Annals of Botany

Papers
(The median citation count of Annals of Botany is 2. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2020-11-01 to 2024-11-01.)
ArticleCitations
Intraspecific trait variation in plants: a renewed focus on its role in ecological processes186
Mechanisms for improving phosphorus utilization efficiency in plants62
The Waiting Room Hypothesis revisited by orchids: were orchid mycorrhizal fungi recruited among root endophytes?58
Leaf size estimation based on leaf length, width and shape53
Root hairs are the most important root trait for rhizosheath formation of barley (Hordeum vulgare), maize (Zea mays) and Lotus japonicus (Gifu)51
Stomatal closure during water deficit is controlled by below-ground hydraulics49
Characterization, costs, cues and future perspectives of phenotypic plasticity49
Stomatal development in the context of epidermal tissues45
Polyploidy: its consequences and enabling role in plant diversification and evolution40
Evolution and function of red pigmentation in land plants36
Tree species mixing can increase stand productivity, density and growth efficiency and attenuate the trade-off between density and growth throughout the whole rotation34
Above-ground biomass references for urban trees from terrestrial laser scanning data34
Increased seminal root number associated with domestication improves nitrogen and phosphorus acquisition in maize seedlings32
Terrestrial laser scanning: a new standard of forest measuring and modelling?28
Climate shapes the seed germination niche of temperate flowering plants: a meta-analysis of European seed conservation data27
The nature of intraspecific and interspecific genome size variation in taxonomically complex eyebrights27
Three founding ancestral genomes involved in the origin of sugarcane26
Intervessel pit membrane thickness best explains variation in embolism resistance amongst stems of Arabidopsis thaliana accessions26
Phylotranscriptomics of Theaceae: generic-level relationships, reticulation and whole-genome duplication25
Root hair phenotypes influence nitrogen acquisition in maize25
Evolution of floral scent in relation to self-incompatibility and capacity for autonomous self-pollination in the perennial herbArabis alpina25
Evaluation of automated pipelines for tree and plot metric estimation from TLS data in tropical forest areas24
Leaf phosphorus fractionation in rice to understand internal phosphorus-use efficiency23
The acquisitive–conservative axis of leaf trait variation emerges even in homogeneous environments22
Carbohydrate storage in herbs: the forgotten functional dimension of the plant economic spectrum22
Automatic extraction and measurement of individual trees from mobile laser scanning point clouds of forests22
The moss traits that rule cyanobacterial colonization22
The phylogeny of Salix revealed by whole genome re-sequencing suggests different sex-determination systems in major groups of the genus22
Growth of 19 conifer species is highly sensitive to winter warming, spring frost and summer drought22
Forest above-ground volume assessments with terrestrial laser scanning: a ground-truth validation experiment in temperate, managed forests21
Partial mycoheterotrophy is common among chlorophyllous plants with Paris-type arbuscular mycorrhiza21
Broken, silent, and in hiding: tamed endogenous pararetroviruses escape elimination from the genome of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris)20
Environmental variation drives the decoupling of leaf and root traits within species along an elevation gradient20
Recent ecophysiological, biochemical and evolutional insights into plant carnivory20
Above- and below-ground plant traits are not consistent in response to drought and competition treatments20
Genome-wide association study dissects the genetic control of plant height and branch number in response to low-phosphorus stress in Brassica napus20
A bee’s eye view of remarkable floral colour patterns in the south-west Australian biodiversity hotspot revealed by false colour photography20
Highly diverse and highly successful: invasive Australian acacias have not experienced genetic bottlenecks globally19
Heterogeneous nutrient supply promotes maize growth and phosphorus acquisition: additive and compensatory effects of lateral roots and root hairs19
Comparing fruiting phenology across two historical datasets: Thoreau’s observations and herbarium specimens19
Extreme undersaturation in the intercellular airspace of leaves: a failure of Gaastra or Ohm?19
Pollen limitation and xenia effects in a cultivated mass-flowering tree, Macadamia integrifolia (Proteaceae)18
Lichens buffer tundra microclimate more than the expanding shrub Betula nana18
Leaf photosynthesis is positively correlated with xylem and phloem areas in leaf veins in rice (Oryza sativa) plants18
