Energy

Article	Citations
An improved reliability assessment method for lithium-ion battery system considering imbalanced current and uneven cooling	563
Effect on minor addition of aromatic (benzyl alcohol) and diethyl ether in Calophyllum inophyllum blended diesel fuel in a CI engine operates by hydrogen energy as a secondary fuel	506
Comparative study on monthly natural gas vehicle fuel consumption and industrial consumption using multi-hybrid forecast models	486
Experimental study on the influence of inlet and exhaust pressure loss on the performance of single screw expanders	479
Experimental investigation on thermal characteristics of a novel mesh flat-plate heat receiver in a solar power tower system	445
Numerical investigation of a novel tower solar chimney concept	397
Ageing-aware load following control for composite-cost optimal energy management of fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle	389
Usefulness of inclined circular cylinders for designing ultra-wide bandwidth piezoelectric energy harvesters: Experiments and computational investigations	347
A multi-step fast charging-based battery capacity estimation framework of real-world electric vehicles	313
Flame and instability characteristics of high hydrogen content gas mixtures	310
Numerical investigation and optimization of a proposed heat-driven compression/absorption hybrid refrigeration system combined with a power cycle	292
Energy, exergy analysis, and RSM modeling of different designed twisted tapes in placed PV/T systems	284
A novel information enhanced Grey Lotka–Volterra model driven by system mechanism and data for energy forecasting of WEET project in China	274
Flexibility improvement of a coal-fired power plant by the integration of biogas utilization and molten salt thermal storage	273
The impact of energy efficiency on ecological footprint in the presence of EKC: Evidence from G20 countries	268
Thermodynamic investigation of integrated organic Rankine cycle-ejector vapor compression cooling cycle waste heat recovery configurations for cooling, heating and power production	260
Engine & vehicle modeling for fuel assessment under local driving conditions	239
Performance of a new water lean absorbent composed of EHA and DEGDEE in CO2 capture and regeneration	220
Development of a new expression for predicting wet steam loss coefficient in steam turbines based on CFD and symbolic regression	216
A methodology for optimal placement of energy hubs with electric vehicle charging stations and renewable generation	214
Thermo-mechanical performance enhancement of volumetric solar receivers using graded porous absorbers	213
Dust removal by water spray, condensation and defrosting based on superhydrophobic fin surface	211
Effects of mixture initial conditions on deflagration to detonation transition enhanced by transverse jets	210
Energy management of renewable energy connected electric vehicles charging using Internet of things: Hybrid MRA-SDRN approach	207
Integrating solar electricity into a fossil fueled system	205

Experimental study on the thermal performance of aluminum three-dimensional vapor chamber heat sink with a louvered-fin stacked evaporator wick for data center servers	203
Influence of unsteady stage-interaction on loss generation in regulated two-stage radial turbines at pulsating conditions	196
General equilibrium analysis of carbon tax policy on water-energy-food nexus efficiency	194
Construction of an innovative adsorbent bed configuration in the adsorption chiller part 2. experimental research of coated bed samples	190
Effects of particle size on bed-to-surface heat transfer in bubbling fluidized bed heat exchangers of 550 MWe ultra-supercritical CFB boiler	189
Application of an artificial neural network to optimise energy inputs: An energy- and cost-saving strategy for commercial poultry farms	185
Break Even Point analysis of liquefied natural gas process and optimization of its refrigeration cycles with technical and economic considerations	183
Experimental study on performance characteristics of a −70 °C ultra-low temperature medical freezer with mixed hydrocarbon refrigerant	183
Analysis of intermediate cooling systems for CO2 compression trains of offshore oil wells	178
Electrification as a factor in replacing hydrocarbon fuel	174
Analytical estimates of short duration mean power output and variability for deepwater wave power generation	173
Numerical flow characteristics of microencapsulated phase change slurry flowing in a helically coiled tube for thermal energy storage	172
Enhancing ammonia combustion performance using hydrogen peroxide-enriched air: A computational fluid dynamics analysis	171
The impact of electromobility in public transport: An estimation of energy consumption using disaggregated data in Santiago, Chile	167
GAOformer: An adaptive spatiotemporal feature fusion transformer utilizing GAT and optimizable graph matrixes for offshore wind speed prediction	166
Numerical validation of the dynamic aerodynamic similarity criterion for floating offshore wind turbines under equivalent pitch motions	166
