Sleep

Article	Citations
Performance of seven consumer sleep-tracking devices compared with polysomnography	225
Metrics of sleep apnea severity: beyond the apnea-hypopnea index	206
The effect of sleep deprivation and restriction on mood, emotion, and emotion regulation: three meta-analyses in one	102
Sleep and mental health in athletes during COVID-19 lockdown	80
Randomized clinical trials of cardiovascular disease in obstructive sleep apnea: understanding and overcoming bias	78
Video-polysomnography procedures for diagnosis of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) and the identification of its prodromal stages: guidelines from the International RBD Study Group	76
Obstructive sleep apnea treatment and dementia risk in older adults	76
Prospective examination of adolescent sleep patterns and behaviors before and during COVID-19	75
Measuring sleep regularity: theoretical properties and practical usage of existing metrics	73
Digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia promotes later health resilience during the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic	68
The social and economic cost of sleep disorders	67
Prevalent, incident, and persistent insomnia in a population-based cohort tested before (2018) and during the first-wave of COVID-19 pandemic (2020)	66
Workshop report. Circadian rhythm sleep–wake disorders: gaps and opportunities	59
The natural history of insomnia: predisposing, precipitating, coping, and perpetuating factors over the early developmental course of insomnia	54
Changes of evening exposure to electronic devices during the COVID-19 lockdown affect the time course of sleep disturbances	46
Treating insomnia symptoms with medicinal cannabis: a randomized, crossover trial of the efficacy of a cannabinoid medicine compared with placebo	43
Evening-types show highest increase of sleep and mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic—multinational study on 19 267 adults	43
Changing school start times: impact on sleep in primary and secondary school students	41
Meta-analysis of age and actigraphy-assessed sleep characteristics across the lifespan	37
Heart rate variability during wakefulness as a marker of obstructive sleep apnea severity	37
Relationships between sleep traits and lung cancer risk: a prospective cohort study in UK Biobank	36
Randomized controlled trial of digital cognitive behavior therapy for prenatal insomnia symptoms: effects on postpartum insomnia and mental health	33
Cost-effectiveness of digital cognitive behavioral therapy (Sleepio) for insomnia: a Markov simulation model in the United States	33
Modulating overnight memory consolidation by acoustic stimulation during slow-wave sleep: a systematic review and meta-analysis	33
Late-in-life neurodegeneration after chronic sleep loss in young adult mice	33

Randomized controlled trial of an integrated approach to treating insomnia and improving the use of positive airway pressure therapy in veterans with comorbid insomnia disorder and obstructive sleep a	33
Light at night in older age is associated with obesity, diabetes, and hypertension	32
Efficacy of a stepped care approach to deliver cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia in cancer patients: a noninferiority randomized controlled trial	32
Residual, differential neurobehavioral deficits linger after multiple recovery nights following chronic sleep restriction or acute total sleep deprivation	32
Greatest changes in objective sleep architecture during COVID-19 lockdown in night owls with increased REM sleep	32
Brain function in children with obstructive sleep apnea: a resting-state fMRI study	32
Predicting circadian phase across populations: a comparison of mathematical models and wearable devices	31
Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia has sustained effects on insomnia, fatigue, and function among people with chronic heart failure and insomnia: the HeartSleep Study	31
Incidence of insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea in active duty United States military service members	31
Medical cannabis and cannabinoids for impaired sleep: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials	31
Continuous positive airway pressure and adverse cardiovascular events in obstructive sleep apnea: are participants of randomized trials representative of sleep clinic patients?	31
Association of objectively measured sleep with frailty and 5-year mortality in community-dwelling older adults	30
Within-night repeatability and long-term consistency of sleep apnea endotypes: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study	29
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia prevents and alleviates suicidal ideation: insomnia remission is a suicidolytic mechanism	29
Methamphetamine and sleep impairments: neurobehavioral correlates and molecular mechanisms	28
