Peptides

Papers
(The median citation count of Peptides is 2. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2021-05-01 to 2025-05-01.)
ArticleCitations
Angiotensin-(1−7), a protective peptide against vascular aging114
PCP consensus protein/peptide alphavirus antigens stimulate broad spectrum neutralizing antibodies73
Orexin (hypocretin) participates in central autonomic regulation during fight-or-flight response69
The first structure-activity relationship study of oxytocin as a positive allosteric modulator for the µ opioid receptor66
Natriuretic peptides potentiate cardiac hypertrophic response to noradrenaline in rats50
Serum alanine transaminase is predictive of fasting and postprandial insulin and glucagon concentrations in type 2 diabetes48
Corrigendum to “Oxytocin attenuates cardiac hypertrophy by improving cardiac glucose metabolism and regulating OXTR/JAK2/STAT3 axis” [Peptides 182 (2024) 171323]44
Transcardiac gradients of pro-cholecystokinin, cholecystokinin, and gastrin in patients with and without heart failure with reduced ejection fraction39
Editorial Board34
Emerging roles of oxyntomodulin-based glucagon-like peptide-1/glucagon co-agonist analogs in diabetes and obesity34
KNDy neurons as the GnRH pulse generator: Recent studies in ruminants31
Editorial Board31
LC–MS/MS measurement of endogenous oxytocin in the posterior pituitary and CSF of macaques: A pilot study30
Minimum biological domain of xenin-25 required to induce anion secretion in the rat ileum29
The present and future of synthetic orexin receptor agonists26
Desacyl-ghrelin, not just an inactive form of ghrelin? A review of current knowledge on the biological actions of desacyl-ghrelin25
Gut hormone analogues and skeletal health in diabetes and obesity: Evidence from preclinical models24
Editorial Board24
Studies on the in vitro mechanism and in vivo therapeutic effect of the antimicrobial peptide ACP5 against Trichophyton mentagrophytes22
The impact of multifunctional enkephalin analogs and morphine on the protein changes in crude membrane fractions isolated from the rat brain cortex and hippocampus22
Peptides and primate personality: Central and peripheral oxytocin and vasopressin levels and social behavior in two baboon species (Papio hamadryas and Papio anubis)22
The antimicrobial peptide Abaecin alleviates colitis in mice by regulating inflammatory signaling pathways and intestinal microbial composition21
Asprosin-mediated regulation of ovarian functions in mice: An age-dependent study21
Editorial Board20
Effect of Fc-Elabela-21 on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice: Mediation of anti-apoptotic effect via Akt phosphorylation20
Localization and expression of Orexin B (OXB) and its type 2 receptor (OX2R) in mouse testis during postnatal development20
Calcitonin gene-related peptide exerts inhibitory effects on autophagy in the heart of mice19
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor promotes osteoblast differentiation of dental pulp stem cells and bone formation in a zebrafish scale regeneration model19
Nesfatin-1 regulates steroidogenesis in mouse Leydig cells19
Suppression of B-type natriuretic peptide gene expression in cardiomyocytes under anoxic conditions19
Potential of plant-derived peptides for the improvement of memory and cognitive function19
Lasso peptides realm: Insights and applications19
The effect of acute exercise on pre-prandial ghrelin levels in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis19
Modulatory role of neuropeptide FF system in macrophages18
Synthesis, conformation and cytotoxic activity of short hybrid peptides containing conformationally constrained 1-(aminomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid and gabapentin18
Dysfunction of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in human septic shock18
Dulaglutide accelerates diabetic wound healing by suppressing Nrf2-dependent ferroptosis in diabetic mice18
Editorial Board17
GIP-derived GIP receptor antagonists – a review of their role in GIP receptor pharmacology17
VR-10 polypeptide interacts with CD36 to induce cell apoptosis and autophagy in choroid-retinal endothelial cells: Identification of VR-10 as putative novel therapeutic agent for choroid neovasculariz17
Special issue on Invertebrate Peptides16
Inhibitors of the MAPK/ NF-κB pathway attenuate the upregulation of the ETB receptor mediated by high glucose in vascular smooth muscle cells16
