Slavery & Abolition

Article	Citations
Fugitive Harbour: Labour, Community, and Marronage at Antigua Naval Yard	6
‘The Science of Human Rights:’ American Abolitionism and the Language of Human Rights	4
Managing ‘Old Mammy’, Making ‘Mother Wit’: Older Enslaved Women, Efficiency, and Survival on the Plantation	4
Scars on the Land: An Environmental History of Slavery in the American South	3
Enslaved Women and Creoles in Guadalajara’s Slave Market, 1615–1735	3
The Guyana Maroons, 1796–1834: Persistent and Resilient until the End of Slavery	3
The Persistence of Indigenous Unfreedom in Early American Newspaper Advertisements, 1704–1804	3
Sick Minds, Unproductive Bodies: Nostalgia, Slavery, and Feeling in Late-Eighteenth-Century Cuba	2
The Demands of Justice: Enslaved Women, Capital Crime and Clemency in Early Virginia; Brooding over Bloody Revenge: Enslaved Women's Lethal Resistance The Demands of Justice: Enslaved W	2
American Slavery, American Imperialism: US Perceptions of Global Servitude, 1870–1914	2
Mutiny on the Rising Sun: A Tragic Tale of Slavery, Smuggling and Chocolate	2
Plantation Coffee in Jamaica, 1790-1848	2
A Question of Freedom: The Families who Challenged Slavery from the Nation’s Founding to the Civil War	2
Setting Slavery's Limits: Physical Confrontations in Antebellum Virginia, 1801–1860	2
On the Verge of War: Black Insurgency, the ‘Christie Affair’, and British Antislavery in Brazil	2
Overseen and Overlooked: Spanish and British Silencing of Labor Resistance in Post-Emancipation Puerto Rico	2
Voices of the Enslaved: Love, Labor, and Longing in French Louisiana	2
Envoys of Abolition: British Naval Officers and the Campaign Against the Slave Trade in West Africa	2
Coercion and Enslavement in Motion: An Introduction	1
Indigenous Freedom Suits, Epistemological Mobilities, and the Deep Archive	1
The Poison Pen: Slavery, Poison, and Fear in the Antebellum Press	1
R O C K S T O N E: On Race, Politics, and Public Memorials in Jamaica	1
Well Fed but ‘at the Same Time, Well Beaten’: Amelioration in the Seychelles	1
Jacob D. Green and Britain’s Nineteenth-Century Black Abolitionist Network	1
Convicts: A Global History Convicts: A Global History , by Clare Anderson, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022, xv+476 pp. ISBN 978-1-108-84072-9(hardback)£74.99	1

Memory, Trauma and ‘Affective Autonomy’: Displaying Emotion and Trauma at the International Slavery Museum	1
‘Where Liberty is Not, There is My Country’: Nineteenth-Century American Abolitionist Writings on India and its Legacies	1
Trouble of the World: Slavery and Empire in the Age of Capital	1
Racial Punishment from Slavery to Settler Colonialism: John Picton Beete in Demerara and Swan River	1
Slaves and Highlanders: Silenced Histories of Scotland and the Caribbean Slaves and Highlanders: Silenced Histories of Scotland and the Caribbean , by David Alston, Edin	1
Slavery in Byzantium and the Medieval Islamicate World: Texts and Contexts	1
‘Horrible Enough to Stir a Man's Soul’: Enslaved Men, Emotions, and Heterosexual Intimacy in the Antebellum U.S. South	1
Slavery, Fatherhood, Paternal Duty in African American Communities over the Long-Nineteenth Century	1
Captive Mobilities: Movement, Slavery, and Knowledge Production in the Iberian World	1
A ‘Liberal Solution’ to Slave Emancipation: State Institutions, Party Politics, and the Trials of Political Abolitionism in Mid-1880s Brazil	1
Household Servants and Slaves. A Visual History 1300–1700 Household Servants and Slaves. A Visual History 1300–1700 , by Diane Wolfthal, New Haven and London, Yale Unive	1