Inflammation, tau pathology, and synaptic integrity associated with sleep spindles and memory prior to β-amyloid positivity	28
Stress and sleep across the onset of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: impact of distance learning on US college students’ health trajectories	28
Characteristics and reproducibility of novel sleep EEG biomarkers and their variation with sleep apnea and insomnia in a large community-based cohort	28
Losing sleep by staying up late leads adolescents to consume more carbohydrates and a higher glycemic load	27
Sleep-tracking technology in scientific research: looking to the future	27
Guiding principles for determining work shift duration and addressing the effects of work shift duration on performance, safety, and health: guidance from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and th	27
Health outcomes of continuous positive airway pressure versus mandibular advancement device for the treatment of severe obstructive sleep apnea: an individual participant data meta-analysis	27
Scoring sleep with artificial intelligence enables quantification of sleep stage ambiguity: hypnodensity based on multiple expert scorers and auto-scoring	27
Mode of delivery of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia: a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial of digital and face-to-face therapy	27
Associations between brain structure and sleep patterns across adolescent development	27
Obstructive sleep apnea is an independent risk factor for severe COVID-19: a population-based study	26
Central sleep apnea: pathophysiologic classification	26
Prevalence of idiopathic REM behavior disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis	26
Once-nightly sodium oxybate (FT218) demonstrated improvement of symptoms in a phase 3 randomized clinical trial in patients with narcolepsy	26
Reopening after lockdown: the influence of working-from-home and digital device use on sleep, physical activity, and wellbeing following COVID-19 lockdown and reopening	26
The microbiome in obstructive sleep apnea	25
The Nightmare Disorder Index: development and initial validation in a sample of nurses	25
Assessment of obstructive sleep apnea-related sleep fragmentation utilizing deep learning-based sleep staging from photoplethysmography	25
Home confinement during the COVID-19: day-to-day associations of sleep quality with rumination, psychotic-like experiences, and somatic symptoms	25
Autonomic dysregulation and sleep homeostasis in insomnia	25
Actigraphy-derived sleep health profiles and mortality in older men and women	25
Abuse potential assessment of the new dual orexin receptor antagonist daridorexant in recreational sedative drug users as compared to suvorexant and zolpidem	25
COVID-19 instructional approaches (in-person, online, hybrid), school start times, and sleep in over 5,000 U.S. adolescents	25
A pathogenic cycle between insomnia and cognitive arousal fuels perinatal depression: exploring the roles of nocturnal cognitive arousal and perinatal-focused rumination	24
Poor sleep behavior burden and risk of COVID-19 mortality and hospitalization	24
Mendelian randomization highlights insomnia as a risk factor for pain diagnoses	24
Stability of nocturnal wake and sleep stages defines central nervous system disorders of hypersomnolence	24
Sleep regularity is a stronger predictor of mortality risk than sleep duration: A prospective cohort study	24
Sleep deficiency in spaceflight is associated with degraded neurobehavioral functions and elevated stress in astronauts on six-month missions aboard the International Space Station	24
Sleep characterization with smart wearable devices: a call for standardization and consensus recommendations	24
Effect of the new dual orexin receptor antagonist daridorexant on nighttime respiratory function and sleep in patients with mild and moderate obstructive sleep apnea	24
Neurobehavioral morbidity of pediatric mild sleep-disordered breathing and obstructive sleep apnea	23
Longitudinal associations of sleep problems with alcohol and cannabis use from adolescence to emerging adulthood	23
Changes in EEG permutation entropy in the evening and in the transition from wake to sleep	23
Theta-gamma coupling during REM sleep depends on breathing rate	23

Sleep EEG microstructure in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis	23
Trends in prevalence of short sleep duration and trouble sleeping among US adults, 2005–2018	23
Dyscoordination of non-rapid eye movement sleep oscillations in autism spectrum disorder	23
The dim light melatonin onset across ages, methodologies, and sex and its relationship with morningness/eveningness	22
Sleep disturbances, circadian activity, and nocturnal light exposure characterize high risk for and current depression in adolescence	22
