme obesity	4
Thoracic spinal anesthesia: an interesting alternative to general anesthesia	4

Sternotomy debridement in critical patient with difficult predicted airway: can regional anesthesia be the labyrinth exit?	4
Prescribing opioids to patients with chronic pain: translation of the Opioid Risk Tool into Italian	4
New techniques and recommendations in the management of free flap surgery for head and neck defects in cancer patients	4
Ultrasound guided parasternal block with dexmedetomidine as effective approach for postoperative analgesia in cardiac surgery	4
Future in regional anesthesia: new techniques and technological advancements	4
Brain death and the internet: evaluating the readability and quality of online health information	4
Increased preoperative serum vitamin B12 level as a predictor of postoperative mortality in patients undergoing cardiac surgery	4
Buprenorphine versus dexamethasone as perineural adjuvants in femoral and adductor canal nerve blocks for total knee arthroplasty: a randomized, non-inferiority clinical trial	4
How do I manage cerebral vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia?	4
Comparison of the analgesic effect of quadratus lumborum block and epidural block in open uterine surgery: a randomized controlled trial	4
Good clinical practice for the use of vasopressor and inotropic drugs in critically ill patients: state-of-the-art and expert consensus	4
Osmotic demyelination syndrome: are patients with end-stage liver disease a special risk group?	4
Comparison of high-flow nasal therapy, noninvasive ventilation, and continuous positive airway pressure on outcomes in critically ill patients admitted for COVID-19 with acute respiratory failure	4
Effect of lidocaine infusion on intraoperative bleeding during functional endoscopic sinus surgery: a randomized controlled trial	4
Effect of sugammadex on the recovery of gastrointestinal motility after open pancreaticoduodenectomy: a single-center retrospective study	4
Sedation in digestive endoscopy: innovations for an old technique	4
Updates on neurologic complications in pediatric regional anesthesia	4
Serum G protein-coupled estrogen receptor-1 levels and its relation with death in patients with sepsis: a prospective study	4
High variability of in-depth injective spread in the erector spinae plane block: a cadaveric anatomical insight	4
Postoperative shivering: prevention or treatment?	4
The gut in critically ill patients: how unrecognized "7th organ dysfunction" feeds sepsis	4
A new generation of simulator for teaching the new wall blocks	4
Acquisition of skills in critical emergency medicine: an experimental study on the SIAARTI Academy CREM experience	4
Facing increased suicide attempts during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: the experience from the major trauma center in Lombardy, Italy	4
Perioperative management of severe brain injured patients	4
Prediction of platelet counts with ROTEM-sigma in cardiac surgery	4
Lung ultrasound to monitor the development of pulmonary atelectasis in gynecologic oncologic surgery	4
Gastroscopy sedation: clinical trial comparing propofol and sufentanil with or without remimazolam	4
Does the definition of fluid responsiveness affect passive leg raising reliability? A methodological ancillary analysis from a multicentric study	4
Safe extubation procedure of the difficult airway: "think twice, act wise"	4
The past, the present and the future of machine learning and artificial intelligence in anesthesia and Postanesthesia Care Units (PACU)	4
Successful recovery from severe inverted Takotsubo cardiomyopathy after liver transplantation: the efficacy of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)	4
Occurrence of ventilator associated pneumonia using a tracheostomy tube with subglottic secretion drainage	4
An alternative technique for effective pain management in upper extremity surgery: erector spinae plane block	4
S100β as a potential biomarker of incident delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis	4
Safety and efficacy of remimazolam compared with propofol in induction of general anesthesia: a reply	4
GlideScope® versus Macintosh laryngoscope for assessment of post-thyroidectomy vocal cord dysfunction: prospective randomized study	4
The influence of pain expectation on pain experience after orthopedic surgery: an observational cohort study	4
Translation and validation of the Italian version of the postoperative quality of recovery score QoR-15	4
Anesthesia for patients with psychiatric illnesses: a narrative review with emphasis on preoperative assessment and postoperative recovery and pain	4
Right ventricular myopericarditis in COVID-19: a call for regular echocardiography	3
Easy to see does not mean easy to perform: rigid videostylet vs. videolaryngoscope	3
Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation: tool or toy?	3
Fever management in critically ill COVID-19 patients: a retrospective analysis	3
When a TAP becomes a QL block: a dynamic way to perform the fascial blocks	3
Respiratory consequences of intra-abdominal hypertension	3
The effect of neuromuscular blocking agents uses in acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials	3
The effect of sugammadex versus neostigmine on postoperative nausea and vomiting: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with trial sequential analysis	3
High-mobility group box-1 protein as a novel biomarker to diagnose healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis: a pilot study	3