War, Fire, and Rebellion in Jamaica	0
The Illustrated Slave: Empathy, Graphic Narrative, and the Visual Culture of the Transatlantic Abolition Movement, 1800–1852 / Reconstructing the Landscapes of Slavery: A Visual History of the Plantat	0
Capitalism and Slavery Revitalized: Reflections on Berg and Hudson	0
In the Wake of Maritime Marronage	0
Williams’ Gang: A Notorious Slave Trader and his Cargo of Black Convicts	0
African Traditional Religion and Christianity in the Formation of Vodun	0
Slavery on Display	0
Beyond Exceptionalism: Traces of Slavery and the Slave Trade in Early Modern Germany, 1650–1850	0
Unfreedom: Enslaving in New Jersey Through Gradual Abolition and Emancipation	0
An Abolitionist Vicious Circle: Slaving, Antislavery, and Violence on the Shores of Lake Tanganyika at the Onset of Colonial Occupation	0
Advocates of Freedom: African American Transatlantic Abolitionism in the British Isles	0
Slavery: Annual Bibliographical Supplement (2020)	0
Trials of Enslavers in Former French Colonies in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries: Testimonies of the Enslaved between Gratitude and Fear	0
The Black Republic: African Americans and the fate of Haiti	0
Middle Passages: The Multiple Forced Migrations of Enslaved Africans	0
Black Refugees and the Legal Fiction of Military Manumission in the American Revolution	0
The Journeys of Eleven African Captives to the Mines of Antioquia, New Kingdom of Granada (1573-1589)	0
Haiti in the British Imagination: Imperial Worlds, 1847-1915	0
Whose Emotions?	0
A New System of Slavery at Age Fifty	0
Old Age and American Slavery	0
Lourenço da Silva Mendonça and the Black Atlantic Abolitionist Movement in the Seventeenth Century	0
Healing Knowledge in Atlantic Africa: Medical Encounters, 1500–1850	0
The Nature of Slavery: Environment and Plantation Labor in the Anglo-American World The Nature of Slavery: Environment and Plantation Labor in the Anglo-American World ,	0
‘Slavery Dies Hard’: A Radical Perspective on the Morant Bay Rebellion in Jamaica	0
Provision Grounds, Fruit, and Labour Conflicts in Jamaica, 1830s–1850s	0
From South Africa to the World: The Political and Legal Legacies of Chinese Indenture in the Transvaal	0
Emancipation in the Gold Coast: The Abolitionist Views of James Hutton Brew	0
Finding George Freeman: a ‘Liberated African’ in Berkshire in the Age of Abolition	0
Mastering Emotions: Feelings, Power, and Slavery in the United States	0
Chained to History: Slavery and US Foreign Relations to 1865 Chained to History: Slavery and US Foreign Relations to 1865 , by Steven J. Brady, Ithaca, NY, Cornell Unive	0
Chinese Perspectives on Chinese Indentured Labourers during the First World War	0
Chinese Indenture in the Interwar Netherlands East Indies and the ‘Coolie Ordinance’	0
The First Reconstruction: Black Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War The First Reconstruction: Black Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War	0
Bearing Witness: Contemporary Slave Narratives and the Global Antislavery Movement	0
The Persistence of Memory: Remembering Slavery in Liverpool, ‘slaving capital of the world’	0
Workers, Wives and Radicals: Women and Abolitionism in the North-East of England, 1792–1865	0
Bonded: Elite Marriage and Slavery in Nineteenth-Century Lesotho	0
Muslims for and Against Slavery: Debates on the European Abolitionism Within the Muslim Elite of Saint-Louis, Senegal (1844)	0

