Soil Use and Management

Papers
(The median citation count of Soil Use and Management is 2. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2021-08-01 to 2025-08-01.)
ArticleCitations
Soil quality assessment via the factor analysis of karst rocky desertification areas in Hunan, China247
A global systematic literature review on sustainable soil management practices (1994–2022)242
Monitoring of sustainable land management using remotely sensed vegetation cover and variable tolerable soil erosion targets across New South Wales, Australia81
Monitoring the effects of pesticide pellets to address farmers' concerns on soil fauna, specifically earthworms62
Physical, chemical and microbiological soil attributes influence soil greenhouse gases fluxes in Atlantic Forest and pine (Pinus taeda) plantations in Brazil51
Partial replacement of chemical fertilizer by manure affects maize root traits in North China Plain43
Assessing the effect of Lake Erie dredged sediment on soil properties and specialty crops development42
Responses of water‐stable aggregates, their associated organic carbon and crop yield to the application of biogas slurry in a fluvo‐aquic soil of the North China plain40
Effects of plant residue amendments on the bacterial traits of petroleum‐contaminated soil: A co‐occurrence networks analysis39
Conceptual and practical challenges of assessing soil quality39
The improvement of soil properties in rice cropping systems using an integrated fertilization method to increase rice yield37
Effects of ecological intensification of agriculture on soil fertility and carbon and nitrogen stocks: An 8‐year study in southern Brazil35
Development and use of a mass‐balance model to calculate the likely effects of agrichemicals on trace element accumulation in soils supporting palm oil production33
Effects of composite soil conditioner on soil properties and corn yield in a saline–alkali soil33
Fertilizer addition effect of novel recycling fertilizers from human excreta in a pot experiment with maize (Zea mays L.)31
Increased phosphorus availability from sewage sludge ashes to maize in a crop rotation with clover26
Effect of Organic Farming on Soil Carbon Reserves and Quality in Citrus Groves in the Brazilian Semi‐Arid Region26
Acknowledgement and Reviewer list26
Modelling the event‐based hydrological response of olive groves on steep slopes and clayey soils under mulching and tillage management using the SCS‐CN, Horton and USLE‐family mo25
Inter‐row soil management affecting soil moisture in non‐irrigated vineyard ecosystems: A meta‐analysis25
Biochar modification methods and mechanisms for salt‐affected soil and saline‐alkali soil improvement: A review24
Advancing nature‐based solutions through enhanced soil health monitoring in the United Kingdom24
Soil health and carbon storage in community gardens in the Perth metropolitan area, Australia23
Phosphorus speciation under long‐term crop rotation management in a tropical soil23
Differential responses of photosynthesis, yield and soil properties 4 years after a single application of zeolites and biochar in a rainfed olive orchard22
Effects of unbalanced fertilizer use on system productivity and profitability under rice‐based cropping systems: Evidence from Eastern Gangetic Plain21
Influence of corn stalk and corn stalk biochar application on the strategy of phosphorus sorption and release in brown earth21
Long‐term changes in soil phosphorus in response to fertilizer application and negative phosphorus balance under grass rotation in mineral soils in Nordic conditions20
Advancing apple orchard management through soil organic carbon: A systems‐based review20
Potential gains in soil carbon and nitrogen as a result of systems perenniality: Insights from on‐farm experiments and soil organic matter fractions20
A split herbicide application strategy reduces surface runoff20
Soil amendments for sustainable agriculture: Microbial organic fertilizers20
Different organic farming systems under greenhouse do not improve soil C storage but affect microbial functions across soil aggregates19
Suitability of microbial and organic matter indicators for on‐farm soil health monitoring19
Exact Variances Associated With Unbiased Estimation for the Assessment of Soil Organic Carbon Storage in the Coffee‐Growing Region of Taiwan18
Influence of soil properties and land use on organic carbon storage in agricultural soils near hedges18
Phosphorus availability from magnesium‐modified P‐enriched Douglas fir biochar as a controlled release fertilizer18
Combining ground penetrating radar methodologies enables large‐scale mapping of soil horizon thickness and bulk density in boreal forests18
Effects of biochar addition on greenhouse gas emissions during freeze–thaw cycles in a black soil region, Northeast China17
Simulating the soil phosphorus dynamics of four long‐term field experiments with a novel phosphorus model17
