Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics

Papers
(The TQCC of Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics is 12. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2021-05-01 to 2025-05-01.)
ArticleCitations
Solutions of crack constraint parameter in 3D models − I: Through curve shape similarity102
Numerical investigation on the fracture and mechanical behaviors of marble containing two parallel fissures under triaxial compression conditions using FDEM85
Influence of load ratio on fatigue life assessment of AZ31B magnesium alloy under different temperatures82
Experimental investigation on mechanical properties and failure mechanism of rock-like specimens containing an arc-shaped ice-filled flaw under uniaxial compression82
Study on the static critical stress intensity factors of sandstone in a water environment based on semicircular bending specimens74
Crack initiation and slow growth in soda-lime glass from a self-healed crack66
Effect of prefabricated flaw angle on the mechanical properties and failure characteristics of stratified cemented tailings backfill64
Optimization scheme of the precision separation process of the notched bar based on the acoustic emission hit energy angle64
The influence of SC-CO2 on the shales’ fracture behavior described by using ultra-fast time resolution method and the damage fracture constitutive model: A case study of the Cretaceous Qingshankou for61
Stress intensity factors and T-stress for an edge cracked Brazilian disk specimen under diametrically distributed load60
Foreword – Special issue on Notch Mechanics58
Experimental study on compression characteristics of fractured soft rock and its Mohr-Coulomb criterion55
Investigation of the compression-shear fracture characteristics of flaw-filled sandstone under confining pressure55
Fracture mechanics analysis of bimaterial interface cracks using an enriched method of fundamental solutions: Theory and MATLAB code54
Ultra-low cycle fatigue (ULCF) in fibre-reinforced concrete beams54
Comparative analysis of the effects of aggregates and fibres on the fracture performance of lightweight aggregate concrete based on types I and II fracture test methods54
Relevance of displacement softening model in discrete element method to investigate structural and grain size scaling effect53
Effects of adhesive layer thickness on the fracture properties of a concrete-epoxy resin interface53
Fracture toughness evolution and failure mechanisms of two-dimensional SiCf/SiC composites at temperatures up to 1500 °C in air49
Mode II fracture properties of parallel neosinocalamus affinis bamboo strand lumber49
Isogeometric boundary element method for isotropic damage elastic mechanical problems46
Mixed mode fracture of polyolefin fibre reinforced concrete45
Computations of J-integral and T*-integral in elastic–plastic fracture by the quadrature element method45
Evolution of acoustic emission activity throughout fine recycled aggregate earth concrete under compressive tests45
On crack tip localisation in quasi-statically loaded, adhesively bonded double cantilever beam specimens by acoustic emission45
Numerical & experimental assessment of mixed-modes (I/II) fracture of PMMA/hydroxyapatite nanocomposite44
Predicting sulfide stress cracking in a sour environment: A phase-field finite element study44
Experimental investigation of the coupled effects of bedding planes and flaws on fracture evolution of soft bedded rocks based on 3D printing and DIC technologies44
Influence of chopped basalt fibers on the fracture performance of concrete subjected to calcium leaching43
Fracture resistance curves of wood in the longitudinal direction using digital image correlation technique43
Cohesive element-based chemo-thermo-mechanical multi-field coupled cracking simulation of early-age concrete43
Experimental investigation on open-hole CFRP laminate under combined loading using acoustic emission and digital image correlation42
Mechanical behavior of anchored rock with an infilled joint under uniaxial loading revealed by AE and DIC monitoring41
Support vector regression-assisted finite element method for mode I-II fatigue crack growth path prediction41
Mechanical behavior and fracture mechanism of red-bed mudstone under varied dry-wet cycling and prefabricated fracture planes with different loading angles41
Investigation on the interaction evolution and growth behavior of multiple cracks under fatigue loading41
Photoelastic analysis of crack terminating at an arbitrary angle to the bimaterial interface under four point bending41
Sustainable crumb rubber modified asphalt mixtures based on low-temperature crack propagation characteristics using the response surface methodology41
A mixed phase-field fracture model for crack propagation in punctured EPDM strips40
A comparison between FEM predictions and DIC results of crack tip displacement field in CT specimens made of titanium40
Damage assessment for steel structures subjected to cyclic pre-strain Part2: SEM in-situ observations clarifying the effect of stress state on damage evolution during plastic deformation39