Simplified drug efficacy evaluation system for vasopressin neurodegenerative disease using mouse disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells16
Editorial Board16
Significance of D- tryptophan in Contryphan-Ar1131 Conus peptide: Oxidative folding, trypsin binding, and photostabilization activity15
Jan Fahrenkrug (6/6 1947 – 10/11 2021)15
Post-translationally modified conopeptides: Biological activities and pharmacological applications14
Glucagon and energy expenditure; Revisiting amino acid metabolism and implications for weight loss therapy14
A novel endomorphin-2/salmon calcitonin hybrid peptide with enhancing anti-allodynic and anti-anxiety effects14
The intricate relationship between circadian rhythms and gastrointestinal peptides in obesity14
The role of leptin and ghrelin in the regulation of appetite in obesity14
Peptidomics of enteroendocrine cells and characterisation of potential effects of a novel preprogastrin derived-peptide on glucose tolerance in lean mice14
Allatotropin (AT) related peptides L-ATRP and D2-ATRP diastereomers activate an endogenous receptor and suppress heart rate in the Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai14
Endogenous opiates and behavior: 202314
Synthesis of potent antagonists of receptors for growth hormone-releasing hormone with antitumor and anti-inflammatory activity13
Editorial Board13
Reduced plasma cortistatin is related to clinical parameters in patients with essential hypertension13
Mendelian randomization study of the relation between adiponectin and heart function, unravelling the paradox13
Venomous gland transcriptome and venom proteomic analysis of the scorpion Androctonus amoreuxi reveal new peptides with anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity13
The T-1 conotoxin μ-SrVA from the worm hunting marine snail Conus spurius preferentially blocks the human NaV1.5 channel13
Glucagon-based therapy for people with diabetes and obesity: What is the sweet spot?13
Development of a glucagon sensitivity test in humans: Pilot data and the GLUSENTIC study protocol13
Peptides as mediators of stress responses13
Editorial Board13
Investigation of irisin's role in pubertal onset physiology in female rats13
The effects of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and urocortins on the noradrenaline (NA) released from the locus coeruleus (LC)12
Editorial: Special issue novel aspects of islet peptides12
Ghrelin ameliorates cardiac fibrosis after myocardial infarction by regulating the Nrf2/NADPH/ROS pathway12
Corrigendum to “Liraglutide inhibited AGEs induced coronary smooth muscle cell phenotypic transition through inhibiting the NF-κB signal pathway” [Peptides 112 (2019) 125–132]12
Effectiveness of analog of Humanin in ameliorating streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in Sprague Dawley rats12
Targeting the GLP-2 receptor in the management of obesity12
Alamandine, a derivative of angiotensin-(1-7), alleviates sepsis-associated renal inflammation and apoptosis by inhibiting the PI3K/Ak and MAPK pathways12
Role of brain NUCB2/nesfatin-1 in stress and stress-related gastrointestinal disorders11
The non-cardiovascular actions of ACE11
Urocortin3: Local inducer of somatostatin release and bellwether of beta cell maturity11
Body weight modulates the impact of oxytocin on chronic cold-immobilization stress response11
An improved sample extraction method reveals that plasma receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) modulates circulating free oxytocin in mice11
Estrogens impair hypophagia and hypothalamic cell activation induced by vasoactive intestinal peptide, but not by pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide11
The apelin-apela receptor APJ is necessary for formation and healing of ischemia reperfusion-induced gastric ulcer in rats11
Differential expression of motilin receptors on the endothelium of dog gastrointestinal arteries and motilin-induced motilin receptor dependent relaxation of corresponding arteries11
Semaglutide early intervention attenuated testicular dysfunction by targeting the GLP-1–PPAR-α–Kisspeptin–Steroidogenesis signaling pathway in a testicular ischemia-reperfusion rat model10
Structure and function of neurohypophysial hormones10
Interleukin-6, undercarboxylated osteocalcin, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor responses to single and repeated sessions of high-intensity interval exercise10
