SAMJ South African Medical Journal

Papers
(The median citation count of SAMJ South African Medical Journal is 1. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2020-11-01 to 2024-11-01.)
ArticleCitations
Long-COVID: An evolving problem with an extensive impact144
Impact of COVID-19 on routine primary healthcare services in South Africa74
Child health services during a COVID-19 outbreak in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa41
The effect of lockdown on intentional and nonintentional injury during the COVID-19 pandemic in Cape Town, South Africa: A preliminary report37
Opportunities from a new disease for an old threat: Extending COVID-19 efforts to address tuberculosis in South Africa31
Locked down: Impact of COVID-19 restrictions on trauma presentations to the emergency department28
Qualitative and quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in untreated wastewater in Western Cape Province, South Africa28
Tracking mortality in near to real time provides essential information about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa in 202027
Teenage births and pregnancies in South Africa, 2017 - 2021 – a reflection of a troubled country: Analysis of public sector data27
Unnatural deaths, alcohol bans and curfews: Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment during COVID-1927
Primary healthcare workers at risk during COVID-19: An analysis of infections in HIV service providers in five districts of South Africa17
Prostate cancer age-standardised incidence increase between 2006 and 2016 in Gauteng Province, South Africa: A laboratory data-based analysis15
Maternal and neonatal outcomes of COVID-19 in a high-risk pregnant cohort with and without HIV14
Effect of COVID-19 on HIV, tuberculosis, and prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV indicators in Mopani district, South Africa13
Age discrimination in critical care triage in South Africa: The law and the allocation of scarce health resources in the COVID-19 pandemic12
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in South Africa: A complex social phenomenon12
Trends in paediatric tuberculosis diagnoses in two South African hospitals early in the COVID-19 pandemic12
Experiences of workplace bullying among academics in a health sciences faculty at a South African university11
SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence in healthcare workers and administrative and support staff: The first-wave experience at three academic hospitals in the Tshwane district of Gauteng Province, South Afr10
Estimating the surgical backlog from the COVID-19 lockdown in South Africa: A retrospective analysis of six government hospitals10
High prevalence of multimorbidity and non-communicable disease risk factors in South African adolescents and youth living with HIV: Implications for integrated prevention10
HIV care coverage among HIV-positive adolescent girls and young women in South Africa: Results from the HERStory Study10
Two-year viral load suppression among adolescents receiving antiretroviral therapy in the Cape Metropole, South Africa, 2013 - 2015: A retrospective cohort analysis9
Non-vaccine serotype pneumococcal carriage in healthy infants in South Africa following introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine9
The profile of patients presenting with intentional self-poisoning to the Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital emergency department, South Africa9
The impact of COVID-19 national lockdown on orthopaedic trauma admissions in the northern part of South Africa: A multicentre review of tertiary- and secondary-level hospital admissions9
Causative pathogens and antibiotic resistance in community-acquired urinary tract infections in central South Africa9
The HIV cascade of care among serodiscordant couples in four high HIV prevalence settings in sub-Saharan Africa9
Estimating the changing disease burden attributable to smoking in South Africa for 2000, 2006 and 20129
COVID-19 mass vaccination campaign for healthcare workers in a low-resource setting: A clinician-driven initiative8
Using ceftazidime-avibactam for persistent carbapenem-resistant Serratia marcescens infection highlights antimicrobial stewardship challenges with new beta-lactam-inhibitor combination antibiotics8
The readability of informed consent forms for research studies conducted in South Africa8
KN95 filtering facepiece respirators distributed in South Africa fail safety testing protocols8
The case for minimum unit prices on alcohol in South Africa8
Paraffin dangers, health and socioeconomic consequences: Urgent need for policy action8
Substance use and depressive and anxiety symptoms among out-of-school adolescent girls and young women in Cape Town, South Africa8
Estimating the changing burden of disease attributable to alcohol use in South Africa for 2000, 2006 and 20128