Comparative analysis of root sprouting and its vigour in temperate herbs: anatomical correlates and environmental predictors18
Frugivory and seed dispersal in a hyperdiverse plant clade and its role as a keystone resource for the Neotropical fauna17
The CAM lineages of planet Earth17
Plant responses to heterogeneous salinity: agronomic relevance and research priorities17
Complex polyploid and hybrid species in an apomictic and sexual tropical forage grass group: genomic composition and evolution in Urochloa (Brachiaria) species16
Co-ordination between xylem anatomy, plant architecture and leaf functional traits in response to abiotic and biotic drivers in a nurse cushion plant16
Genome size evolution is associated with climate seasonality and glucosinolates, but not life history, soil nutrients or range size, across a clade of mustards16
Extensin, an underestimated key component of cell wall defence?16
Root and xylem anatomy varies with root length, root order, soil depth and environment in intermediate wheatgrass (Kernza®) and alfalfa15
Root pressure–volume curve traits capture rootstock drought tolerance15
Plastome phylogenomics ofCephalotaxus(Cephalotaxaceae) and allied genera15
Above and belowground traits impacting transpiration decline during soil drying in 48 maize (Zea mays) genotypes15
Aiming off the target: recycling target capture sequencing reads for investigating repetitive DNA15
Down, then up: non-parallel genome size changes and a descending chromosome series in a recent radiation of the Australian allotetraploid plant species, Nicotiana section Suaveolentes (S15
Genetic and gene expression analysis of flowering time regulation by light quality in lentil15
Continental-scale distribution and diversity ofCeratobasidiumorchid mycorrhizal fungi in Australia15
Theoretical evidence that root penetration ability interacts with soil compaction regimes to affect nitrate capture15
Rare earth elements, aluminium and silicon distribution in the fernDicranopteris linearisrevealed by μPIXE Maia analysis14
Tracking population genetic signatures of local extinction with herbarium specimens14
Comparative anatomy of leaf petioles in temperate trees and shrubs: the role of plant size, environment and phylogeny14
The leaf economics spectrum’s morning coffee: plant size-dependent changes in leaf traits and reproductive onset in a perennial tree crop13
Fire and summer temperatures interact to shape seed dormancy thresholds13
Caution with colour calculations: spectral purity is a poor descriptor of flower colour visibility13
Autopolyploids ofArabidopsis thalianaare more phenotypically plastic than their diploid progenitors13
Foliar nutrient allocation patterns in Banksia attenuata and Banksia sessilis differing in growth rate and adaptation to low-phosphorus habitats13
Target enrichment improves phylogenetic resolution in the genus Zanthoxylum (Rutaceae) and indicates both incomplete lineage sorting and hybridization events13
Evolution of long-distance signalling upon plant terrestrialization: comparison of action potentials in Characean algae and liverworts13
Evolution of genome space occupation in ferns: linking genome diversity and species richness13
Differential modulation of the lipoxygenase cascade during typical and latentPectobacterium atrosepticuminfections13
Effects of primary seed dormancy on lifetime fitness of Arabidopsis thaliana in the field13
Large seasonal fluctuations in whole-tree carbohydrate reserves: is storage more dynamic in boreal ecosystems?12
Selective pollination by fungus gnats potentially functions as an alternative reproductive isolation among fiveArisaemaspecies12
Comparative phylogeography study reveals introgression and incomplete lineage sorting during rapid diversification of Rhodiola12
Leaf surface traits contributing to wettability, water interception and uptake of above-ground water sources in shrubs of Patagonian arid ecosystems12
Complex floral traits shape pollinator attraction to ornamental plants12
Fruit softening: evidence for pectate lyase actionin vivoin date (Phoenix dactylifera) and rosaceous fruit cell walls12
Cost–benefit analysis of mesophyll conductance: diversities of anatomical, biochemical and environmental determinants12
Distribution of seed dormancy classes across a fire-prone continent: effects of rainfall seasonality and temperature12
Chromosome size matters: genome evolution in the cyperid clade12
Resolution, conflict and rate shifts: insights from a densely sampled plastome phylogeny forRhododendron(Ericaceae)12
Fleshy fruit traits and seed dispersers: which traits define syndromes?12
Interactive effects of phosphorus fertilization and salinity on plant growth, phosphorus and sodium status, and tartrate exudation by roots of two alfalfa cultivars12