Carbon and nutrient budgets of the Chagga home garden system in the Kilimanjaro highlands, Tanzania16
The effect of tire inflation pressure and tillage systems on soil properties, growth and yield of maize and soybean in a silty clay loam soil15
Combined effect of biochar and soil moisture on soil chemical properties and microbial community composition in microplastic‐contaminated agricultural soil15
Prevention of drought damage through zeolite treatments onVitis vinifera: A promising sustainable solution for soil management15
Issue Information14
Perennial soil characteristics are the main factor driving in vitro inhibition of the wheat fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum in a French case study14
Microplastics pollution modulating soil biological health – A review14
Organic farming improves soil carbon pools and aggregation of sandy soils in the Brazilian semi‐arid region14
A three‐year field experiment of faba bean var. minor effects on soil health and production of pepper grown under conventional farming system14
Evaluation of the potential for nine established and emerging interventions to reduce soil carbon losses and increase stocks in grazing systems: A case study for Aotearoa New Zealand14
How does straw returning combined with nitrogen fertilizer drive N2O emission in wheat–maize rotation system14
Benefits of Legume Precedence for Soil Microbes and Organic Matter Dynamics During Wheat Residue Decomposition13
Insight into the influence of pH on the precipitation induced by bacteria13
Nitrogen fixation‐driven carbon sequestration: Brief communication13
Phosphorus Release Dynamics From Cover Crop Residues: A Comparison Between Single Species and Mixtures13
Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy for Soil Testing Under Different Soil Nutrient Management in Cocoa Production Systems13
Determining soil quality indicators for alluvial plains in the semi‐arid tropics13
Effect of increasing the time between slurry application and first rainfall event on phosphorus concentrations in runoff13
Short‐term effects of mineral and combined mineral‐organic fertilization in soil microbial communities13
Effect of straw biochar application on soil carbon, greenhouse gas emissions and nitrogen leaching: A vegetable crop rotation field experiment13
Soil biological indicators associated with nitrogen mineralization patterns in rice soils under long‐term integrated nutrient management12
Factors affecting soil organic carbon sequestration in rice fields: A meta‐analysis12
Model‐centric optimisation of biochemical remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil12
Cover crops and soil loosening are key components for managing P and C stocks in agricultural soils12
Application of electric fields to improve cementation homogeneity of biogrouted sands11
Long‐term soil organic carbon changes after cropland conversion to grazed grassland in Southern Sweden11
Biosolids' legacy benefits persist even 7 years after the application in a dryland wheat‐fallow cropping system11
Soil health assessment of an acidic red soil agricultural area and its restoration with biochar soil conditioners11
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Amount and speciation of N leached from a sandy soil fertilized with urea, liquid digestate, struvite and NH4‐enriched chabazite zeolite‐tuff10
Strategic placement of mineral and biobased fertilizers for optimizing phosphorus use efficiency: A comprehensive review10
Deep incorporation of corn straw benefits soil organic carbon and microbial community composition in a black soil of Northeast China10
Silvoarable Agroforestry Systems as Promising Practices for Improving Soil Biological Health: Recent Advances and Future Challenges in Western European Region10
Effect of optimal nitrogen application and mid‐season drainage on rice root activity and reductive substances in straw‐incorporated paddy10
Resource conundrum in Mongolia: Soil contamination from coal and copper–molybdenum mining10
Soil function assessment in high‐mountain environments: Testing the SEPP tool in a ski resort in the Italian Alps10
Improving soil organic carbon mapping with a field‐specific calibration approach through diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and machine learning algorithms9
Microgranular biochar improves soil fertility and mycorrhization in crop systems9
The effect of plant mycotrophy and soil disturbance on soil microbial activity9
Elevated carbon dioxide and temperature effects on soil properties from sole crops and intercrops9
Assessment of Different Nutrient Management and Organic Farming Practices via Soil Quality Index Under Maize–Wheat Sequence in Acid Alfisol of North‐Western Himalayas9
Microplastic accumulation in soils around open dumping and scrapyard sites in Türkiye9
Evidence of non‐site‐specific agricultural management effects on the score of visual soil quality indicators9
Unearthing the impact of land use on deep soil carbon−an example from the southwestern Australian wheatbelt9