Assessment of macroscopically inhomogeneous fracture toughness data sets using the simplified and multimodal master curve methods38
Investigating failure modes and Micro-Crack classification in Mao phyllite under notched Semi-Circular bend testing38
An FFT-based homogenization scheme for cohesive zones with an application to adhesives and the core material of thin metal sandwich plates38
Mechanical aspects of semi-circular sandstone fractured specimens with U-notch in the presence of various bedding angles37
Experimental and numerical estimation of complex stress intensity factor for the completely debonded anti-crack embedded into a weak matrix using domain integral method37
Foreword to ‘Special issue on small scale specimen testing’37
Probabilistic fatigue life prediction of small sample properties notched specimens under multiaxial loading37
Effect of loading rate on mode I fracture behavior of red sandstone: Insights from AE and DIC techniques37
Mixed Class I/Class II post-peak curves of mortar models of rock samples37
The coupling effects of strain gradient and damage on Mode I crack tip stress fields36
Experimental and numerical investigation of the fracture behavior in granite specimens with two co-planar side flaws under biaxial loading36
Effect of external magnetic field on electric current-induced fracture of notched thin metallic conductors: Part 1 – Low magnetic fields36
Fatigue life prediction of welded joints at sub-zero temperatures using modified Paris–Erdogan parameters35
A general framework for decomposing the phase field fracture driving force, particularised to a Drucker–Prager failure surface35
Experimental studies on the extent of 3D and 2D stress–strain states at sharp V-notches35
Fatigue life prediction of AA2524 thin plate strengthened using compound laser heating and laser shot peening method34
A local stress criterion to assess the effects of hydrogen embrittlement on the fracture strength of notched tensile specimens34
Investigation on stress intensity factor and fracture characteristics of SCB sandstone containing prefabricated cracks34
Critical and subcritical cracking of high-strength wires obtained by cold-drawing of pearlitic and duplex stainless steels34
Experimental study on seepage-stress coupling failure characteristics and fracture fractal characteristics of cemented gangue-fly ash backfill with defects34
Quasi-brittle fracture analysis of large and small wedge splitting concrete specimens with size from 150 mm to 2 m and aggregates from 10 to 100 mm33
Dynamic mechanical properties and failure mechanisms of rock-like materials containing main and auxiliary holes with various arrangement inclinations and spacing ratios33
Effect of micro-hole shape and arrangement on the impact properties of three-dimensional isotropic brittle structures33
An analytical model for determining realistic tensile strength and fracture toughness of fired clay bricks33
Experimental study on the energy evolution law during crack propagation of cracked rock mass under impact loads33
Influence of distinct testing methods on the mode-I fracture toughness of Longmaxi shale33
Loading rate dependence of staged damage behaviors of granite under uniaxial compression: Insights from acoustic emission characteristics33
Determination of fatigue crack growth in the near-threshold regime using small-scale specimens33
Fracture and structural performance of adhesively bonded 3D-printed PETG single lap joints under different printing parameters33
Weibull stress solutions and applications under mixed mode I-II loading for 2-D cracks in elastic and elastic–plastic materials32
Modeling crack propagation in heterogeneous granite using grain-based phase field method32
A novel super symplectic analytical singular element for crack propagation along a bimaterial interface32
Fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth in DMLS Co-Cr-Mo alloy: Unraveling the role of scanning strategies32
Extended Voronoi cell finite element methods for fracture analysis of composites32
Modelling of cracks with frictional contact based on peridynamics32
Weak interface-induced repeated kinking of a central crack in a brittle multilayered plate under remote shear loading32
Mode I and mode II stress intensity factors and dislocation density behaviour in strain gradient plasticity32
Evaluation of the structural integrity of solid rocket propellant by means of the viscoelastic fracture mechanics approach at low and medium strain rates31
Influence of arch shaped notch angle, length and opening on the failure mechanism of rock like material and acoustic emission properties: Experimental test and numerical simulation31
Quantitative investigation of crack propagation and fracture mechanism of fissured granite from the mesoscopic perspective31
Bayesian analysis of acoustic emission data for prediction of fatigue crack growth in concrete31