Diversity, phylogeny and evolution of the rapidly evolving genusPsidiumL. (Myrtaceae, Myrteae)12
Low availability of functional seed trait data from the tropics could negatively affect global macroecological studies, predictive models and plant conservation12
Global change impacts on cacti (Cactaceae): current threats, challenges and conservation solutions11
Understanding crown shyness from a 3-D perspective11
Silica deposition in plants: scaffolding the mineralization11
Biogeography and genome size evolution of the oldest extant vascular plant genus,Equisetum(Equisetaceae)11
Into the range: a latitudinal gradient or a center-margins differentiation of ecological strategies in Arabidopsis thaliana?11
Seed macro- and micromorphology in Allium (Amaryllidaceae) and its phylogenetic significance11
Flavonoids are involved in phosphorus-deficiency-induced cluster-root formation in white lupin11
Expansion of the rareEucalyptus risdoniiunder climate change through hybridization with a closely related species despite hybrid inferiority11
Sampling forests with terrestrial laser scanning11
Morpho-anatomical affinities and evolutionary relationships of three paleoendemic podocarp genera based on seed cone traits11
An invasive plant rapidly increased the similarity of soil fungal pathogen communities11
Integrating terrestrial laser scanning with functional–structural plant models to investigate ecological and evolutionary processes of forest communities11
A new method to estimate branch biomass from terrestrial laser scanning data by bridging tree structure models10
Distinct responses of growth and respiration to growth temperatures in two mangrove species10
MYB42 inhibits hypocotyl cell elongation by coordinating brassinosteroid homeostasis and signalling in Arabidopsis thaliana10
Phylotranscriptomic analyses reveal multiple whole-genome duplication events, the history of diversification and adaptations in the Araceae10
Anchorage by seed mucilage prevents seed dislodgement in high surface flow: a mechanistic investigation10
Variations in phenological, physiological, plant architectural and yield-related traits, their associations with grain yield and genetic basis10
Are chromosome number and genome size associated with habit and environmental niche variables? Insights from the Neotropical orchids10
The why and how of sunken stomata: does the behaviour of encrypted stomata and the leaf cuticle matter?10
Rapid evolution of post-zygotic reproductive isolation is widespread in Arctic plant lineages10
Evolution and ecology of seed internal morphology in relation to germination characteristics in Amaranthaceae10
Scaling the leaf length-times-width equation to predict total leaf area of shoots10
Phylogenomics and morphological evolution of the mega-diverse genus Artemisia (Asteraceae: Anthemideae): implications for its circumscription and infrageneric taxonomy10
Disentangling water sources in a gypsum plant community. Gypsum crystallization water is a key source of water for shallow-rooted plants10
Changes in plant collection practices from the 16th to 21st centuries: implications for the use of herbarium specimens in global change research10
Not that young: combining plastid phylogenomic, plate tectonic and fossil evidence indicates a Palaeogene diversification of Cycadaceae10
Spatial distribution characteristics of stomata at the areole level inMichelia cavalerieivar.platypetala(Magnoliaceae)10
Time-calibrated phylogenies reveal mediterranean and pre-mediterranean origin of the thermophilous vegetation of the Canary Islands9
Rapid local adaptation in both sexual and asexual invasive populations of monkeyflowers (Mimulusspp.)9
Spatial variation in the intensity of interactions via heterospecific pollen transfer may contribute to local and global patterns of plant diversity9
Atmospheric CO2 decline and the timing of CAM plant evolution9
Correlations between leaf economics, mechanical resistance and drought tolerance across 41 cycad species9
Boron bridging of rhamnogalacturonan-II inRosaand arabidopsis cell cultures occurs mainly in the endo-membrane system and continues at a reduced rate after secretion9
Does half a millimetre matter? Root hairs for yield stability. A commentary on ‘Significance of root hairs for plant performance under contrasting field conditions and water deficit’9
Reconciling continuous and discrete models of C4 and CAM evolution9
Brassinosteroids regulate petal spur length in Aquilegia by controlling cell elongation9
Anatomical patterns of condensed tannin in fine roots of tree species from a cool-temperate forest9
Hybridization and introgression are prevalent in Southern European Erysimum (Brassicaceae) species9
Tree peony PsMYB44 negatively regulates petal blotch distribution by inhibiting dihydroflavonol-4-reductase gene expression9