Patchwork Freedoms: Law Slavery and Race Beyond Cuba’s Plantations Patchwork Freedoms: Law Slavery and Race Beyond Cuba’s Plantations , by Adriana Chira, Cambridge, Camb	0
Haunting the Landscape: Fear and Empowerment in Slavery and its Aftermath in the U.S. South	0
Rebecca’s Ordeal, from Africa to the Caribbean: Sexual Exploitation, Freedom Struggles, and Black Atlantic Biography	0
The National Story of Racial Science and Medicine in Nineteenth-Century America	0
Rumour, Royalty, Revolt: Mexico City’s 1612 Slave Conspiracy in the Atlantic Context	0
The Ambiguity of Freedom: Kinship and Motivations for Manumission in Eighteenth-Century Suriname	0
Duet with John Bull: The Black Abolitionist Mission to the British Isles During the American Civil War	0
How Much Do We Really Know About Somerset v. Stewart (1772)? The Missing Evidence of Contemporary Newspapers	0
The Bonds of Family: Slavery, Commerce and Culture in the British Atlantic World	0
De la Nouvelle-Néerlande à New York : La naissance d’une société escalavagiste (1624–1712) [From New Netherland to New York: The Birth of a Slave Society, 1624–1712)	0
A Sea of Caribbean Islands: Maritime Maroons in the Greater Caribbean	0
I Cannot Write My Life: Islam, Arabic, and Slavery in Omar ibn Said's America	0
‘Concubines’, ‘Mistresses’, ‘Wives’: Questions of Intimacy, Violence, and Power in the British Atlantic and U.S. South	0
Indenture Beyond the ‘Coolie’ Trade: Reinitiating Chinese Indentured Migration to Cuba after the Chinese Commission Report (1874–1920)	0
Diego García's Long and Winding Road to Freedom: A Microcosm of Slavery in Costa Rica, 1705–1744	0
The Ties That Bind: Transatlantic Abolitionism in the Age of Reform, c. 1820–1865	0
The Hazards of Love: Family Formation Against the Financial Environment of Slavery in Pre-Revolutionary Haiti	0
Forum: Histories of Incarceration in Guyana	0
The Barber of Natchez Reconsidered: William Johnson and Black Masculinity in the Antebellum South The Barber of Natchez Reconsidered: William Johnson and Black Masculinity in the Antebe	0
‘Dere never wuz a war like dis war’: The WPA Narratives and the Emotional Echoes of the Civil War	0
Who’s Black and Why: A Hidden Chapter from the Eighteenth-Century Invention of Race Who’s Black and Why: A Hidden Chapter from the Eighteenth-Century Invention of Race ,	0
Slavery, Wealth and Britishness	0
Borderless Empire: Dutch Guiana in the Atlantic World, 1750-1800	0
The Hustler and the Mooch: Slavery in Late Eighteenth-Century Bombay	0
Recultivating Connections across the Indian Ocean	0
Witnessing Slavery: Art and Travel in the Age of Abolition	0
Old age, resistance, and surviving slavery in the US South	0
The Reinvention of Atlantic Slavery: Technology, Labor, Race and Capitalism in the Greater Caribbean	0
‘Liberating’ Africans and the Abolition of the Slave Trade: A Review of LiberatedAfricans.org	0
Afflicted Slaves, Faithful Vassals: Sevícias, Manumission, and Enslaved Petitioners in Eighteenth-Century Brazil	0
The false cause: fraud, fabrication, and white supremacy in Confederate memory	0
A Haitian Revolutionary Manifesto? New Perspectives on the ‘Letter of Jean-François, Biassou, and Belair’	0
The Samarra Mutiny of 256/869	0
Where was Gustavus Vassa, also Known as Olaudah Equiano, Born? Revisiting an Old Question	0
Becoming Free, Becoming Black: Race, Freedom, and Law in Cuba, Virginia, and Louisiana, 1500-1860	0
Colonial-Imposed Slavery and African Abolitionism: The Early Twentieth- Century Lagos Elites’ Campaign Against the Native House Rule Ordinance	0