Corrigendum to “Numerical investigation of the effects of the micro-parameters of the transgranular contact on the mechanical response of granite” [Theoret. Appl. Fract. Mech. 118 (2022) 103259]31
Evaluation of existing and introduction of new incremental crack propagation approaches in FEM31
Retraction notice to “Effects of tensile overload on fatigue crack growth in AM60 magnesium alloys” [Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech. 122 (2022) 103573]31
Development of a design method for the fracture performance of steel fiber-reinforced concrete by considering steel fiber characteristics and aggregate gradation30
Shear fracture behavior and damage constitutive model of rock joints considering the effect of pre-peak cyclic loading30
Identification of crack initiation and damage thresholds in sandstone using 3D digital image correlation30
A new method for predicting multi-crack fracture mechanism in the finite plate of red sandstone30
Mixed mode (I&III) fracture behavior of cement emulsified asphalt mortar under freeze and thaw cycles30
Mechanical behaviors and failure mechanism of flawed sandstone containing infillings under freeze-thaw cycles and uniaxial compression30
Determining singular and non-singular Williams’ expansion terms from full-field measurements: Consideration of structural effects on fracture behavior30
Investigations on the fracture mechanisms of Z-shaped fissured rock-like specimens30
Analysis of mixed-mode Compact-Tension-Shear (CTS) specimens with slanted propagating cracks30
Stress evolution in rocks around tunnel under uniaxial loading: Insights from PFC3D-GBM modelling and force chain analysis29
Surface fatigue characterization and its enhancement by the engineered ultrasonic rolling process for 300 M ultrahigh strength steel29
Enhancement fracture behavior of sustainable cementitious composites using synergy between fly ash (FA) and nanosilica (NS) in the assessment based on digital image processing procedure29
Fracture analysis of seawater sea-sand recycled aggregate concrete beams: Experimental study and analytical model29
A novel atomic J-integral concept beyond conventional fracture mechanics29
Experimental analysis of influence of pouring interval on fracture performance of concrete structures with cold joints29
Effect of confining pressure on shear fracture behavior and surface morphology of granite by the short core in compression test29
Twin and phase boundaries synergistic effect on multiscale dynamic fracture in Ni-based deformed superalloy28
Study on crack propagation behaviors of three-point bending concrete beams with small span-depth ratios28
Extended wavelet Galerkin method for mixed-mode cracked FGM plate under static and dynamic loads28
Influence of hot-spot on crack path and lifetime estimation of fretting-affected steel components28
Vibration-induced crack tip flipping: A closer look at an unfamiliar phenomenon in pipeline failure analysis28
Evaluation of effect of spheroidization heat treatment on mechanical properties via small punch test28
Experimental investigation of mixed mode I-II fracture property of thermally treated granite under dynamic loading28
A coupling algorithm of ordinary and non-ordinary state-based peridynamic models for fracture analysis in brittle and ductile materials28
Propagation, arrest, and reactivation of thermally driven fractures in an unconfined half-space using stability analysis28
A new small punch test method to predict tensile properties of steels: Representative stress–strain method28
Experimental and numerical investigation on mode I fracture properties of bedded rocks28
Effect of interlayer carbon nanotube films on the quasi-static and dynamic mode Ⅰ fracture behavior of laminated composites – An experimental and numerical investigation27
A phase-field model of quasi-brittle fracture for pressurized cracks: Application to UO27
Stress intensity factors of elliptical cracks at the weld toe27
An improved photoelastic method for determining stress intensity factors of rock-like material27
Fatigue crack propagation performance of Q690 high-strength steel and butt welds27
Effects and optimization of biomimetic laser shock peening on residual fatigue life improvement of aluminum alloy used in aircraft skin27
Verification of stress transfer mechanism in fatigue crack growth under overload27
EcoBlends’up: PLA/BioPA blends composites, microfibrillated “in situ” through additive manufacturing27
Mechanical and failure characteristics of flawed granite after high-temperature cycling: An experimental study using biaxial compression27
Dislocation-based entropy as a criterion for fracture27
Phase-field ductile fracture analysis of multi-materials and functionally graded composites through numerical and experimental methods27
Study on dynamic loading characteristics and energy evolution of sandstone with double cracks27
A comparison of domain integral and multi-parameter methods for the strain intensity factor estimation of rigid line inclusion using digital image correlation27