Data-driven state-of-health estimation for lithium-ion battery based on aging features	166
Multi-objective optimization of emission parameters of a diesel engine using oxygenated fuel and pilot injection strategy based on RSM-NSGA III	166
A hybrid model with combined feature selection based on optimized VMD and improved multi-objective coati optimization algorithm for short-term wind power prediction	165
Environmental damage cost and exergoenvironmental evaluations of piston prop aviation engines for the landing and take-off flight phases	163
Design of shaft- and rim-driven contra-rotating reversible pump-turbine to optimize novel low-head pumped hydro energy storages	157
Optimization design of an innovative francis draft tube: Insight into improving operational flexibility	156
Evaluation of deploying data-driven predictive controls in buildings on a large scale for greenhouse gas emission reduction	155
Flexible copper: Exploring capacity-based energy demand flexibility in the industry	155
Research on the allocation scheme of carbon emission allowances for China's provincial power grids	155
Wellbore salt-deposition risk prediction of underground gas storage combining numerical modeling and machine learning methodology	153
Optimal driving force for the dissociation of CH4 hydrates in hydrate-bearing sediments using depressurization	152
Exploring the potential of a novel passenger transport model to study the decarbonization of the transport sector	152
A multi-step ahead photovoltaic power prediction model based on similar day, enhanced colliding bodies optimization, variational mode decomposition, and deep extreme learning machine	151
Non-uniform and volumetric effect on the hydrodynamic and thermal characteristic in a unit solar absorber	150
A multi factor Malmquist CO2emissio	150
Two-stage energy management method of integrated energy system considering pre-transaction behavior of energy service provider and users	149
Influence of dispersant added nanoparticle additives with diesel-biodiesel blend on direct injection compression ignition engine: Combustion, engine performance, and exhaust emissions approach	149
The driving effect of energy demand evolution: From the perspective of heterogeneity in technology	148
Reactivity enhancement of natural gas/diesel RCCI engine by adding ozone species	147
Effect of structural parameters on diesel particulate filter trapping performance of heavy-duty diesel engines based on grey correlation analysis	147
The effect of sewage sludge on the energy balance of cup plant biomass production. A six-year field experiment in Poland	146
Performance improvement of a control valve with energy harvesting	144
Experimental investigation the effects of Miller cycle coupled with asynchronous intake valves on cycle-to-cycle variations and performance of the SI engine	143
Reinforcement learning based power management integrating economic rotational speed of turboshaft engine and safety constraints of battery for hybrid electric power system	142
Weighted aggregated ensemble model for energy demand management of buildings	141
Analyzing the evolution trend of energy conservation and carbon reduction in transportation with promoting electrification in China	140
Effects of yawed inflow and blade-tower interaction on the aerodynamic and wake characteristics of a horizontal-axis wind turbine	140
A novel approach based on integration of convolutional neural networks and echo state network for daily electricity demand prediction	140
An optimal split ratio in design and control of a recompression supercritical CO2 Brayton system	139
Simulation and analysis of fire and pressure reducing valve damage in on-board liquid hydrogen system of heavy-duty fuel cell trucks	139
Investment decisions and strategies of China's energy storage technology under policy uncertainty: A real options approach	138
Experimental investigation on the characteristics of coulombic efficiency of lithium-ion batteries considering different influencing factors	138
Large eddy simulation of coal-ammonia flames with varied ammonia injection locations using a flamelet-based approach	136
Investigation of the correlation between OH*, CH* chemiluminescence and heat release rate in methane inverse diffusion flame	134

Thermal radiation correction formula of the scaling criteria for film cooling of turbine blades	134
Thermodynamic, environmental, and exergoeconomic feasibility analyses and optimization of biomass gasifier-solid oxide fuel cell boosting a doable-flash binary geothermal cycle; a novel trigeneration	133
Analysis and evaluation of the operation data for achieving an on-demand heating consumption prediction model of district heating substation	132
Experimental investigation of a dual-pontoon WEC-type breakwater with a hydraulic-pneumatic complementary power take-off system	132
Dynamic modeling and analysis of LNG fuel tank pressurization under marine conditions	132