Editorial Board10
Effect of pregnancy on the expression of nutrient-sensors and satiety hormones in mice10
Alamandine attenuates oxidative stress in the right carotid following transverse aortic constriction in mice10
The brain oxytocin and corticotropin-releasing factor systems in grieving mothers: What we know and what we need to learn10
Recent articles highlighting the multifunctional character and wider therapeutic potential of antimicrobial peptides10
Role of sexually dimorphic oxytocin receptor-expressing neurons in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus on maternal behavior10
In memoriam: Dr. Stephen Tobe (11 October 1944 – 31 December 2020)10
Synergistic interaction between DAMGO-NH2 and NOP01 in peripherally acting antinociception in two mouse models of formalin pain10
Egg white-derived peptide KPHAEVVLR promotes wound healing in rat palatal mucosa via PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway10
Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF-R1) antagonists: Promising agents to prevent visceral hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome10
Irisin alleviates hyperoxia-induced bronchopulmonary dysplasia through activation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway10
Neuropeptides affecting social behavior in mammals: Oxytocin10
Characterization of rice endosperm-derived antidepressant-like peptide (REAP): An orally active novel tridecapeptide derived from rice protein10
Engineering a potent and long-acting GLP-1/Y2 receptor dual agonist as a multi-agonist therapy for diabetes and obesity10
Editorial Board10
GLP-1 and GIP receptor signaling in beta cells – A review of receptor interactions and co-stimulation10
FxRIamide regulates the oscillatory activity in the olfactory center of the terrestrial slug Limax10
Editorial Board10
Angiotensin-(1−7) attenuates the negative inotropic response to acetylcholine in the heart10
CCHamide2-receptor regulates feeding behavior in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum9
Nesfatin-1 is involved in hyperbaric oxygen-mediated therapeutic effects in high fat diet-induced hyperphagia in mice9
Alarin moderated myocardial hypertrophy via inhibiting cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A signaling pathway to attenuate autophagy9
A short framework-III (mini-M-2) conotoxin from the venom of a vermivorous species, Conus archon, inhibits human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors9
Nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor system blockade as an innovative strategy for increasing resilience to stress9
AT2 receptor agonist LP2 restores respiratory function in a rat model of bleomycin-induced lung remodelling9
Angiotensin-(1-7) reduces doxorubicin-induced aortic arch dysfunction in male and female juvenile Sprague Dawley rats through pleiotropic mechanisms9
Development of antimicrobial peptides as a strategy for infectious disease control9
GLP-1 receptor agonism and GIP receptor antagonism induce substantial alterations in enteroendocrine and islet cell populations in obese high fat fed mice9
Irisin prevents hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in rats by inhibiting oxidative stress and protecting the blood-brain barrier9
Urotensin II induces activation of NLRP3 and pyroptosis through calcineurin in cardiomyocytes9
Abba J. Kastin – Tribute to the founding and honorary editor of PEPTIDES9
PD1 CD44 antiviral peptide as an inhibitor of the protein-protein interaction in dengue virus invasion8
Diminazene Aceturate, an angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activator, promotes cardioprotection in ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiac injury8
The impact of GLP-1 signalling on the energy metabolism of pancreatic islet β-cells and extrapancreatic tissues8
The proline-rich myticalins from Mytilus galloprovincialis display a membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial mode of action8
Discovery of the bioactive form of glucagon-like peptide-1: An attempt to correct some misconceptions8
Heart peptides and HFpEF (heart failure with preserved ejection fraction)8
Participation of angiotensin-(1-7) in exercise-induced analgesia in rats with neuropathic pain8
LP2, a cyclic angiotensin-(1−7) analog extended with an N-terminal D-lysine, impairs growth of patient-derived xenografts of colorectal carcinoma in mice8