Pseudo energy-based crack initiation criterion for asphalt-filler composite system under a fatigue shear load26
Interference study of double cracks on the inner surface of pipe bends with axial misalignment weld defects26
Nondimensional size dependent fracture model of concrete based on boundary effect theory26
RETRACTED: Effects of tensile overload on fatigue crack growth in AM60 magnesium alloys26
Peridynamic modeling with energy-based surface correction for fracture simulation of random porous materials26
Investigating the effects of different temperatures on the mixed-mode fracture parameters in adhesively bonded joints considering cohesive zone modeling26
Prediction on residual flexural fatigue life of rock-concrete interface based on a deformation-controlled fatigue crack propagation criterion25
Mean stress effect on crack propagation threshold at high stress ratios25
Numerical analysis for characterizing hydrogen embrittlement behaviors induced in STS316L stainless steel using an in-situ small-punch test25
Mechanical behaviour of weakly filled granite and a unified evaluation method for macro-fine-micro multi-scale fracture characteristics25
The influence of impacting orientations and tunnel filled on the fracture characteristic of crack25
Study on the influence of hydraulic pressure on the bilinear softening curve of concrete25
An effective free-meshing and linear Step-Wise procedure to predict crack initiation and propagation25
Investigation of stress-wave-induced crack penetration behavior at the rock-Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) interface25
A computationally efficient Element Edge point numerical integration scheme in the meshless method framework for solving fracture problems25
Harnessing waste for sustainable construction: A novel synthesizing activators from waste for one-part geopolymer concrete and evaluating its fracture toughness25
Effects of initial unloading level on the mechanical, micro failure and energy evolution characteristics of stratified rock mass under triaxial unloading confining pressure24
Dual-horizon peridynamics-based variational damage modelling for complex dynamic fractures24
Evaluation of fracture energy, toughness, brittleness, and fracture process zone properties for lightweight concrete exposed to high temperatures24
A modified semi-weight function method for SIF calculation of arbitrary inclined interface crack with both single complex-root and double real-root singularities24
Influences of matrix strength and weak planes on fracture response of recycled aggregate concrete24
Assessment of freezing and thawing cycle (FTC) effects on mixed mode I/III fracture toughness and work of fracture of HMA asphalt mixtures24
Coherence analysis of the crack strain field in coal rock with borehole-crack composite defects24
Frequency response analysis of edge-cracked magneto-electro-elastic functionally graded plates using extended finite element method24
Mechanical responses and stress distribution of rock-like specimen containing a spherical defect under uniaxial compression24
Direct evaluation of stress intensity factors and T-stress for bimaterial interface cracks using the extended isogeometric boundary element method24
Editorial Board23
Geometrical effect of a notch tip on fracture toughness test23
Fracturing behavior and damage model of spatial-rotation fissured sandstone: An experimental study on freeze–thaw and fatigue loads coupling23
Multiscale modelling of fracture in graphene sheets23
Investigation of plastic and slipping regions at the edge of an adhered complete contact of elastically dissimilar materials23
Characterization of discontinuous crack closure behavior after the application of a single overload cycle23
Mode I fracture behavior of rubber-modified unsaturated polyester resin concrete under impact loads: The effects of loading rate, rubber content and curing age23
Influences of the burden on the fracture behaviour of rocks by using electric explosion of wires23
Editorial Board23
Sizing limitations of ultrasonic array images for non-sharp defects and their impact on structural integrity assessments23
On formulations for modeling pressurized cracks within phase-field methods for fracture23
Preface to the special issue of Theoretical and applied fracture mechanics - fatigue crack growth - multiscale modelling and crack path analysis in engineering materials23
Fracture testing and estimation of critical loads in a PMMA-based dental material with nonlinear behavior in the presence of notches23
Effect of the Lüders plateau on the relationship between fracture toughness and constraint for pipeline steels22
Discrete element simulation on failure mechanical behavior of transversely isotropic shale under two kinds of unloading paths22
Determination of mode I fracture toughness of rocks with field fitting and J-integral methods22
Degradation response of mode I and mode III fracture resistance of sandstone under wetting–drying cycles with an acidic solution22