The application of machine learning-based energy management strategy in a multi-mode plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, part II: Deep deterministic policy gradient algorithm design for electric mode	132
Microfluidic experiments and numerical modeling of pore-scale Asphaltene deposition: Insights and predictive capabilities	132
A transient composition tracking method for natural gas pipe networks	132
Automated energy performance certificate based urban building energy modelling approach for predicting heat load profiles of districts	132
A novel piezoelectric structure for harvesting energy from water droplet: Theoretical and experimental studies	131
Forecasting the daily natural gas consumption with an accurate white-box model	130
Performance assessment of hybrid desiccant air conditioning systems: A dynamic approach towards achieving optimum 3E solution across the lifespan	129
Influence analysis of energy policies on comprehensive performance of CCHP system in different buildings	129
Efficiency and sustainability assessment of evaporative cooling of photovoltaics	127
A scenario-based approach for optimal operation of energy hub under different schemes and structures	127
Long-term changes in offshore wind power density and wind turbine capacity factor in the Iberian Peninsula (1900–2010)	126
The impact of wall and roof material on the summer thermal performance of building in a temperate climate	124
Improvement of kinetic parameters and modeling of the N2O chemical reaction in combustion	124
Comparison and evaluation of advanced machine learning methods for performance and emissions prediction of a gasoline Wankel rotary engine	123
Analysis of time series models for Brazilian electricity demand forecasting	123
The energy, exergy, and techno-economic analysis of a solar seasonal residual energy utilization system	122
Homogeneous nucleation and condensation mechanism of methane gas: A molecular simulation perspective	122
LOWESS smoothing and Random Forest based GRU model: A short-term photovoltaic power generation forecasting method	122
The development of a chemical kinetic mechanism for combustion in supercritical carbon dioxide	121
Analysis of oxidation pathways for characteristic groups in coal spontaneous combustion	120
A deep learning-based optimization framework of two-dimensional hydrofoils for tidal turbine rotor design	120
Mechanisms and characteristics of ash layer formation on bed particles during circulating fluidized bed combustion of Zhundong lignite	119
Thermodynamic and techno-economic comparisons of the steam injected turbocompounding system with conventional steam Rankine cycle systems in recovering waste heat from the marine two-stroke engine	119
Energy supply efficiency evaluation of integrated energy systems using novel SBM-DEA integrating Monte Carlo	119
Life cycle assessment (LCA) of a novel geothermal-based multigeneration system using LNG cold energy- integration of Kalina cycle, stirling engine, desalination unit and magnetic refrigeration system	118
Effects of ambient temperature and trip characteristics on the energy consumption of an electric vehicle	118
A data-fusion framework for lithium battery health condition Estimation Based on differential thermal voltammetry	117
Is total system cost minimization fair to all the actors of an energy system? Not according to game theory	116
Drivers of coal consumption changes: A decomposition analysis for Chinese regions	116
Impact of corner modification on wind characteristics and wind energy potential over flat roofs of tall buildings	116
Development of black-ice removal system with latent heat thermal energy storage and solar thermal collectors	116
Monolithic biochar-supported cobalt-based catalysts with high-activity and superior-stability for biomass tar reforming	115
Performance characteristics of a new curved double-pass counter flow solar air heater	114
Is public service transportation increase environmental contamination in China? The role of nuclear energy consumption and technological change	114
A new skeletal mechanism for simulating MILD combustion optimized using Artificial Neural Network	113
Stochastic modelling of variable renewables in long-term energy models: Dataset, scenario generation & quality of results	113
The overlooked criteria in green building certification system: Embodied energy and thermal insulation on non-residential building with a case study in Malaysia	112
Physics-informed optimization of robust control system to enhance power efficiency of renewable energy: Application to wind turbine	112
Effect of structural changes of lignin during the microwave-assisted alkaline/ethanol pretreatment on cotton stalk for an effective enzymatic hydrolysis	111
Triaxial mechanical behaviour and energy conversion characteristics of deep coal bodies under confining pressure	111
Study on the multiphase heat and mass transfer mechanism in the dissociation of methane hydrate in reconstructed real-shape porous sediments	111
Day-ahead scheduling of energy hubs with parking lots for electric vehicles considering uncertainties	111
Structures and contributions of active substances in the latent oxidation of coal based on the oxygen isotope tracer method	109