Biochar combined with magnesium fertilizer improves cabbage (Brassica oleraceae L.) yield by modulating physicochemical characteristics and the bacterial community in acidic soil9
Long‐term nutrient management effects on organic carbon fractions and carbon sequestration in Typic Haplusterts soils of Central India9
Effect of calcareous and siliceous amendments onN2Oemissions of a grassland soil9
Assessment of magnesium deficiency in greenhouse tomato crops grown on calcareous soil9
Rehabilitation of a degraded acid Mediterranean soil after 11 years of by‐product calcium amendments and pasture improvement9
Transfer of carbon incubation parameters to model the SOC and SON dynamics of a field trial with energy crops applying digestates as organic fertilizers9
Role of vermicompost and biochar in soil quality improvement by promoting Bupleurum falcatum L. nutrient absorption9
The effect of soil physical structure in soil carbon and nitrogen distribution under different land use types in typical forest grassland transition zone on Loess Plateau, China9
Alterations of bacterial community related C cycle by affecting soil carbon fractions under aged biochar application8
Is the estimation of soil organic carbon using the colour space model, based on visible spectroscopy range, a reliable approach?8
Synthesis of biochar‐embedded slow‐release nitrogen fertilizers: Mesocosm and field scale evaluation for nitrogen use efficiency, growth and rice yield8
Integration of machine learning and process‐based model outputs via ensemble Kalman filter enhanced space–time modelling of soil organic carbon in a highly human impacted area8
Soil organic carbon content and soil structure quality of clayey cropland soils: A large‐scale study in the Swiss Jura region8
Oxygenated subsurface drip irrigation and organic fertilizer increase the yield and quality of P. notoginseng by improving soil microenvironment8
Quality of bio‐based fertilizers is decisive for improving soil quality in Europe—A meta‐analysis8
Mechanism of Cd Passivation by Biochar in Contaminated Soil Is Influenced by Nitrogen Fertiliser Application8
Issue Information8
Ramifications of crop residue loading for soil microbial community composition, activity and nutrient supply8
Assessing the effects of different tillage systems on selected physical and chemical properties of a silty clay loam soil under different field conditions in the Czech Republic8
Digital soil mapping of soil salinity using EM38 and quasi‐3d modelling software (EM4Soil)8
Earthworm communities and their relation to above‐ground organic residues and water infiltration in perennial cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum) and annual silage maize (Zea mays) energy p8
Conservation Tillage Practices on GHG Emissions, Soil Health and Overall Agricultural Sustainability8
Yield prediction in spring barley from spectral reflectance and weather data using machine learning8
Nitrogen release from different polymer‐coated urea fertilizers in soil is affected by soil properties8
Optimum planting density of Amorpha fruticosa promotes the recovery of understory vegetation and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community in plantations in arid coal mining areas8
Muddy flooding from soil erosion associated with maize cultivation: A case study from East Devon, UK7
Phytotoxicity Evaluation of Olive Mill Solid Wastes and Their Feasibility as Biofertiliser7
Clay fraction properties and grassland management imprint on soil organic matter composition and stability at molecular level7
Comparing structural soil properties of boreal clay fields under contrasting soil management7
The use of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plant extracts for the removal of copper from contaminated soils: A sustainable soil washing alternative7
Soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in historic convent gardens under long‐term horticultural cultivation in Krakow, Poland7
Response Characterisation of Soil Quality and Surface Subsidence in Mining With Grouting Into Overburden Bed‐Separation Based on Similar Material Simulation7
Magnesium slag for remediation of cadmium‐ and arsenic‐contaminated paddy soil: A field study7
Natural farming needs manure augmentation to optimize soil quality and crop productivity7
Construction and analysis of knowledge graphs for multi‐source heterogeneous data of soil pollution7
Differential soil acidification caused by parent materials and land‐use changes in the Pearl River Delta region7
Effect of Nigella sativa Residue and Its Biochar on Soil Microbial Activity, Carbon Sequestration and Nitrogen Cycling Across Different Soil Types7
Impacts of the tillage systems on the production of green corn (Zea mays L.) in long‐term plots in Northeastern Brazil7
Fifteen years of tillage and straw returning promotes soil structure and carbon sequestration under rice–rice–oilseed rape rotation in Central China7