Fracture propagation characteristics of pre-cracked red clay in roadbed filling under three-point bending22
Progressive failure analysis of laminar composites under compression using smeared crack-band damage model and full layerwise theory22
New insights into the fracture evolution and instability warning predication for fissure-contained hollow-cylinder granite with different hole diameter under multi-stage cyclic loads22
Effects of multiple overloads and high-low sequence loading on the fatigue crack propagation of AZ31B magnesium alloy22
A comparative study on characterizing the fracture toughness variations in thick-wall hydrogenation reactor welded joint by spherical indentation tests22
Effects of initial overload on the fatigue crack initiation and growth in notched plates22
Weld crack detection in spiral-welded pipes by direct current potential drop method and backpropagation neural network22
Critical plane based method for multiaxial fatigue analysis of 316 stainless steel22
Effects of alkaline solution to binder ratio on fracture parameters of steel fiber reinforced heavyweight geopolymer concrete22
Dynamic fracture analysis in nonhomogeneous piezoelectric materials with a new domain-independent interaction integral22
Crack propagation under thermo-mechanical loadings based on moving mesh strategy22
Analysis of tooth root three-dimensional fatigue crack initiation, propagation, and fatigue life for spur gear transmission22
Prediction of the influence of loading rate and sugarcane leaves concentration on fracture toughness of sugarcane leaves and epoxy composite using artificial intelligence21
Experimental and numerical investigation on the effect of bedding plane properties on fracture behaviour of sandy mudstone21
Research on the propagation characteristics of multiple cracks in steel bridge joints21
Toughening and toughness degradation of concrete under varying volume fractions of coarse aggregate21
Experimental studies on the effect of cyclic thermal shock and cooling methods on the mechanical properties and fracture behavior of prefabricated fissured sandstone21
Numerical prediction and experiments for 3D crack propagation in brittle materials based on 3D-generalized maximum tangential strain criterion21
Investigation of the compression–shear fracture propagation for rocks accounting for confining pressure and crack surface friction21
Analysis of stress intensity factor for a crack emanating from elliptical hole subjected to compressive stress and shear stress21
Discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) simulations of crack propagation, branching and coalescence in brittle materials under dynamic loading20
Fracture properties of the gold mine tailings-based geopolymer under mode I loading condition through semi-circular bend tests with digital image correlation20
Fatigue performance of Hastelloy X at elevated temperature via small punch fatigue test20
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Impact Behaviour of Anchored CFRP-to-Concrete Bonding Interface20
Three-dimensional weight function analyses and stress intensity factors for two unsymmetric surface cracks and surface-corner cracks at a circular hole20
Several cracks in a rectangular bar reinforced by a piezoelectric layer subjected to torsion20
Investigation on the size effect of compacted clay mode I fracture based on NDB specimens20
Study on shear resistance and crack resistance and toughening mechanism of fiber reinforced cement stabilized aeolian sand20
A closed-form solution for thermoelastic stress analysis of perforated asymmetric functionally graded nanocomposite plates20
The effects of rock-infill interfacial properties on the compressive damage behaviour of flawed rocks: Results from a DEM study20
A novel boundary tracing method without enrichment for modeling cracks and their propagation20
Fracture toughness resistance curves for a delamination in CFRP MD laminate composites, Part II: Mixed-mode deformation20
Fracture initiation in a single crystal copper edge-crack specimen for various crystallographic orientations20
Investigation on fracture properties and FPZ evolution of concrete/rock bi-material interface after low-level fatigue loading20
Crack propagation characteristics of coal body around the borehole under different loading rates20
Investigation of energy-based interlayer debonding of open-graded friction course pavement under mode I fracture test20
Investigation on model-I fracture toughness of sandstone with the structure of typical bedding inclination angles subjected to three-point bending19
Artificial neural network and YUKI algorithm for notch depth prediction in X70 steel specimens19
Reliability-based approach for structural integrity assessment of a bucket wheel excavator19
Remaining fatigue life estimation under varying amplitude cyclic loading conditions combining ultrasonic waves and relative strain measurements for aluminum 6061-T6 plates with a notch19
Acoustic emission and failure characteristics of cracked rock under freezing-thawing and shearing19