Cost analysis of onshore wind power in China based on learning curve	108
Inter-regional cooperation in the transfers of energy-intensive industry: An evolutionary game approach	108
Using the evolutionary mating algorithm for optimizing deep learning parameters for battery state of charge estimation of electric vehicle	108
Dynamic NOX emission concentration prediction based on the combined feature selection algorithm and deep neural network	108
A novel combined model based on echo state network optimized by whale optimization algorithm for blast furnace gas prediction	107
Numerical prediction of frosting growth characteristics of microchannel louvered fin heat exchanger	107
Exergy performance analysis of hydrogen recirculation ejectors exhibiting phase change behaviour in PEMFC applications	107
Experimental study on the influence of particle size and grain grading on the CO2 hydrate formation and storage process in porous media	107
Effects of ammonia co-firing ratios and injection positions in the coal–ammonia co-firing process in a circulating fluidized bed combustion test rig	106
Performance, emissions and combustion analysis of hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas spark ignition engine by optimized Gaussian process regression and neural network at low speed on different l	106
Flame structure and dynamics in pool fires of different geometries: Experimental and numerical investigation	106
Energy, exergy, economic, and environmental (4E) analyses of bifacial concentrated thermoelectric-photovoltaic systems	106
The effect of active and passive battery thermal management systems on energy consumption, battery degradation, and carbon emissions of an electric vehicle	106
Bi-level robust planning of hydrogen energy system for integrated electricity–heat–hydrogen energy system considering multimode utilization of hydrogen	105
Estimation of photovoltaic power generation potential in 2020 and 2030 using land resource changes: An empirical study from China	104
Experimental investigation on thermal modification and burnout of residual carbon in coal gasification fine slag	104
Wind farm power maximization through wake steering with a new multiple wake model for prediction of turbulence intensity	103
Quantifying the impact of low carbon transition scenarios at regional level through soft-linked energy and economy models: The case of South-Tyrol Province in Italy	103
Combustion, environmental, and efficiency assessment of multi-walled carbon nanotubes enriched biodiesel-diesel binary blends in varying injection timing	102
Study on the cracking mechanism of hydraulic and supercritical CO2 fracturing in hot dry rock under thermal stress	102
Catalytic effect of metal salts on deoxygenation and aromatization reaction during pressurized pyrolysis of corncob waste at mild temperatures	102
Novel circularity and sustainability assessment of symbiosis networks through the Energy Quality Pinch concept	102
Measurement and influential factors of the efficiency of coal resources of China’s provinces: Based on Bootstrap-DEA and Tobit	102
Hybrid forecasting model of building cooling load based on combined neural network	102
Review of organic and inorganic waste-based phase change composites in latent thermal energy storage: Thermal properties and applications	102
Activation process modeling and performance analysis of thermal batteries considering ignition time interval of heat pellets	101
Study on thermodynamic behaviour of natural gas and thermo-mechanical response of salt caverns for underground gas storage	101
Experimental investigation and optimization of performance, emission, and vibro-acoustic parameters of SI engine fueled with n-propanol and gasoline blends using ANN-GA coupled with NSGA3-modified TOP	101
Analytical temperature estimation process of the air supply system of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack in fuel cell electric vehicles	100
The benefits of 4th generation district heating and energy efficient datacentres	100
Energy and exergy analysis of biogas fired regenerative gas turbine cycle with CO2 recirculation for oxy-fuel combustion power generation	100
Green iron and syngas production via continuous solar-driven agricultural waste biomass gasification combined with iron(III) oxide reduction	100

A new insight into the effects of agglomerate parameters on internal dynamics of proton exchange membrane fuel cell by an advanced impedance dimension model	99
Experimental investigation on the combustion characteristics of ultra-lean premixed hydrogen/air using turbulent jet ignition	99
Design and performance study on the primary & secondary helical-tube reactor	99
Forecasting crude oil price returns: Can nonlinearity help?	99
Experimental and modeling study of CO2 capture by phase change blend of triethylenetetramine-ethanol solvent	99
Experimental investigations of water droplet transient phase changes in flue gas flow in the range of temperatures characteristic of condensing economizer technologies	99