Are adults just big kids? Can the newer paediatric weight estimation systems be used in adults?8
Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease7
Retain rural doctors: Burnout, depression and anxiety in medical doctors working in rural KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa7
Autoimmune encephalitis : Part 1 (Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical spectrum)7
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales in patients with bacteraemia at tertiary academic hospitals in South Africa, 2019 - 2020: An update7
Recovering from COVID lockdowns: Routine public sector PHC services in South Africa, 2019 - 20217
Drastic reduction of orthopaedic services at an urban tertiary hospital in South Africa during COVID-19: Lessons for the future response to the pandemic7
Examining the reliability of ICD-10 discharge coding in Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital administrative database7
What did we learn from South Africa’s first-ever tuberculosis prevalence survey?7
COVID-19 collateral damage: Alcohol rub dermatitis as an emerging problem7
Estimating the burden of disease attributable to household air pollution from cooking with solid fuels in South Africa for 2000, 2006 and 20127
Estimating the changing burden of disease attributable to interpersonal violence in South Africa for 2000, 2006 and 20127
Enterococcus faecalis ST21 harbouring Tn6009 isolated from a carriage sample in South Africa7
The impact of COVID-19 on routine patient care from a laboratory perspective7
Antimicrobial stewardship in the Western Cape: A situational analysis of existing facility-level initiatives7
Change in profile of COVID-19 deaths in Western Cape Province, South Africa, during the fourth wave6
COVID-19 herd immunity v. learning to live with the virus6
The impact of routine pulse oximetry use on outcomes in COVID-19-infected patients at increased risk of severe disease: A retrospective cohort analysis6
Emergency Medicine Society of South Africa guidelines for the training and credentialing in emergency point-of-care ultrasound6
Blood shortage in COVID-19: A crisis within a crisis6
Phase I of the DiaVACCS screening trial: Study design, methods, population demographics and baseline results6
Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Mycoplasma genitalium isolates from the private healthcare sector in South Africa: A pilot study6
Introducing an Ethics Framework for health priority-setting in South Africa on the path to universal health coverage6
Antiretroviral therapy non-adherence among HIV-positive patients presenting to an emergency department in Johannesburg, South Africa: Associations and reasons6
The effect of lockdown on intentional and nonintentional injury during the COVID-19 pandemic in Cape Town, South Africa: A preliminary report6
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: An update for the COVID-19 era6
Sentinel seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Gauteng Province, South Africa, August - October 20206
COVID-19 wave 4 in Western Cape Province, South Africa: Fewer hospitalisations, but new challenges for a depleted workforce5
Thoughts of self-harm in early and late pregnancy in urban South Africa: Investigating prevalence, predictors and screening options5
Pharmacist-initiated antiretroviral therapy (PIMART)5
Factors predicting 6-month retention among people with opioid use disorders accessing outpatient methadone maintenance therapy in Tshwane, South Africa5
Understanding the differential impacts of COVID-19 among hospitalised patients in South Africa for equitable response5
Undiagnosed comorbidities among individuals hospitalised with COVID-19 in South African public hospitals5
Dose-related treatment outcomes in South African patients prescribed clofazimine for drug-resistant tuberculosis5
Pharmacist-led medication therapy management of diabetes club patients at a primary healthcare clinic in Cape Town, South Africa: A retrospective and prospective audit5
The introduction of competency-based medical education for postgraduate training in South Africa5
Personal and occupational experiences of COVID-19 and their effects on South African health workers’ wellbeing5
Dolutegravir drug-drug interactions5
Managing the healthcare demand-supply gap during and after COVID-19: The need to review the approach to healthcare priority-setting in South Africa5
Overview5
Safety and efficacy of inclisiran in South African patients at high cardiovascular risk: A subanalysis of the ORION phase III clinical trials5
The prevalence of pulmonary embolism in non-hospitalised de-isolated patients diagnosed with mild COVID-19 disease5
A total cost perspective of type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus in two South African medical schemes servicing the public healthcare sector5
The next generation: Pregnancy in adolescents and women living with perinatally acquired HIV in South Africa5