Effect of cork powder concentration and service temperature on strength characteristics and failure modes of tubular adhesively bonded joints19
Interfacial debonding in a thin plate bonded to a rigid substrate with a circular hole19
An improved bond-based peridynamic model with shear bonds for eliminating rigid body rotation19
Determination of notch stress intensity factors for V-notched specimens under mode I loading using the 3D-Digital image correlation and strain energy approach19
Nano-scale fracture toughness of fly ash incorporated hydrating cementitious composites using experimental nanoindentation technique19
Comparison of anisotropic crack tip behavior in hcp titanium by two-dimensional and three-dimensional atomistic simulations19
Fracture assessments of blunt V-notches using the coherent gradient sensing (CGS) method19
Effect of similar and dissimilar interface layers on delamination in hybrid plain woven glass/carbon epoxy laminated composite double cantilever beam under Mode-I loading19
Stress gradient effect in metal fatigue: Review and solutions19
Effect of crack size, thickness and span on the transverse mode I fracture characteristics of laminated flattened-bamboo lumber19
Mechanical behaviour of fracture-filled rock-like specimens under compression-shear loads: An experimental and numerical study19
Acoustic emission characteristics and failure mode analysis of rock failure under complex stress state19
Effect of porosity gradient on fracture mechanics of bi-directional FGM structures: Phase field approach19
Growth behavior of short fatigue cracks in a unidirectional SiC fiber-reinforced titanium matrix composite under spectrum loading19
Mutual feedback between Mask2former and crack information under dynamic rock fractures19
An adaptive multi-scale FEM-PD model for failure analysis of materials with interfaces19
Prediction of fracture toughness using small specimens based on machine learning19
Cracking and thermal resistance in concrete: Coupled thermo-mechanics and phase-field modeling19
Phase field study of the thermo-electro-mechanical fracture behavior of flexoelectric solids19
Study on the dynamic fracture behavior of anisotropic CCNBD shale specimens under different impact angles19
Long-term Freeze–thaw effect on fracture performance of asphalt mixture with reclaimed asphalt pavement, glass fiber and rejuvenator18
Evaluation of the geometrical discontinuity effect on mixed-mode I/II fracture load of FDM 3D-printed parts18
Fatigue behaviors of pre-flawed orthoclase granite under monotonic and multi-level cyclic loadings18
Experimental study on dynamic mechanical characteristics and fracture behaviors of coal under water–gas-temperature coupling conditions18
A dominant frequency-based hierarchical clustering method for evaluating the mode-II fracture mechanisms of shale using the acoustic emission technique18
Experimental and numerical investigation on the mode I and mode II interlaminar fracture toughness of nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide reinforced composites18
Effect of temperature on mixed mode I/III fracture behavior of diorite: An experimental investigation18
Crack propagation behavior and failure prediction of rocks with non-parallel conjugate flaws: Insights from the perspective of acoustic emission and DIC18
Quasi-static tensile and fatigue behaviour of a metastable austenitic stainless Cr-Ni-Cu-N steel18
Study on notch stress–strain response of blunt side-notched specimen with finite residual width18
Experimental and numerical investigations on rate-dependent fracture behavior of concrete-rock interface18
Experimental investigation on crack coalescence and strength loss of rock-like materials containing two parallel water-filled flaws under freeze–thaw18
Influence of uniaxial and equi-biaxial tensile pre-straining on the high cycle and notch fatigue behaviour of AA2024-T4 aluminium alloy18
Adaptive scaled boundary finite element method for hydrogen assisted cracking with phase field model18
Numerical investigation on crack propagation process of concrete gravity dams under static and dynamic loads with in-crack reservoir pressure18
A parametric study on the failure strength of multi-bolt composite repairs with different configurations18
A numerical failure analysis of nano-filled ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete structures via a moving mesh approach18
Mechanical behaviour and spatial fracture characteristics of granite containing weak inclusions under uniaxial loading revealed by 3D DIC and AE monitoring: The influence of extension length of planar18
Mechanical behavior of mixed-mode I-II fracture in deep laminated shale based on finite discrete element method18
Effect of cork powder concentration and service temperature on strength characteristics and failure modes of adhesively bonded lap joints17
Influences of layer combination on fracture behaviour of soft–hard interbedded rock layers using three-point-bending test17
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