Complex patterns of ploidy in a holocentric plant clade (Schoenus, Cyperaceae) in the Cape biodiversity hotspot9
Seed longevity of maize conserved under germplasm bank conditions for up to 60 years9
Above- and below-ground resource acquisition strategies determine plant species responses to nitrogen enrichment9
Phylogeny and evolution of Asparagaceae subfamily Nolinoideae: new insights from plastid phylogenomics9
Plant clonality in a soil-impoverished open ecosystem: insights from southwest Australian shrublands8
Is a seasonally reduced growth potential a convergent strategy to survive drought and frost in plants?8
Maize dispersal patterns associated with different types of endosperm and migration of indigenous groups in lowland South America8
Influence of Pliocene and Pleistocene climates on hybridization patterns between two closely related oak species in China8
Phylotranscriptomics of liverworts: revisiting the backbone phylogeny and ancestral gene duplications8
Stomatal development in the cycad family Zamiaceae8
Functional trade-offs in volume allocation to xylem cell types in 75 species from the Brazilian savanna Cerrado8
Interspecific interactions alter plant functional strategies in a revegetated shrub-dominated community in the Mu Us Desert, China8
Intra-individual variation inGalium odoratumis affected by experimental drought and shading8
Increased resolution in the face of conflict: phylogenomics of the Neotropical bellflowers (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae), a rapid plant radiation8
Anatomical determinants of gas exchange and hydraulics vary with leaf shape in soybean8
Harvesting pollen with vibrations: towards an integrative understanding of the proximate and ultimate reasons for buzz pollination8
Deciphering the evolution of the ovule genetic network through expression analyses in Gnetum gnemon8
Unravelling the paradox in physically dormant species: elucidating the onset of dormancy after dispersal and dormancy-cycling8
Deer exclusion unveils abiotic filtering in forest understorey plant assemblages8
Relationships between trunk radial growth and fruit yield in apple and pear trees on size-controlling rootstocks8
Revision of the relationship between anther morphology and pollen sterility by cold stress at the booting stage in rice8
CAM plants: their importance in epiphyte communities and prospects with global change8
Characterization and practical use of self-compatibility in outcrossing grass species8
Gradual genome size evolution and polyploidy inAlliumfrom the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau8
Influence of increased nutrient availability on biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions and leaf anatomy of subarctic dwarf shrubs under climate warming and increased cloudiness8
Hydathodes in ferns: their phylogenetic distribution, structure and function7
Variation in climatic tolerance, but not stomatal traits, partially explains Pooideae grass species distributions7
Phylogenomic analyses of the East Asian endemic Abelia (Caprifoliaceae) shed insights into the temporal and spatial diversification history with widespread hybridization7
Caleosin/peroxygenases: multifunctional proteins in plants7
Allele mining in diverse accessions of tropical grasses to improve forage quality and reduce environmental impact7
Forty years of research into crassulacean acid metabolism in the genus Clusia: anatomy, ecophysiology and evolution7
Floral development and vasculature in Eriocaulon (Eriocaulaceae) provide insights into the evolution of Poales7
Resistant xylem from roots to peduncles sustains reproductive water supply after drought-induced cavitation of wheat leaves7
The sugar kelp Saccharina latissima I: recent advances in a changing climate7
Network of the transcriptome and metabolomics reveals a novel regulation of drought resistance during germination in wheat7
Floral volatiles evoke partially similar responses in both florivores and pollinators and are correlated with non-volatile reward chemicals7
Inorganic phosphorus nutrition in green-leaved terrestrial orchid seedlings7
Investigating the diversification of holocentromeric satellite DNATybainRhynchospora(Cyperaceae)7
Evidence of horizontal gene transfer between land plant plastids has surprising conservation implications7
Conduit position and connectivity affect the likelihood of xylem embolism during natural drought in evergreen woodland species7
Detailed seed cone morpho-anatomy of the Prumnopityoid clade: an insight into the origin and evolution of Podocarpaceae seed cones7
Adaptive divergence and genetic vulnerability of relict species under climate change: a case study of Pterocarya macroptera7