Maintaining focus on administering effective malaria treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic4
Shortfall in stroke care: A study of ischaemic stroke care practices in a South African metropole4
Incidence of febrile seizures and associated factors in children in Soweto, South Africa4
High virological failure rates in HIV-1 perinatally infected children in South Africa: A retrospective cohort study4
Estimating the changing burden of disease attributable to childhood stunting, wasting and underweight in South Africa for 2000, 2006 and 20124
A collaborative and evolving response to the needs of frontline workers, patients and families during the COVID-19 pandemic at Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Province, South Africa4
Low mortality of people living with diabetes mellitus diagnosed with COVID-19 and managed at a field hospital in Western Cape Province, South Africa4
Colonoscopy practice in South Africa: The way forward4
Loadshedding and Healthcare: Salt in The Wound?4
Parental access to hospitalised children during infectious disease pandemics such as COVID-194
Respiratory presentations to acute services at a tertiary hospital in South Africa4
Delirium in HIV-infected patients admitted to acute medical wards post universal access to antiretrovirals in South Africa4
Targeting those left behind in Zimbabwe’s HIV response: A call for decriminalisation of key populations to rapidly achieve 95-95-95 targets4
Establishing local reference intervals for full blood count and white blood cell differential counts in Cape Town, South Africa4
Estimating the changing burden of disease attributable to high systolic blood pressure in South Africa for 2000, 2006 and 20124
Effect of COVID-19 pandemic decisions on tertiary-level surgical services in Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa4
South Africa should be using all the COVID-19 vaccines available to it – urgently4
Critical care triage during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa: A constitutional imperative!4
COVID-19 response in South African communities: Screening, testing, tracing and movement modelling4
Sisonke phase 3B open-label study: Lessons learnt for national and global vaccination scale-up during epidemics4
Perspectives on gestational diabetes mellitus in South Africa4
The economics of poisoning: The role of telemedicine and toxicovigilance4
Estimating the burden of disease attributable to a diet low in fruit and vegetables in South Africa for 2000, 2006 and 20124
A nurse-led intervention to improve management of virological failure in public sector HIV clinics in Durban, South Africa: A pre- and post-implementation evaluation4
Preventable deaths among youth in South Africa: Measuring life expectancy in the absence of non-communicable diseases and its implications for the healthcare system4
Driver intoxication and risk for fatal crashes in South Africa: A 3-year review4
When culture, traditions and public health clash: A paradigm shift urgently needed to stem the spread of COVID-19 in Zimbabwe4
The COVID-19 pandemic and traffic accidents4
Governing a pandemic: A case study of South Africa’s coordination and management structures used to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic4
Leveraging epidemiology as a decision support tool during the COVID-19 epidemic in South Africa4
Venous bicarbonate and creatine kinase as diagnostic and prognostic tools in the setting of acute traumatic rhabdomyolysis4
A simulation-based study evaluating the preparedness of interns’ post-anaesthesia rotation in managing a failed obstetric intubation scenario: Is our training good enough?4
Adult pure red cell aplasia at Universitas Academic Hospital, Bloemfontein, South Africa: A 9-year review4
Estimating the burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution (ambient PM2.5 and ambient ozone) in South Africa for 2000, 2006 and 20124
MEDICINE AND THE LAW4
Analgesic practices and predictors of use in South Africa-based runners3
Meta-analytic magic, ivermectin, and socially responsible reporting3
Costing total hip arthroplasty in a South African state tertiary hospital3
Hospital-based evaluation of tuberculosis-exposed neonates: An approach to complement the South African national guidance3
Stimulant use among prehospital emergency care personnel in Gauteng Province, South Africa3
Medicine and the Law3
Healthcare Delivery3
Recovery and transforming the South African health system3
The cost of harmful alcohol use in South Africa: A commentary3
COVID-19 vaccine roll-out in South Africa: The added value of wastewater surveillance for SARS-CoV-23
Child health services during a COVID-19 outbreak in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa3
Going where the data are: Connecting to Trello for daily statistics in the COVID-19 era and beyond3