Blunted rest–activity rhythms link to higher body mass index and inflammatory markers in children	22
Treating sleep and circadian problems to promote mental health: perspectives on comorbidity, implementation science and behavior change	22
Evening chronotype is associated with elevated biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk in the EpiHealth cohort: a cross-sectional study	22
Adult hypothalamic neurogenesis and sleep–wake dysfunction in aging	21
Differentiating perinatal Insomnia Disorder and sleep disruption: a longitudinal study from pregnancy to 2 years postpartum	21
Improvements in cognitive function and quantitative sleep electroencephalogram in obstructive sleep apnea after six months of continuous positive airway pressure treatment	21
Effects of six weeks of chronic sleep restriction with weekend recovery on cognitive performance and wellbeing in high-performing adults	21
Characteristics associated with hypersomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness identified by extended polysomnography recording	21
Altered cerebrocerebellar functional connectivity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and its association with cognitive function	21
Clinical polysomnographic methods for estimating pharyngeal collapsibility in obstructive sleep apnea	20
Phase-locked auditory stimulation of theta oscillations during rapid eye movement sleep	20
Poor sleep correlates with biomarkers of neurodegeneration in mild traumatic brain injury patients: a CENC study	20
Testing the contiguity of the sleep and fatigue relationship: a daily diary study	20
The effect of sleep restriction therapy for insomnia on sleep pressure and arousal: a randomized controlled mechanistic trial	20
The aging slow wave: a shifting amalgam of distinct slow wave and spindle coupling subtypes define slow wave sleep across the human lifespan	20
Genetically proxied morning chronotype was associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer	19
Leptin receptor expression in the dorsomedial hypothalamus stimulates breathing during NREM sleep indb/dbmice	19
Does insomnia treatment prevent depression?	19
Scoring of large muscle group movements during sleep: an International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group position statement	19
Microsleep disturbances are associated with noradrenergic dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease	19
Associations of the residential built environment with adolescent sleep outcomes	19
Lucid dreaming occurs in activated rapid eye movement sleep, not a mixture of sleep and wakefulness	19
Co-occurring insomnia and anxiety: a randomized controlled trial of internet cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia versus internet cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety	19
Aerobic and resistance exercise improve patient-reported sleep quality and is associated with cardiometabolic biomarkers in Hispanic and non-Hispanic breast cancer survivors who are overweight or obes	18
Insomnia in the context of short sleep increases suicide risk	18
Predicting incident dementia and mild cognitive impairment in older women with nonparametric analysis of circadian activity rhythms in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures	18
Narcolepsy with intermediate cerebrospinal level of hypocretin-1	18
The association between Internet usage and sleep problems among Japanese adolescents: three repeated cross-sectional studies	18
Comparative efficacy and safety of hypnotics for insomnia in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis	18
Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and rapid eye movement sleep without atonia are more frequent in advanced versus early Parkinson’s disease	18
Perceived home sleep environment: associations of household-level factors and in-bed behaviors with actigraphy-based sleep duration and continuity in the Jackson Heart Sleep Study	18
Sleepless in COVID-19: racial disparities during the pandemic as a consequence of structural inequity	18
A multicentric validation study of a novel home sleep apnea test based on peripheral arterial tonometry	18
Impact of total sleep deprivation and related mood changes on approach-avoidance decisions to threat-related facial displays	18
Sleep bruxism and obstructive sleep apnea: association, causality or spurious finding? A scoping review	18
Sleep duration and mood in adolescents: an experimental study	18
Molecular resolution of a behavioral paradox: sleep and arousal are regulated by distinct acetylcholine receptors in different neuronal types in Drosophila	18
Altered heart rate variability during sleep in mild cognitive impairment	17
Cardiovascular Burden of Narcolepsy Disease (CV-BOND): a real-world evidence study	17
Sleep and the gut microbiota in preschool-aged children	17
Sleep and cardiometabolic risk: a cluster analysis of actigraphy-derived sleep profiles in adults and children	17