Root:shoot ratio of field crops under conventional and conservation tillage: A meta analysis7
Patè olive cake and its solid extract as amendments for ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.): Effects on soil chemical, microbiological and enzymatic characteristics and on plant yield and N content7
Long‐term no‐tillage increases soil organic matter and cation exchange capacity, but reduces P and K, in irrigated rice7
Mycorrhizal colonization associated with roots of field‐grown maize does not decline with increasing plant‐available phosphorus7
Soil greenhouse gas emissions, organic carbon and crop yield following pinewood biochar and biochar–manure applications at eroded and depositional landscape positions: A field trial in South Dakota, U7
Long‐term straw mulching alleviates microbial nutrient limitations and increases carbon‐use efficiency within aggregates7
Irrigation‐induced evaporative water loss in a glacially derived soil site7
Stability of soil structure in response to cations‐carbon‐microbial linkages with manure application in the coastal saline‐alkaline soil, China7
Challenges for utilization and management of crop straw from Cd‐contaminated soil6
Advancing Provincial Cropland Soil Mapping With Temporal Satellite Data Integration6
Harnessing water and salt synergy: Elevating Panax notoginseng growth and quality under drip irrigation in southwest China6
Quantifying influence of tillage practices on soil aggregate microstructure using synchrotron‐based micro‐computed tomography6
How much do conservation cropping practices mitigate runoff and soil erosion under Western European conditions: A focus on conservation tillage, tied ridging and winter cover crops6
Impact of fertilization and crop type on horticultural soil quality: A 3‐year, open‐field experiment6
Effects of Different Straw Management on Subsoil Nutrient Availability and Water Content6
Interpretable artificial intelligence for advancing slope stability assessment techniques with Technosols6
Reviewer list6
CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions after fertilizer application in banana plantations located in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest6
Soil microbial variability in contrasting grown flue‐cured tobacco under long‐term continuous cropping6
Assessing belowground carbon storage after converting a temperate permanent grassland into a bamboo (Phyllostachys) plantation6
Mapping soil corrosivity potential to exclusion fencing using pedotransfer functions and open‐source soil data6
The legacy effects of mycorrhizal fungal inoculation alleviate soil nitrogen limitations by modulating the homeostasis of extracellular enzymes and fungal function in arid mining regions6
Optimization of irrigation management and environmental assessment using the water cycle algorithm6
Changes in tillage characteristics of albic soil with various soil amendment materials6
Comparing the thermal conductivity of three artificial soils under differing moisture and density conditions for use in green infrastructure6
Effects of biochar and fertilizer sources on nitrogen uptake by chilli pepper plants under Mediterranean climate6
Soil bulk density and altitude are primary drivers of soil water content and soil temperature in the Three Rivers Headwaters Region, China6
Effect of winter cereal sowing time on yield and nitrogen leaching based on experiments and modelling6
Unravelling the effects of straw return on rice production in central China: Evidence for future policy‐making6
Comparison of ammonia‐N volatilization losses from untreated granular urea and granular urea treated with NutriSphere‐N®6
A Critical Review of Regenerative Soil Management: A Novel Scoring System for SOC and GHG Emissions in Southeast Asia6
Manure application followed by biochar application increases plant production regardless of soil dehydrogenase activity6
Effects of biochar nanoparticles as a soil amendment on the structure and hydraulic characteristics of a sandy loam soil6
Carbon‐to‐nitrogen stoichiometry of organic amendments regulates microbial biomass growth and nitrogen mineralization in soil5
Study on remediation technology of cadmium pollution in aeolian sand soil in Northwest China: Fly ash combined with ryegrass bioreintervention5
Changes in soil quality on horse paddock trails and the influence of paddock grids5
Nanoplastic–plant interaction and implications for soil health5
Biobased residues sustain crop productivity and soil health in a maize–soybean rotation5
Soil GHG flux potentials and their microbiological mechanisms under urban forest and grassland5
Effects of land‐use changes on soil organic nitrogen fractions in the black soil region of Northeast China5
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Legacy Phosphorus Accumulation and Speciation in Andisols Cultivated With Tea for 30 Years in Relation to Soil Acidity and Mineralogy5