Acute kidney injury after major non-cardiac surgery: Incidence and risk factors3
The spectrum of hearing abnormalities in patients living with diabetes mellitus3
Provision of long-term renal replacement therapy to non-national patients in South Africa3
Metabolic syndrome at 6 weeks after delivery in a cohort of pre-eclamptic and normotensive women3
The role of treatment delays in surgical site infection after appendicectomy in a South African rural regional hospital3
COVID-19: Experience of a tertiary children’s hospital in Western Cape Province, South Africa3
Exploring a community’s understanding of HIV vaccine‑induced seropositivity in a South African research setting3
Prevention of vertical transmission of HIV in Khayelitsha, South Africa: A contemporary review of services after 20 years3
Artificial intelligence (AI) or augmented intelligence? How big data and AI are transforming healthcare: Challenges and opportunities3
Integrated, people-centred eye care: Why South Africa needs to prioritise scaling up refractive services3
Population-level risk factors for vertical transmission of HIV in the national prevention of mother-to-child transmission programme in South Africa: An ecological analysis3
Obstructive jaundice: Studies on predictors of biliary infection and microbiological analysis in an HIV setting3
Prevalence and characteristics of incidental colorectal polyps in patients undergoing colonoscopy at a South African tertiary institution3
A natural history of efavirenz drug-induced liver injury3
Soliciting parental consent among adolescent minor mothers: A barrier in adolescent HIV research?3
Estimating the changing burden of disease attributable to high sodium intake in South Africa for 2000, 2006 and 20123
The burden of hypertension in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa: A 6-year perspective3
Non-communicable disease comorbidities in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa3
Liberalising cannabis legislation in South Africa: Potential public health consequences for adolescents and pregnant women3
Evaluation of the national clinical sentinel surveillance system for sexually transmitted infections in South Africa: Analysis of provincial and district-level data3
Treating urinary tract infections in public sector primary healthcare facilities in Cape Town, South Africa: A pharmaceutical perspective3
Signal of harm in morphine use in adults with acute pulmonary oedema: A rapid systematic review3
A prospective observational study of preoperative natriuretic peptide testing in adult non-cardiac surgical patients in hospitals in Western Cape Province, South Africa3
The Scientists’ Collective 10-point proposal for equitable and timeous access to COVID-19 vaccine in South Africa3
Telehealth opportunities for South Africa have been brought into focus by the COVID-19 pandemic3
Periprosthetic joint infection:A South African perspective3
WhatsApp-propriate? A retrospective content analysis of WhatsApp use and potential breaches in confidentiality among a team of doctors at a district hospital, South Africa3
Appropriateness of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans in a rural regional hospital in South Africa: A 6-year follow-up study3
Namaqualand hip dysplasia in South Africa: The molecular determinant elucidated3
Secondary health conditions in people with spinal cord injury in South Africa: Prevalence and associated factors3
Therapeutic hypothermia for neonatal hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy should not be discontinued in low- and middle-income countries3
Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease in tuberculosis-hyperendemic South Africa3
Implementation of self-monitoring of blood glucose for patients with insulin-dependent diabetes at a rural non-communicable disease clinic in Neno, Malawi3
A severity-of-illness score in patients with tuberculosis requiring intensive care2
Economic growth as an underlying probable systemic driver for childhood obesity in South Africa: A Joinpoint regression and ecological analysis over 10 years2
When cells become medicines: A South African perspective2
Informal gold miners with mercury toxicity: Novel asymmetrical neurological presentations2
The role of the Minister of Health in the National Health Insurance Bill: Challenges and options for the Portfolio Committee on Health2
Estimating the changing burden of disease attributable to low levels of physical activity in South Africa for 2000, 2006 and 20122
International normalised ratio control in a non-metropolitan setting in Western Cape Province, South Africa2
Call for the South African Health Products Regulatory Authority to revisit regulations relating to single- use medical devices2
Patterns of disease on admission to children’s wards and changes during a COVID-19 outbreak in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa2