Functional role of immunoglobulin G as an oxytocin-carrier protein8
Involvement of relaxin-family peptide-3 receptor (RXFP3) in the ventral dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in spatial and fear memory in rats8
Modulatory role of PACAP and VIP on HIFs expression in lung adenocarcinoma8
Host defense peptides at the crossroad of endothelial cell physiology: Insight into mechanistic and pharmacological implications8
Neprilysin deficiency reduces hepatic gluconeogenesis in high fat-fed mice7
Peptides in the regulation of glucagon secretion7
Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 signaling promotes breast cancer cell proliferation by enhancing the ERK pathway7
Evaluation of plasma arginine vasopressin during hypertonic saline loading: A comparison of radioimmunoassay and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry7
Post-prandial secretion of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) after carbohydrate-, fat- or protein enriched meals in healthy subjects7
Isolation and characterization of FMRFamide-like peptides in the venoms of solitary sphecid wasps7
Discovery of novel OXM-based glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)/glucagon receptor dual agonists7
A murine model of obesity with hyperinsulinemia and hepatic steatosis involving neurosecretory protein GL gene and a low-fat/medium-sucrose diet7
Identification and utility exploration of a highly potent and long-acting bullfrog GLP-1 analogue in GLP-1 and amylin combination therapy7
Synthesis and characterization of piperic acid conjugates with homochiral and heterochiral dipeptides containing phenylalanine and their application in skin cancer7
Antiosteoporosis effects of a marine antimicrobial peptide pardaxin via regulation of the osteogenesis pathway7
Mitochondrial-derived peptides: Antidiabetic functions and evolutionary perspectives7
Autonomic control of pancreatic beta cells: What is known on the regulation of insulin secretion and beta-cell proliferation in rodents and humans7
The regulatory role of central neuropeptide-S in locomotion7
The circular bacteriocin enterocin NKR-5-3B has an improved stability profile over nisin7
Cbf-14, a cationic peptide derived from cathelin-domain, exhibits anti-inflammation activity via inhibiting PI3K- Akt /ROS/ NF-κB signaling pathway7
History of peptide research: Ulf Svante von Euler's last visit to Yugoslavia7
Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of venom glands from scorpions Liocheles australasiae, Mesobuthus martensii, and Scorpio maurus palmatus7
Irisin lowers blood pressure in Zucker diabetic rats by regulating the functions of renal angiotensin II type 1 receptor via the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway7
Optogenetics studies of kisspeptin neurons7
Adropin: A cardio-metabolic hormone in the periphery, a neurohormone in the brain?7
Amphibian host-defense peptides with potential for Type 2 diabetes therapy – an updated review7
Protective effect of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide in diabetic keratopathy7
Viktor Mutt lecture: Peptides can cross the blood-brain barrier7
The dual incretin co-agonist tirzepatide increases both insulin secretion and glucose effectiveness in model experiments in mice7
Gluco-metabolic response to exogenous oxytocin in totally pancreatectomized patients and healthy individuals7
Publishing in PEPTIDES − A 2022 update7
Vascular endothelial cell-specific overexpression of CNP did not improve liver fibrosis in HFFCD-induced NASH, but did improve renal lesions6
Orexin deficiency modulates the dipsogenic effects of angiotensin II in a sex-dependent manner6
CASPARIAN STRIP INTEGRITY FACTOR (CIF) family peptides - regulator of plant extracellular barriers6
Corrination mitigates peptide aggregation as exemplified for Glucagon6
Arginine vasopressin: Direct and indirect action on metabolism6
C-type natriuretic peptide in childhood obesity6
Tachykinins amplify the action of capsaicin on central histaminergic neurons6
Gap junction coupling and islet delta-cell function in health and disease6
The role of intraamygdaloid oxytocin in spatial learning and avoidance learning6
Therapeutic potential of vasopressin in the treatment of neurological disorders6
Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonist use and the effect on diabetic retinopathy: An uncertain relationship6