Allometric relationships between leaf and petiole traits across 31 floating-leaved plants reveal a different adaptation pattern from terrestrial plants7
Habitat-islands in the coastal Atacama Desert: loss of functional redundancy, but not of functional diversity, with decreased precipitation7
Plastome genomics in South American maize landraces: chloroplast lineages parallel the geographical structuring of nuclear gene pools7
Invited Review Beyond parasitic convergence: unravelling the evolution of the organellar genomes in holoparasites7
Phenotypic and transcriptomic responses of the shade-grown species Panax ginseng to variable light conditions7
Niche evolution in a northern temperate tree lineage: biogeographical legacies in cork oaks (Quercus section Cerris)6
Crop photoperiodism model 2.0 for the flowering time of sorghum and rice that includes daily changes in sunrise and sunset times and temperature acclimation6
Specificity in root domain accumulation of Phytoglobin1 and nitric oxide (NO) determines meristematic viability in water-stressedBrassica napusroots6
Phylotranscriptomics reveal the spatio-temporal distribution and morphological evolution ofMacrozamia, an Australian endemic genus of Cycadales6
Harnessing tree-ring phenotypes to disentangle gene by environment interactions and their climate dependencies in a circum-Mediterranean pine6
AGPs as molecular determinants of reproductive development6
Can plants integrate information on above-ground competition in their directional responses below ground?6
Non-rolling flag leaves use an effective mechanism to reduce water loss and light-induced damage under drought stress6
Victim of changes? Marine macroalgae in a changing world6
Above- and below-ground trait responses to environmental variation: the need to distinguish inter- and intraspecific variability. A commentary on ‘Above and below-ground plant traits are not consisten6
Species delimitation and hybridization history of a hazel species complex6
Populus euphraticacounteracts drought stress through the dew coupling and root hydraulic redistribution processes6
Distinguishing carbon gains from photosynthesis and heterotrophy in C3-hemiparasite–C3-host pairs6
The roles of stomatal morphologies in transpiration and nutrient transportation between grasses and forbs in a temperate steppe6
The nature and genomic landscape of repetitive DNA classes in Chrysanthemum nankingense shows recent genomic changes6
Molecular and morphological analyses clarify species delimitation in section Costatae and reveal Betula buggsii sp. nov. (sect. Costatae, Betulaceae) in China6
Evolutionary history of two rare endemic conifer species from the eastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau6
Leading trait dimensions in flood-tolerant plants6
Diverged subpopulations in tropicalUrochloa(Brachiaria) forage species indicate a role for facultative apomixis and varying ploidy in their population structure and evolution6
Metabolomic analysis reveals reliance on secondary plant metabolites to facilitate carnivory in the Cape sundew,Drosera capensis6
The evolution of ecological specialization underlies plant endemism in the Atlantic Forest6
Will deeper roots be enough? Engineering drought-resistant crops will entail in-depth understanding of root hydraulic architecture. A Commentary on ‘Root and xylem anatomy varies with root length, roo6
Dosgenes or deleterious recessives control late-acting self-incompatibility inHandroanthus heptaphyllus(Bignoniaceae)? A diallel study with four full-sib progeny arrays6
Does one subgenome become dominant in the formation and evolution of a polyploid?6
Alloteropsis semialata as a study system for C4 evolution in grasses6
Cytosolic phosphofructokinases are important for sugar homeostasis in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana6
A negative association between nectar standing crop and pollen transfer suggests nectar functions as a manipulator of pollinating bats6
Controlling root zone temperature improves plant growth and pigments in hydroponic lettuce6
Genotypic variation rather than ploidy level determines functional trait expression in a foundation tree species in the presence and absence of environmental stress6
Soil warming duration and magnitude affect the dynamics of fine roots and rhizomes and associated C and N pools in subarctic grasslands5
Gene expression underlying floral epidermal specialization in Aristolochia fimbriata (Aristolochiaceae)5
Phylogenetic, ecological and intraindividual variability patterns in grass phytolith shape5
Demystifying the convergent ecological specialization of desiccation-tolerant vascular plants for water deficit5
Crown defoliation decreases reproduction and wood growth in a marginal European beech population5