Objective assessment of sleep regularity in 60 000 UK Biobank participants using an open-source package	17
Sleep spindles comprise a subset of a broader class of electroencephalogram events	17
Cross-participant prediction of vigilance stages through the combined use of wPLI and wSMI EEG functional connectivity metrics	17
Event-related potentials in insomnia reflect altered perception of sleep	17
It is time to abolish the clock change and adopt permanent standard time in the United States: a Sleep Research Society position statement	17
Daily-level effects of alcohol, marijuana, and simultaneous use on young adults’ perceived sleep health	17
Intermediate hypocretin-1 cerebrospinal fluid levels and typical cataplexy: their significance in the diagnosis of narcolepsy type 1	16
Risk of chronic kidney disease in patients with obstructive sleep apnea	16
Animal models of narcolepsy and the hypocretin/orexin system: Past, present, and future	16
Gut microbiome changes due to sleep disruption in older and younger individuals: a case for sarcopenia?	16
Sleep inertia measurement with the psychomotor vigilance task in idiopathic hypersomnia	16
Objective sleep profile in LGI1/CASPR2 autoimmunity	16
A novel EEG marker predicts perceived sleepiness and poor sleep quality	16
Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine levels in central disorders of hypersomnolence	16
Patient values and preferences regarding prognostic counseling in isolated REM sleep behavior disorder	16
Does investing in low-income urban neighborhoods improve sleep?	16
Frequency of flow limitation using airflow shape	16
Performance of a multisensor smart ring to evaluate sleep: in-lab and home-based evaluation of generalized and personalized algorithms	16
Spindles are highly heritable as identified by different spindle detectors	16
Combined intermittent and sustained hypoxia is a novel and deleterious cardio-metabolic phenotype	16
Sleep spindles in the healthy brain from birth through 18 years	15
Structural brain connectivity in patients with restless legs syndrome: a diffusion tensor imaging study	15
Associations between everyday discrimination and sleep quality and duration among African-Americans over time in the Jackson Heart Study	15
Insomnia symptom severity is associated with increased suicidality and death by suicide in a sample of patients with psychiatric disorders	15
Abnormal timing of slow wave synchronization processes in non-rapid eye movement sleep parasomnias	15
Order matters: sleep spindles contribute to memory consolidation only when followed by rapid-eye-movement sleep	15
Assessing brain iron and volume of subcortical nuclei in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder	15
Induction of narcolepsy-like symptoms by orexin receptor antagonists in mice	15
Certainty about uncertainty in sleep staging: a theoretical framework	15
Memory performance following napping in habitual and non-habitual nappers	15
The relationship between fasting-induced torpor, sleep, and wakefulness in laboratory mice	15
Relationships between cortical, cardiac, and arousal-motor activities in the genesis of rhythmic masticatory muscle activity across sleep cycles in primary sleep bruxism children	15
Light enhanced cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia and fatigue during chemotherapy for breast cancer: a randomized controlled trial	15
Contactless and longitudinal monitoring of nocturnal sleep and daytime naps in older men and women: a digital health technology evaluation study	15

Investigating longitudinal associations between parent reported sleep in early childhood and teacher reported executive functioning in school-aged children with autism	15
Post-implant care pathway: lessons learned and recommendations after 5 years of clinical implementation of hypoglossal nerve stimulation therapy	15
The effect of chronic intermittent hypoxia in cardiovascular gene expression is modulated by age in a mice model of sleep apnea	14
Sleep is more than rest for plasticity in the human cortex	14
Association between sleep disordered breathing in early pregnancy and glucose metabolism	14
Understanding the role of structural racism in sleep disparities: a call to action and methodological considerations	14
Evaluation of suvorexant for trauma-related insomnia	14
A comprehensive evaluation of insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea and comorbid insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea in US military personnel	14
Discovery of genomic loci associated with sleep apnea risk through multi-trait GWAS analysis with snoring	14
Linking clinical complaints and objective measures of disrupted nighttime sleep in narcolepsy type 1	14
Increased chin muscle tone during all sleep stages in children taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants and in children with narcolepsy type 1	14