Effects of thyroxine and propylthiouracil on feeding behavior and the expression of hypothalamic appetite-regulating peptides and thyroid function in goldfish (Carassius auratus)6
Overexpressed beta cell CART increases insulin secretion in mouse models of insulin resistance and diabetes6
Exploring the role of glycoprotein hormone GPA2/GPB5 in the medically important insect, Rhodnius prolixus6
Arterial responses to infusion of glucagon-like peptide-1 in humans: A randomized trial study6
Editorial Board6
Interactions between nesfatin-1 and the autonomic nervous system—An overview6
Cardiovascular peptide hormones – Special edition6
Recent advances in peptide-based therapy for Type 2 diabetes and obesity6
Editorial Board6
Tirzepatide protects against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation via PI3K/Akt signaling6
Corrigendum to “Cyclopeptide Dmt-[D-Lys-p-CF3-Phe-Phe-Asp]NH2, a novel G protein-biased agonist of the mu opioid receptor” [Peptides 101 (2018) 227–233]6
Neuropeptide S promotes maintenance of newly formed dendritic spines and performance improvement after motor learning in mice6
Corrigendum to “Chronic catestatin treatment reduces atrial fibrillation susceptibility via improving calcium handling in post-infarction heart failure rats” Peptide 159(2023) 1709046
Dulaglutide, a long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist, can improve hyperandrogenemia and ovarian function in DHEA-induced PCOS rats6
Introduction to special issue on feeding peptides5
Elevated Plasma Soluble (Pro)renin receptor as a potential indicator for heart failure5
The hypothalamic neuropeptide, QRFP, regulates high fat diet intake in female Long-Evans rats following ovariectomy5
Plant-derived peptides improving lipid and glucose metabolism5
Recent advances in peptide-based therapies for obesity and type 2 diabetes5
Chronic exposure to incretin metabolites GLP-1(9−36) and GIP(3−42) affect islet morphology and beta cell health in high fat fed mice5
Sublancin protects against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection by the combined modulation of innate immune response and microbiota5
Retraction notice to “Protective effects of ghrelin on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice” [Peptides 82 (2016) 85–91]5
Oxytocin ameliorates KCC2 decrease induced by oral bacteria-derived LPS that affect rat primary cultured cells and PC-12 cells5
Editorial Board5
Contribution of the μ opioid receptor and enkephalin to the antinociceptive actions of endomorphin-1 analogs with unnatural amino acid modifications in the spinal cord5
Peptide‑based therapeutic strategies for glioma: Current state and prospects5
ACE2 suppresses the inflammatory response in LPS-induced porcine intestinal epithelial cells via regulating the NF-κB and MAPK pathways5
Editorial Board5
Nesfatin-1 peptide protects rat renal epithelial cells against high glucose and H2O2 induced injury via inhibition of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and fibrosis5
Is the efficacy of oxytocin for autism diminished at higher dosages or repeated doses?: Potential mechanisms and candidate solutions5
Editorial Board5
Editorial Board5
Computer vision analysis of mother-infant interaction identified efficient pup retrieval in V1b receptor knockout mice5
Cm-p5, a molluscan-derived antifungal peptide exerts its activity by a membrane surface covering in a non-penetrating mode5
Molecular and functional characterization of the luqin-type neuropeptide signaling system in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus5
EPI-X4, a CXCR4 antagonist inhibits tumor growth in pancreatic cancer and lymphoma models5
Retinoic acid induces antimicrobial peptides and cytokines leading to Mycobacterium tuberculosis elimination in airway epithelial cells5
Plasma adrenomedullin level and year-by-year variability of body mass index in the general population5
Peptides Editorial: Opioid addiction: A 2021 update5
The involvement of orexin 1 and cannabinoid 1 receptors within the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter in the modulation of migraine-induced anxiety and social behavior deficits of rats4
Mas receptor blockade impairs exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy4
The angiotensin AT2-receptor agonist compound 21 is an antagonist for the thromboxane TP-receptor – Implications for preclinical studies and future clinical use4