Erosion impact of cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) stands established with and without nurse crop5
Application of seaweed and pruning residue as organic fertilizer to increase soil fertility and vine productivity5
Digital mapping of soil carbon sequestration potential with enhanced vegetation cover over New South Wales, Australia5
Effect of biochar and nitrogen fertilizers on maize seedling growth and enzyme activity relating to nitrification5
Phosphorus dissolution and diffusion from struvite and its impact on phosphorus availability in Acrisol and Cambisol soils5
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Spatial variation in soil properties and crop yield on stone bund terraces in southwest Ethiopia5
The difference in soil organic carbon distribution between natural and planted forests: A case study on stony soils mountainous area in the Upper Min River Arid Valley, China5
Integrating Soil Potassium Status and Fertilisation Strategies to Increase Grassland Production and Mitigate Potassium Management Induced Metabolic Disorders in Grazing Livestock5
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Assessment of potential soil erosion in Mongolia based on the RUSLE model and RCP 8.5 scenario5
The response of finely textured and organic soils to lime and phosphorus application: Results from an incubation experiment5
Conservation agriculture increases phosphorus pools and stock in the top 30 cm of soil: A three‐year study on a subtropical legume–rice rotation5
Soil erosion alters the composition of soil nitrogen and induces nitrogen immobilization along a sloping agricultural landscape5
Predicting and modelling availability of fluoride in soil from sorption properties5
Legacy phosphorus in calcareous soil under 33 years of P fertilizer application: Implications for efficient P management in agriculture5
Grassland rehabilitation significantly increases soil carbon stocks by reducing net soil CO2 emissions5
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Soil fungal communities under slash‐and‐burn system in Mozambique: A metataxonomic approach4
Quantifying and simulating carbon and nitrogen mineralization from diverse exogenous organic matters4
Nitrogen recovery in reclaimed mine soil under different amendment practices in tandem with legume and non‐legume revegetation: A review4
Sustainable soil management for food security4
Co‐amelioration of red soil acidity and fertility with pig manure rather than liming4
Soil fertility in indigenous swidden fields and fallows in northern Amazonia, Brazil4
Aggregate mass and carbon stocks in a paddy soil after long‐term application of chemical or organic fertilizers4
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Transforming waste to wealth: Impact of food waste‐derived soil amendments and synthetic nitrogen fertilizer on soil dynamics4
Innovative premix treatment for enhancing the efficacy of microbial‐induced calcite precipitation in improving shear strength of fly ash‐mixed sand4
Changes in soil quality in response to the application of different organic amendments to abandoned croplands under semi‐arid conditions4
Composts of diverse green wastes improve the soil biological quality, but do not alleviate drought impact on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) growth4
The limited potential of soil and vegetation in urban greenspace for nature‐based offsetting of institutional carbon emissions4
How residual plastic film affects the soil water–salt and cotton growth at the seeding stage4
Issue Information4
Transforming Biomass Power Wastes to Innovative Fertiliser: Effect of Poultry Manure Ash‐Based Fertilisers on the Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Lettuce and Maize Plants4
Nitrogen fertilization and liming increased CO2 and N2O emissions from tropical ferralsols, but not from a vertisol4
Digital assessments of soil organic carbon storage using digital maps provided by static and dynamic environmental covariates4
Soil microbiome biomass, activity, composition and CO2 emissions in a long‐term organic and conventional farming systems4
Predicting the short‐ and long‐term effects of recycling organic wastes in cropping systems with the PROLEG tool4
Estimating the spatial distribution of soil volumetric water content in an agricultural field employing remote sensing and other auxiliary data under different tillage management practices4
Ash and biochar amendment of coarse sandy soil for growing crops under drought conditions4
Soil erosion and runoff: The need to rethink mitigation strategies for sustainable agricultural landscapes in western Europe4
Assessing changes in soil organic carbon stocks and vulnerability to land degradation in Western Ghats, South India: Is it restorative enough?4
Phosphorus availability and fractions responses to chemodiversity of exogenous dissolved organic matter in lime concretion black soil4
Impact of textural layers in soils on irrigation infiltration processes in an oasis farmland, northwestern China4