Complement promotes endothelial von Willebrand factor and angiopoietin-2 release in obstructive sleep apnea	14
Mediating role of psychological distress in the associations between neighborhood social environments and sleep health	14
Neurotransmitters of sleep and wakefulness in flatworms	14
Synchronizing our clocks as we age: the influence of the brain-gut-immune axis on the sleep-wake cycle across the lifespan	14
Randomized clinical trials of cardiovascular disease in obstructive sleep apnea: understanding and overcoming bias	14
Sleep and circadian informatics data harmonization: a workshop report from the Sleep Research Society and Sleep Research Network	14
Sleep irregularity and nonsuicidal self-injurious urges and behaviors	14
Lower respiratory tract infections in early life are associated with obstructive sleep apnea diagnosis during childhood in a large birth cohort	14
Memory-relevant nap sleep physiology in healthy and pathological aging	14
Leg movements during sleep in children treated with serotonergic antidepressants	14
Association of snoring characteristics with predominant site of collapse of upper airway in obstructive sleep apnea patients	14
The association of acculturative stress with self-reported sleep disturbance and sleep duration among Asian Americans	14
Activity of a subset of vesicular GABA-transporter neurons in the ventral zona incerta anticipates sleep onset	14
Sleep architecture based on sleep depth and propensity: patterns in different demographics and sleep disorders and association with health outcomes	14
How do children with autism spectrum disorder form gist memory during sleep? A study of slow oscillation–spindle coupling	13
Sleep quality deterioration in middle-aged and older adults living in a rural Ecuadorian village severely struck by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. A population-based longitudinal prospective study	13
Pro: can physiological risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea be determined by analysis of data obtained from routine polysomnography?	13
Neck fat and obstructive sleep apnea in obese adolescents	13
Sleep misestimation among older adults suffering from insomnia with short and normal objective sleep duration and the effects of cognitive behavior therapy	13
Con: can physiological risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea be determined by analysis of data obtained from routine polysomnography?	13
The effect of non-benzodiazepine sedative hypnotics on CPAP adherence in patients with OSA: a systematic review and meta-analysis	13
The natural history of insomnia: high sleep reactivity interacts with greater life stress to predict the onset of acute insomnia	13
The Sleep Well Baby project: an automated real-time sleep–wake state prediction algorithm in preterm infants	13
Sleepiness is a signal to go to bed: data and model simulations	13
Exposure to relaxing words during sleep promotes slow-wave sleep and subjective sleep quality	13
State of the science and recommendations for using wearable technology in sleep and circadian research	13
Cognitive throughput and working memory raw scores consistently differentiate resilient and vulnerable groups to sleep loss	13
No evidence for intra-individual correlations between sleep-mediated declarative memory consolidation and slow-wave sleep	13
Myopia and sleep in children—a systematic review	13
BMI changes in pediatric type 1 narcolepsy under sodium oxybate treatment	13
Healthy sleep practices for shift workers: consensus sleep hygiene guidelines using a Delphi methodology	13
Spontaneous slow oscillation—slow spindle features predict induced overnight memory retention	13
Effects of sex and estrous cycle on sleep and cataplexy in narcoleptic mice	13
Polysomnographic analysis of maternal sleep position and its relationship to pregnancy complications and sleep-disordered breathing	13
Sleep deprivation impairs binding of information with its context	13
Leptin-mediated neural targets in obesity hypoventilation syndrome	13
Manipulation of rapid eye movement sleep via orexin and GABAA receptor modulators differentially affects fear extinction in mice: effect of stable versus disrupted circadian rhythm	13
Reliability and validity of a 3-min psychomotor vigilance task in assessing sensitivity to sleep loss and alcohol: fitness for duty in aviation and transportation	13
Sleep spindle alterations relate to working memory deficits in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis	13
Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: a narrative review from a technological perspective	12
High-throughput visual assessment of sleep stages in mice using machine learning	12
The effect of sleep restriction on cognitive performance in elite cognitive performers: a systematic review	12