A novel functional peptide, named EQ-9 (ESETRILLQ), identified by virtual screening from regenerative cell secretome and its potential anti-aging and restoration effects in topical applications4
Oxytocin attenuates cardiac hypertrophy by improving cardiac glucose metabolism and regulating OXTR/JAK2/STAT3 axis4
PACAP-ADNP axis prevents outer retinal barrier breakdown and choroidal neovascularization by interfering with VEGF secreted from retinal pigmented epitelium cells4
Oxytocin system driven by experiences modifies social recognition and neuron morphology in female BALB/c mice4
Central injection of neuropeptide B induces luteinizing hormone release in male and female rats4
Surface megalin expression is a target to the inhibitory effect of bradykinin on the renal albumin endocytosis4
PACAP orchestration of stress-related responses in neural circuits4
Multiple roles of apelin/APJ system in eye diseases4
Immunoneutralization of human angiotensin-(1-12) with a monoclonal antibody in a humanized model of hypertension4
Caloxin-derived peptides for the inhibition of plasma membrane calcium ATPases4
Editorial Board4
Soybean proteins/peptides: A review on their importance, biosynthesis, vacuolar sorting, and accumulation in seeds4
Intestinal expression profiles and hepatic expression of LEAP2, ghrelin and their common receptor, GHSR, in humans4
Antioxidant and immunomodulatory potency of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus NCDC24 fermented milk-derived peptides: A computationally guided in-vitro and ex-vivo investigation4
The renin-angiotensin system and cardiovascular autonomic control in aging4
Identification of cells expressing Calcitonins A and B, PDF and ACP in Locusta migratoria using cross-reacting antisera and in situ hybridization4
An update on galanin and spexin and their potential for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and related metabolic disorders4
Pain modulation by oxytocin4
Review of antiviral peptides for use against zoonotic and selected non-zoonotic viruses3
Editorial Board3
Peptides for T cell selection in the thymus3
The role of spexin in energy metabolism3
Expression patterns and behavioral effects of conopressin and APGWamide in the nudibranch Berghia stephanieae3
Maternal separation alters peripheral immune responses associated with IFN-γ and OT in mice3
Substance P promote macrophage M2 polarization to attenuate secondary lymphedema by regulating NF-kB/NLRP3 signaling pathway3
The Viktor Mutt Award Lecture 2022 – Homage to an outstanding scientist3
Kisspeptin and mammalian reproduction3
Angiotensin-(1−7) mediated calcium signalling by MAS3
Whether short peptides are good candidates for future neuroprotective therapeutics?3
An angiotensin-converting enzyme-2-derived heptapeptide GK-7 for SARS-CoV-2 spike blockade3
R150S mutation in the human oxytocin receptor: Gain-of-function effects and implication in autism spectrum disorder3
Editorial: Autonomic regulation of enteroendocrine peptides in health and diseases3
Prolactin-induced neuroprotection against excitotoxicity is mediated via PI3K/AKT and GSK3β/NF-κB in primary cultures of hippocampal neurons3
Alamandine: A promising treatment for fibrosis3
CLAVATA3, a plant peptide controlling stem cell fate in the meristem3
Downregulation of natriuretic peptide receptor-C in vascular smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats contributes to vascular remodeling3
C1q/TNF-related protein 3 alleviates heart failure via attenuation of oxidative stress in myocardial infarction rats3
Dimerization of hub protein DYNLL1 and bZIP transcription factor CREB3L1 enhances transcriptional activation of CREB3L1 target genes like arginine vasopressin3
Structural and functional characterization of NDBP-4 family antimicrobial peptides from the scorpion Mesomexovis variegatus3
Crosstalk between incretin hormones, Th17 and Treg cells in inflammatory diseases3
Cholecystokinin regulates atrial natriuretic peptide secretion through activation of NOX4–Sirt1–LEF1 signaling in beating rat hypoxic atria3
Compensatory mechanisms underlying arginine vasopressin regulation in transient polyuria during pregnancy3
The plant defensins PaDef and γ-thionin inhibit the endothelial cell response to VEGF3
Systemic and tissue-specific spexin response to acute treadmill exercise in rats3
0.39523100852966