Factors affecting specialist psychiatry training in South Africa: Bullying during specialist psychiatric training?2
First report of an imported case of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in South Africa2
The gunshot-related injuries in trauma (GRIT) study: A profile of patients affected by gunshot-related orthopaedic injuries across South Africa2
Improving the follow up of childhood cancer survivors in South Africa2
Echocardiographic features of infective endocarditis in South Africa: A prospective cohort study2
Underdiagnosis of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in South Africa2
Post-laryngectomy simplified dysphagia score (SDS) tool: Potential for screening and comparison with the swallowing outcomes after laryngectomy (SOAL) tool2
Summary of childhood asthma guidelines, 2021: A consensus document2
The use of emergency medical services for palliative situations in Western Cape Province, South Africa: A retrospective, descriptive analysis of patient records2
Discrepancies between clinical diagnoses and autopsy findings: A comparative study conducted in South Africa2
Cochlear implantation in South Africa (part 2)2
Risk communication and community engagement – unlocking the key to South Africa’s response to SARS-CoV-22
The impact of a mobile COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction laboratory at a large tertiary hospital during the first wave of the pandemic: A retrospective analysis2
General Medical Council report exposes unethical recruitment of doctors in the UK from low-resource countries2
One in four die from acute infectious illness in an emergency department in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa2
The characteristics and costs of severe theophylline toxicity in a tertiary critical care unit in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa2
Estimating the changing burden of disease attributable to high body mass index in South Africa for 2000, 2006 and 20122
Editor.ial board info.docx AJOL Journal Information Form-AJTCCM.docx2
Adverse drug reactions reported to a provincial public health sector pharmacovigilance programme in South Africa2
Assessing South African medical interns’ experience and confidence in managing obstetric emergencies2
Evaluating the impact of single exit pricing (SEP) on medicine product withdrawal from the private healthcare market in South Africa2
Approach to the diagnosis and management of snakebite envenomation in South Africa in humans: Special patient groups and surgical aspects.2
Human papillomavirus prevalence among unvaccinated young female college students in Botswana: A cross-sectional study2
Management of asthma exacerbations in children2
Profile of human papillomavirus genotypes in breast and oesophageal cancer patients in Pretoria, South Africa2
The adjunctive use of carbimazole during radioactive iodine treatment reduces the cure rate of Graves’ disease2
Strengthening of district mental health services in Gauteng Province, South Africa2
Zimbabwe’s vaccination momentum needs an 'urgent boost' ahead of an imminent COVID-19 resurgence2
Estimating the changing burden of disease attributable to high fasting plasma glucose in South Africa for 2000, 2006 and 20122
Incidence and predictors of sexually transmitted infections among adult HIV-positive patients receiving antiretroviral therapy at Themba Lethu HIV clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa2
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis due to Rickettsia conorii infection2
Leveraging routine data in impact evaluation: Understanding data systems in primary healthcare prior to a matched cluster-randomised evaluation of adherence guidelines in South Africa2
Saved by the pump: Two successful resuscitations utilising emergency department-initiated extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in South Africa2
Decentralised HIV care during the COVID-19 pandemic: Ensuring safe community-based services2
Predictors of mortality in acute hospitalised COVID-19 pneumonia patients: A retrospective cohort study at two tertiary-level hospitals in Zambia2
Hunger as a driver of depressive symptoms: Optimising responses to mental health aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic2
Thalassaemia (part 1)2
Guiding equitable prioritisation of COVID-19 vaccine distribution and strategic deployment in South Africa to enhance effectiveness and access to vulnerable communities and prevent waste2
The South African Prostate Cancer Screening Guidelines2
Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) use and glycaemic control in patients living with diabetes mellitus attending public healthcare facilities in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa2
Investigating blood alcohol concentrations in injury-related deaths before and during the COVID-19 National lockdown in Western Cape, South Africa: A cross-sectional retrospective review2