Slow-wave sleep during a brief nap is related to reduced cognitive deficits during sleep deprivation	12
Heart rate variability as a potential biomarker of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea resolution	12
Raw scores on subjective sleepiness, fatigue, and vigor metrics consistently define resilience and vulnerability to sleep loss	12
Effects of auditory sleep modulation approaches on brain oscillatory and cardiovascular dynamics	12
Causal associations of obstructive sleep apnea with cardiovascular disease: a Mendelian randomization study	12
Sex-related differences within sleep–wake dynamics, cataplexy, and EEG fast-delta power in a narcolepsy mouse model	12
The relationship of fear-potentiated startle and polysomnography-measured sleep in trauma-exposed men and women with and without PTSD: testing REM sleep effects and exploring the roles of an integrati	12
Obstructive sleep apnea and risk of suicide and self-harm: a Danish Nationwide Cohort Study	12
High national rates of high-dose dopamine agonist prescribing for restless legs syndrome	12
K-complexes are a sensitive marker of noise-related sensory processing during sleep: a pilot study	12
0537 Incident Hypertension Prediction in Obstructive Sleep Apnea using Machine Learning	12
Altered K-complex morphology during sustained inspiratory airflow limitation is associated with next-day lapses in vigilance in obstructive sleep apnea	12
Transient oscillation dynamics during sleep provide a robust basis for electroencephalographic phenotyping and biomarker identification	12
Associations of sleep measures with neural activations accompanying fear conditioning and extinction learning and memory in trauma-exposed individuals	12
Cannabis dosing and administration for sleep: a systematic review	12
A systematic review of patient-reported outcome measures used to assess sleep in postpartum women using Consensus Based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) guideline	12
Sleep and Big Data: harnessing data, technology, and analytics for monitoring sleep and improving diagnostics, prediction, and interventions—an era forSleep-Omics?	12
The relationship between chronotype and sleep behavior during rotating shift work: a field study	12
Longitudinal associations of military-related factors on self-reported sleep among U.S. service members	12
The association between obstructive sleep apnea and sleep spindles in middle-aged and older men: a community-based cohort study	12
Manipulations of the olfactory circuit highlight the role of sensory stimulation in regulating sleep amount	12
Adherence to a healthy sleep pattern and incidence of cardiometabolic multimorbidity among hypertensive patients: a prospective study of UK Biobank	12
Bedtimes, bedtime routines, and children’s sleep across the first 2 years of life	12
Risk of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection associated with pre-coronavirus disease obstructive sleep apnea diagnoses: an electronic health record-based analysis from the RECOVER initiative	12
Sleep in the lesser mouse-deer (Tragulus kanchil)	12
Housing insecurity and sleep among welfare recipients in California	12
Perceived daily sleep need and sleep debt in adolescents: associations with daily affect over school and vacation periods	11
Prediction of shiftworker alertness, sleep, and circadian phase using a model of arousal dynamics constrained by shift schedules and light exposure	11
Regional brain metabolism differs between narcolepsy type 1 and idiopathic hypersomnia	11
Sleep health and cognitive function among people with and without HIV: the use of different machine learning approaches	11
Combining cardiac monitoring with actigraphy aids nocturnal arousal detection during ambulatory sleep assessment in insomnia	11
Daily reactivity to stress and sleep disturbances: unique risk factors for insomnia	11
Distinguishing sleep from wake with a radar sensor: a contact-free real-time sleep monitor	11
Sleep spindle and slow wave activity in Parkinson disease with excessive daytime sleepiness	11
Sleep during menopausal transition: a 10-year follow-up	11
The effect of obstructive sleep apnea therapy on cardiovascular autonomic function: a systematic review and meta-analysis	11
Rest-activity rhythm disturbance in liver cirrhosis and association with cognitive impairment	11
Melatonin suppression does not automatically alter sleepiness, vigilance, sensory processing, or sleep	11
Pediatric sleep: current knowledge, gaps, and opportunities for the future	11
Cutaneous α-synuclein is correlated with autonomic impairment in isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder	11
Influence of mid-afternoon nap duration and sleep parameters on memory encoding, mood, processing speed, and vigilance	11
Measuring light regularity: sleep regularity is associated with regularity of light exposure in adolescents	11