Experimental and numerical study on laminar combustion characteristics of by-product hydrogen coke oven gas	99
Nitrogen migration in sewage sludge chemical looping gasification using copper slag modified by NiO as an oxygen carrier	99
Numerical simulation of gas production from permafrost hydrate deposits enhanced with CO2/N2 injection	98
Dynamic wake field reconstruction of wind turbine through Physics-Informed Neural Network and Sparse LiDAR data	98
Overestimated carbon emission of the pulp and paper industry in China	98
Exploring directional energy conversion behavior of electromagnetic-based multifunctional asphalt pavement	98
Investigation on a lunar energy storage and conversion system based on the in-situ resources utilization	97
Performance improvement analysis of the regenerative dual-pressure organic flash cycle assisted by ejectors	97
Joint modeling for early predictions of Li-ion battery cycle life and degradation trajectory	97
The steady behavior of the supercritical carbon dioxide natural circulation loop	97
Development of an eco-friendly dust suppressant based on modified pectin: experimental and theoretical investigations	97
Multi-scale energy efficiency recognition and diagnosis scheme for ethylene production based on a hierarchical multi-indicator system	97
The balance effects of momentum deficit and thrust in cumulative wake models	96
A new online optimization method for boiler combustion system based on the data-driven technique and the case-based reasoning principle	96
Advanced exergy and exergoeconomic analysis of a multi-stage Rankine cycle system combined with hydrate energy storage recovering LNG cold energy	95
The seepage driving mechanism and effect of CO2 displacing CH4 in coal seam under different pressures	95
The efficiency of innovative technologies for transition to 4th generation of district heating systems in Ukraine	95
Effect of cyclic thermal stimulation on the pore structure and fluid space of coal and inspiration for coalbed methane production	94
Thermodynamic responses of bleed air on separated flow high by-pass turbofan engine under constant speed and constant thrust cases	94
Data-driven battery operation for energy arbitrage using rainbow deep reinforcement learning	94
The energetic and economic analysis of demand-driven biogas plant investment possibility in dairy farm	94
Numerical study on natural gas hydrate production by hot water injection combined with depressurization	94
Study of a low-damage efficient-imbibition fracturing fluid without flowback used for low-pressure tight reservoirs	93
Do energy-pollution-resource-transport taxes yield double dividend for Nordic economies?	93
Research on controllable shock wave technology for in-situ development of tar-rich coal	93
Heat transfer enhancement and pressure loss analysis of hydrogen-fueled microcombustor with slinky projection shape channel for micro-thermophotovoltaic system	93
Effect of coal permeability evolution on CO2 storage capacity under phase partial pressure in ScCO2-ECBM processes	93
Integrated Demand Response programs and energy hubs retail energy market modelling	92
Future global electricity demand load curves	92
Multi-objective optimization and loss analysis of multistage centrifugal pumps	92
Potential application of cement kiln dust in carbon capture, utilisation, and storage technology	92
An innovative approach to enhance sustainability of a district cooling system by adjusting cold thermal storage and chiller operation	92
Impact of radial air staging on gas-particle flow characteristics in an industrial pulverized coal boiler	92
Numerical study on energy conversion characteristics of molten salt pump based on energy transport theory	91
Synthetic natural gas production in a 1 kW reactor using Ni–Ce/Al2O3 and Ru–Ce/Al2O3: Kinetics, catalyst degradation and process design	91
Electrochemical conversion of CO2 using different electrode materials in an Li–K molten salt system	91
Cylinder steam injection (CSI) for internal combustion (IC) engine waste heat recovery (WHR) and its application on natural gas (NG) engine	91
The impact of emissions trading system on corporate energy efficiency: Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China	91
The preparation and optimization of novel jasminum officinale biodiesel blends performance in CI engine: An experimental study	90
Construction of macromolecular model of coal based on deep learning algorithm	90
A potential flexible fuel cell with dual-functional hydrogel based on multi-component crosslinked hybrid polyvinyl alcohol	90
Independent or complementary power system configuration: A decision making approach for sustainable electrification of an urban environment in Sierra Leone	90
Conceptualization and techno-economic evaluation of municipal solid waste based microgrid	90
Inner-particle reaction mechanism of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin during photo-thermal pyrolysis process: Evolution characteristics of free radicals	90
Optimal design for the free-stream water wheel: A two-dimensional study	90