Laboratory parameters associated with prolonged hospital length of stay in COVID-19 patients in Johannesburg, South Africa2
Estimating the changing disease burden attributable to iron deficiency in South Africa, 2000, 2006 and 20122
Nephrolithiasis (part 1): Epidemiology, causes and pathogenesis of recurrent nephrolithiasis2
Quality and turnaround times of viral load monitoring under prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV Option B+ in six South African districts with a high antenatal HIV burden2
When secrecy and expert advice collide in a pandemic: Access to information and the National Department of Health’s tardy publication of Ministerial Advisory Committee advisories2
Introducing the South African Rare Diseases Access Initiative2
A call to action: Temporal trends of COVID-19 deaths in the South African Muslim community2
Improving primary care antimicrobial stewardship by implementing a peer audit and feedback intervention in Cape Town community healthcare centres2
Mental illness: South Africa’s blind spot2
Secondary polycythaemia with elevated carbon monoxide levels due to hookah pipe smoking: A public health concern.2
A national retrospective review of neonatal critical care transfers in dedicated critical care transport services in the private sector2
Further evidence of misclassification of the injury deaths in South Africa: When will the barriers to accurate injury death statistics be removed?2
Urgent appeal to allow all professional nurses and midwives to prescribe pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in South Africa2
Antibiogram profiles and efficacy of antibiotic regimens of bacterial isolates from chronic osteomyelitis of the appendicular skeleton: A developing-world perspective2
Estimating the changing burden of disease attributable to unsafe water and lack of sanitation and hygiene in South Africa for 2000, 2006 and 20122
A multicentre cross-sectional descriptive study evaluating the cardiovascular risk profile of preoperatively identified patients with hypertension2
Evaluation of the accuracy of the Asanté assay as a point-of-care rapid test for HIV-1 recent infections using serum bank specimens from blood donors in South Africa, July 2018 - August 20211
Case Report1
Barriers affecting COVID‑19 vaccination in Phalombe District, Malawi: A qualitative study1
A doctor at a PHC clinic: A ‘must-have’ or ‘nice-to-have’?1
Blood culture contamination in the departments of paediatrics and child health at two tertiary training hospitals in central South Africa1
Prevalence and correlates of 30-day suicidal ideation and intent: Results of the South African National Student Mental Health Survey1
Southern African Student Surgical Society (SASSS) and University of Cape Town Division of Global Surgery Symposium: Developing a pipeline of surgical student researchers collaboratively1
Approach to the diagnosis and management of snakebite envenomation in South Africa in humans1
Michael Charles Kew1
Ivermectin exposures reported to the Poisons Information Helpline in South Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic1
Low 30-day mortality in South African orthopaedic patients undergoing surgery at an academic hospital during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: It was safe to perform orthopaedic procedures at o1
Mortality trends during the first three waves of the COVID-19 pandemic at an urban district hospital in South Africa: A retrospective comparative analysis1
Venous thromboembolism risk assessment and prophylaxis in hospitalised medical patients in the Cape Town metropole, South Africa1
Medicine and the Law1
The utility of mobile telephone-recorded videos as adjuncts to the diagnosis of seizures and paroxysmal events in children with suspected epileptic seizures1
One-year mortality after hospital admission as an indicator of palliative care need: A retrospective cohort study1
A paediatric pain assessment and management survey at Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa1
Autologous whole blood clot and negative-pressure wound therapy in South Africa: A comparison of the cost and social considerations1
Increase in linezolid resistance in staphylococci in the private sector in Western Cape Province, South Africa1
Cerebral Palsy and Criteria Implicating Acute Intrapartum Hypoxia in Neonatal Encephalopathy – An Obstetric Perspective for the South African Setting1
Treatment outcomes among patients admitted to hospital with antiretroviral and/or antituberculosis drug-induced liver injury1
Diabetes in the public healthcare sector of four South African provinces: A comparative analysis1
Estimating the changing disease burden attributable to raised low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in South Africa for 2000, 2006 and 20121
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