Divergence in floral scent and morphology, but not thermogenic traits, associated with pollinator shift in two brood-site-mimicking Typhonium (Araceae) species5
Vulnerability to xylem cavitation of Hakea species (Proteaceae) from a range of biomes and life histories predicted by climatic niche5
Leaf vein density correlates with crassulacean acid metabolism, but not hydraulic capacitance, in the genus Clusia5
Trunk spines of trees: a physical defence against bark removal and climbing by mammals?5
Historical biogeography and local adaptation explain population genetic structure in a widespread terrestrial orchid5
Lessons from the history ofAgave: ecological and cultural context for valuation of CAM5
Foliar water uptake does not contribute to embolism repair in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)5
Seed ecology of European mesic meadows5
The role of within-plant variation in nectar production: an experimental approach5
Dynamic modelling of cold-hardiness in tea buds by imitating past temperature memory5
Stepping up to the thermogradient plate: a data framework for predicting seed germination under climate change5
A wider spectrum of avoidance and tolerance mechanisms explained ozone sensitivity of two white poplar ploidy levels5
Ontogeny, anatomical structure and function of lobed stems in the evolution of the climbing growth form in Malvaceae (ByttneriaLoefl.)5
Root biology in the 21st century: challenges and opportunities5
Genetic and epigenetic variation separately contribute to range expansion and local metalliferous habitat adaptation during invasions ofChenopodium ambrosioidesinto China5
New cup out of old coffee: contribution of parental gene expression legacy to phenotypic novelty in coffee beans of the allopolyploid Coffea arabica L.5
Disentangling leaf structural and material properties in relationship to their anatomical and chemical compositional traits in oaks (QuercusL.)5
The lady’s ‘slippery’ orchid: functions of the floral trap and aphid mimicry in a hoverfly-pollinated Phragmipedium species in Brazil5
Root grafts matter for inter-tree water exchange – a quantification of water translocation between root grafted mangrove trees using field data and model-based indications5
Linkages between traits and decomposition of weed communities along a soil management and pedoclimate gradient in Mediterranean vineyards5
Evolution of the coniferous seed scale5
Regeneration from seed in herbaceous understorey of ancient woodlands of temperate Europe5
Parasitic plant, from inside out: endophytic development inLathrophytum peckoltii(Balanophoraceae) in host liana roots from tribe Paullineae (Sapindaceae)5
Shared pedigree relationships and transmission of unreduced gametes in cultivated banana5
Ontogenetic changes in root and shoot respiration, fresh mass and surface area of Fagus crenata5
Rhizome trait scaling relationships are modulated by growth conditions and are linked to plant fitness5
Epiphytic CAM bromeliads indicate vulnerability of tropical forest communities to climate change5
Wave damping by giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera5
Projecting kelp (Ecklonia radiata) gametophyte thermal adaptation and persistence under climate change5
Evolutionary history of marginal habitats regulates the diversity of tree communities in the Atlantic Forest5
Long-term research reveals potential role of hybrids in climate-change adaptation. A commentary on ‘Expansion of the rareEucalyptus risdoniiunder climate change through hybridisation with a clo4
Pectate lyase action in vivo and fruit softening. A commentary on: ‘Fruit softening: evidence for pectate lyase action in vivo in date (Phoenix dactylifera) and rosaceous fruit ce4
Leaf optical properties and photosynthesis of fern species with a wide range of divergence time in relation to mesophyll anatomy4
Seasonal patterns of increases in stem girth, vessel development, and hydraulic function in deciduous tree species4
Fern fronds that move like pine cones: humidity-driven motion of fertile leaflets governs the timing of spore dispersal in a widespread fern species4
Alternative oxidase (AOX) in the carnivorous pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes: what is it good for?4
Plant photosynthetic overcompensation under nocturnal warming: lack of evidence in subtropical evergreen trees4
Mechanical stimulation in wheat triggers age- and dose-dependent alterations in growth, development and grain characteristics4
Phylogenomics reveals widespread hybridization and polyploidization in Henckelia (Gesneriaceae)4
Genetic and demographic signatures accompanying the evolution of the selfing syndrome inDaphne kiusiana, an evergreen shrub4
Time to budbreak is not enough: cold hardiness evaluation is necessary in dormancy and spring phenology studies4
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