Soil tillage reduction as a climate change mitigation strategy in Mediterranean cereal‐based cropping systems4
Long‐term freezing saline water irrigation and cotton cultivation improved soil properties and maintained low salinity in the root zone of coastal saline soil4
Cover crop effects on soil structure and early sugar beet growth4
Restoration strategies for water and salt transport in saline soils: A 20‐year bibliometric analysis4
Base cation‐enhancing role of corn straw biochar in an acidic soil4
Structural changes in humic substances after long‐term fertilization of a calcareous soil with pig slurries4
The interactions between Al‐/Fe‐(hydr)oxides and soil organic carbon mediate the aggregation of yellow soils4
Compound microbial agents improve the soil properties, fertilizer utilization and bacterial community structure in a continuous cropping soil4
Management of a contaminated mine soil: Effect of soil water content on antimony and arsenic immobilisation by iron‐based amendments and biochar composites4
Visual evaluation of soil structure in low‐intensity land use systems of steppe zone of Ukraine4
Effect of biochar addition on water–salt distribution and growth of winter wheat in coastal saline‐alkali soils under brackish water irrigation4
The establishment of winter wheat root system architecture in field soils: The effect of soil type on root development in a temperate climate4
Assessment of thin film gradient diffusion technique for precise analysis of soil cadmium passivation and uptake inhibition by different amendments3
Soil erosion modelling of burned and mulched soils following a Mediterranean forest wildfire3
Continuous cropping obstacles in fungal production: A review of mechanisms and remedial strategies3
Effects and mechanism of microplastics on organic carbon and nitrogen cycling in agricultural soil: A review3
Soil salinity monitoring model based on the synergistic construction of ground‐UAV‐satellite data3
Natural grassland conversion to agriculture or pine plantations: Effects on soil methane uptake3
Comparative study on the characterization effect of soil roughness parameters under different tillage methods in typical mollisol areas of Northeast China3
Do cover crops impact labile C more than total C? Data synthesis3
Greenhouse gas emissions from decomposition of biosolids as affected by stabilization method and soil moisture3
Mitigation measures designed to reduce soil compaction decrease the surface runoff, soil erosion and phosphorus losses from tramlines in agricultural fields3
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Are soil carbon credits empty promises? Shortcomings of current soil carbon quantification methodologies and improvement avenues3
Early effects of conservation agriculture on soil organic carbon dynamics of Mollisols in Cambodia3
Seven‐year effects of sewage sludge biochar on soil organic carbon pools and yield: Understanding the role of biochar on carbon sequestration and productivity3
Substitution of mineral N fertilizers with organic wastes in two long‐term field experiments: Dynamics and drivers of crop yields3
Regional soil contamination by halogenated organic pollutants attributed to E‐waste recycling, scattered industrialization and urbanization3
Nitrogen deposition triggered linear increase of N2O emission but not altered soil C and N storage in semi‐arid grasslands3
Nutrient dynamics from surface‐applied organic matter amendments on no‐till orchard soil3
Soil structural stability improvement using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and biochar in water repellent and non‐water repellent soil3
A comprehensive analysis of soil health indicators in a long‐term conservation tillage experiment3
Soil health and ecosystem services3
Critical soil organic carbon for improving available water content of silt loam soils3
The role of soil properties and temperature on soil organic carbon decomposition: Stronger influences than bacterial communities and pool‐specific responses to warming3
Effect of soil flooding and drying on the metabolic pathways of CO2 fixing microorganisms along an elevation gradient in the Three Gorges Reservoir drawdown area3
Soil carbon sequestration cannot be enhanced efficiently under all‐straw return in cool semiarid regions: Evidences from a long‐term experiment in a crop rotation system3
Determinants of adoption and adoption intensity of integrated soil fertility management technologies among sorghum farmers in Upper Eastern Kenya3
Soil salinity: A global threat to sustainable development3
The content and quality of soil carbon and nitrogen as well as enzymatic activity in soils with diverse texture following different land use and management practices3
Co‐incorporation of rice straw and milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.) improves soil fertility and rice yield in two typical paddy soils3
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