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit mutation to adult unit during the initial COVID-19 wave: does it make sense?	3
Propofol: an intravenous anesthetic suitable for pediatric age	3
Electrical impedance tomography, useful bedside monitoring for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome?	3
PECS1 with superficial cervical plexus block for clavicle surgery analgesia	3
Methylene blue and the NO/cGMP pathway in solid organs transplants	3
Comparison of ultrasound-guided quadratus lumborum block and erector spinae plane block in terms of their effects on postoperative pain in open nephrectomy	3
Role of lung ultrasound in the preoperative evaluation of surgical patients	3
Could US-guided PENG block pass the ICU door? First reported case in a multiple-fracture ICU patient	3
Comparison of sensory evoked potentials during neurosurgery under remimazolam anesthesia with those under propofol anesthesia	3
Opioid use, misuse, and abuse: a narrative review about interventions to reduce opioid consumption and related adverse events in the perioperative setting	3
Preoperative MRI characteristics and short-term postoperative outcomes of microvascular decompression in trigeminal neuralgia with no vascular compression	3
Indications and contraindications for extracorporeal life support for severe heart or lung failure: a systematic review	3
Ten conditions where lung ultrasonography may fail: limits, pitfalls and lessons learned from a computer-aided algorithmic approach	3
Promises and challenges of eye-tracking technology to evaluate the care process in the ICU	3
Hemostatic disorders associated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation	3
McGrath® MAC blade-1: its performance and clinical assessment in children	3
Psychology versus medication for preanesthesia preparation of children: a randomized controlled trial	3
Dextrose administration may reduce the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a double blind randomized controlled trial	3
Compassionate use of anti-IL6 receptor antibodies in critically ill patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome due to SARS-CoV-2	3
Evaluation of equiosmolar 20% mannitol, 3% hypertonic saline and 8.4% sodium bicarbonate on intraoperative brain relaxation and hemodynamic parameters in patients undergoing craniotomy for supratentor	3
Acute kidney injury after liver transplantation, perioperative risk factors, and outcome: prospective observational study of 1681 patients (OLTx Study)	3
Perioperative sedation requirements of infants aged 0 to 3 months subjected to lower-body surgery under caudal blockade: a randomized controlled trial	3
Paravertebral block versus erector spinae plane block for analgesia in modified radical mastectomy: a randomized, prospective, double-blind study	3
A view on pediatric airway management: a cross sectional survey study	3
α-2 agonists vs. fentanyl as adjuvants for spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section: a meta-analysis	3
Anesthesia timing for children undergoing therapeutic cardiac catheterization after upper respiratory infection: a prospective observational study	3
Acute reduction of cerebrospinal fluid volume prior to spinal anesthesia: implications for sensory block extent	3
Modified pediatric lung ultrasound score compared with computed tomography for assessment of lung aeration in children	3
Neuropathic component of postoperative pain for predicting post-cesarean chronic pain at three months: a prospective observational study	3
Use of an intraoperative veno-venous bypass during liver transplantation: an observational, single center, cohort study	3
Device stability and quality of ventilation of classic laryngeal mask airway versus AIR-Q and I-gel at different head and neck positions in anesthetized spontaneously breathing children	3
Neuromuscular blockade management and postoperative outcomes in enhanced recovery colorectal surgery: secondary analysis of POWER trial	3
The assessment of esophageal pressure using different devices: a validation study	3
Feasibility, safety and efficacy of COVID-19 severe acute respiratory distress syndrome management without invasive mechanical ventilation	3
Postoperative delirium in the elderly: time to focus on pre- and postoperative management	3
Low-intensity transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation reduces postoperative ileus after laparoscopic radical resection of colorectal cancer: a randomized controlled trial	3
Management of cardiovascular insufficiency in ICU: the BEAT approach	3
Combined cervical vagus nerve and multilevel thoracic paravertebral blocks in the internal rib fixation and thoracoscopic exploration	3
Simplified calculation of mechanical power for pressure controlled ventilation in Covid-19 ARDS patients	3
Evaluation of analgesic effects and safety of quadratus lumborum block in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials	3
Postintensive care syndrome and follow-up clinics: results after a two-year pilot	3
Mortality and incidence of cardiovascular events in patients treated with aspirin and statins at one year after myocardial injury in noncardiac surgery: a prospective observational study	3
The effectiveness of peritibial fascial infiltration block for analgesia management after tibia fracture surgery: description of a novel plane block	3
Laryngoscopy, thyroid surgery and recurrent nerve lesions: who is to blame?	3
May the force be with you (but elsewhere): time to rethink cricoid pressure?	3
Basic guide to chronic pain assessment: from neurophysiology to bedside	3