The effect of reaction condition on catalytic cracking of wheat straw pyrolysis volatiles over char-based Fe–Ni–Ca catalyst	89
A study of the interaction between volatile and char on the mechanism of NO and N2O conversion during nitrogen-containing biomass model (amino acids) combustion	89
Improving the efficiency of Darrieus turbines through a gear-like turbine layout	89
Capacity estimation of lithium-ion batteries with uncertainty quantification based on temporal convolutional network and Gaussian process regression	89
Improved model for thermal transmission in evacuated tubes: Effect of non-uniform heat flux and circumferential conduction	89
Editorial/Preface of VSI:EGY_AESMT'23	88
Predicting winners and losers under time-of-use tariffs using smart meter data	88
Hydrogen production by kraft black liquor supercritical water gasification: Reaction pathway and kinetic	88
Properties, kinetics and pyrolysis products distribution of oxidative torrefied camellia shell in different oxygen concentration	88
PI-based simulation modeling for performance testing of the power transmission line	88
Explainable fault diagnosis of oil-gas treatment station based on transfer learning	88
Sustainable nano-added biofuel production from borassus flabellifer oil for conventional internal combustion engines	87
Research on short-term photovoltaic power prediction based on multi-scale similar days and ESN-KELM dual core prediction model	87
Energy analysis of heat pump water heaters coupled with air-based solar thermal collectors in Canada and the United States	87
Coprocessing of cashew nut shell liquid and phenol model compounds with VGO in a pilot-scale FCC riser	87
Proposal and parametric analysis of an innovative natural gas pressure reduction and liquefaction system for efficient exergy recovery and LNG storage	87
Investigation of the enhanced oil recovery mechanism of CO2 synergistically with nanofluid in tight glutenite	87
An online state-of-health estimation method for lithium-ion battery based on linear parameter-varying modeling framework	86
Effect of oil blends derived from catalytic pyrolysis of waste cooking oil on diesel engine performance, emissions and combustion characteristics	86
Exploitation of Annona reticulata leaf extract for the synthesis of CeO2 nanoparticles as catalyst for the production of biodiesel using seed oil thereof	86
A hybrid graph attention network based method for interval prediction of shipboard solar irradiation	86
Theoretical perfection and application of entransy analysis method on absorption systems	86
Thermodynamic efficiency of subcritical and transcritical power cycles utilizing selected ACZ working fluids	85
Airline energy efficiency measures based on an epsilon-based Range-Adjusted Measure model	85
Factors affecting the techno-economic and environmental performance of on-grid distributed hydrogen energy storage systems with solar panels	85
An agent-based model to support the preliminary design and operation of heating and power grids with cogeneration units and photovoltaic panels in densely populated areas	85
Adaptive real-time energy management strategy using heuristic search for off-road hybrid electric vehicles	85
A novel numerical methodology of solar power tower system for dynamic characteristics analysis and performance prediction	85
Research on pendulum-type tunable vibration energy harvesting	84
Characteristics of instability and suitable early-warning indicators for cornstalk-fed anaerobic digestion subjected to various sudden changes	84
Unsteady-state thermal performance analysis of cascaded packed-bed latent thermal storage in solar heating system	84
Quantification of climate-induced interannual variability in residential U.S. electricity demand	84
The impact of bus passenger occupancy, heating ventilation and air conditioning systems on energy consumption and CO2 emissions	84
Demystifying natural gas distribution grid decommissioning: An open-source approach to local deep decarbonization of urban neighborhoods	84
Effect of inorganic salts / lignin on the combustion performance of torrefied biochar	83
Dynamic self-adjusting classification for global wave energy resources under different requirements	83
Diurnal, physics-based strategy for computationally efficient capacity-expansion optimizations for solar-dominated grids	83
Staged supply of fuel and air to the combustion chamber to reduce emissions of harmful substances	83
Enhanced gas removal and cell performance of a microfluidic fuel cell by a paper separator embedded in the microchannel	83
MSV-net: Multi-scale visual-inspired network for short-term electricity price forecasting	83
Hydrogen storage station location selection in sustainable freight transportation via intuitionistic hesitant decision support system	83
Evaluation of microclimatic conditions during the teaching process in selected school premises. Slovak case study	83
Knock analysis of bio-butanol in TISI engine based on chemical reaction kinetics	83
A two-dimensional distributed activation energy model for pyrolysis of solid fuels	83