Slavery: Annual Bibliographical Supplement (2023)	0
‘Very Fond of Spirituous Liquors’: Alcohol and Fugitive Black Life in the Slaveholding South	0
Standard Bearers of Equality: America’s First Abolition Movement	0
The Performance and Appearance of Confidence Among the Enslavers of South Carolina and Cuba	0
Slavery and Abolition in Pennsylvania Slavery and Abolition in Pennsylvania , by Beverley C. Tomek, Philadelphia, PA, Temple University Press, 2021, Xiv, 129pp., $19.95	0
Happy Dreams of Liberty: An American Family in Slavery and Freedom	0
A Weary Land: Slavery on the Ground in Arkansas	0
‘She Died from Grief’: Trauma and Emotion in Information Wanted Advertisements	0
Dark Voyage: An American Privateer’s War on Britain’s African Slave Trade	0
‘There is a North’: fugitive slaves, political crisis, and cultural transformation in the coming of the Civil War	0
Introduction	0
From Slave to Royal Vassal: Jean-François’s Negotiation Strategies in the Haitian Revolution	0
‘She Refused to Be Left Behind’: The Sinews of Modern Day Trafficking in the Late Illegal US-Brazil Slave Trade, ca. 1860s–1880s	0
Colonialism and Slavery in Performance: Theatre and the Eighteenth-Century French Caribbean	0
Les Mondes de L’esclavage. Une Histoire Comparée	0
The Failed Promise: Reconstruction, Frederick Douglass, and the Impeachment of Andrew Johnson	0
This Is Our Home: Slavery and Struggle on Southern Plantations	0
‘I am not a beggar’: Moses Roper, Black Witness and the Lost Opportunity of British Abolitionism	0
Slavery and Abolition in Pennsylvania	0
For the Record: Muzio Costanzo, ‘Franciscus Etiopem’, and Paris Bordon’s Portrait of a Man in Armour with Two Pages	0
A Narrative of Escape: Self Liberation by Sea and the Mental Worlds of the Enslaved	0
Al-Ḥakam I in the Andalusi Sources: His Slaves, Eunuchs, and Concubines	0
The Science of Abolition: How Slaveholders Became the Enemies of Progress	0
Debating Slavery After the Southampton Insurrection: A Crisis among North Carolina Slave Owners, 1831–1832	0
Exceptions to the Abolition of Chinese Indenture: Chinese workers on rubber estates in Interwar British Malaya	0
Zoroastrian Fire Foundations: A Portrait of Slaves and Slaveholders	0
‘Thousands Now Unhappy’: Slave Petitions in Eighteenth-Century Connecticut	0
Contested Pasts and Mythic History: Formerly Enslaved Women, Francis Pickens, and the Federal Writer’s Project	0
Slavery: Annual Bibliographical Supplement (2021)	0
Consent in the Presence of Force: Sexual Violence and Black Women’s Survival in Antebellum New Orleans Consent in the Presence of Force: Sexual Violence and Black Women’s Survival in An	0
Race and Respectability in an Early Black Atlantic World Race and Respectability in an Early Black Atlantic World , by Cassander L. Smith, Baton Rouge, Louisiana State U	0
In the Matter of Nat Turner: A Speculative History	0
A union indivisible: secession and the politics of slavery in the Border South	0
Enslavement between Worlds: Manuel Zapata’s Many Captive Mobilities	0
The Re-enslavement of Guadeloupe: Criminal Courts in the Re-establishment of Slavery, 1802–1806	0
Surrender to a Slave Society: Fighting the Illegal Slave Trade in Nineteenth-Century Suriname	0
The Same in All but Name? The Intersections of Marriage and Slavery in Sierra Leone, 1890–1930	0
Beyond Slavery’s Shadow: Free People of Colour in the South	0
Re-Producing the Meaning of the Geography of Enslavement: Henry Box Brown’s Subversive Geographical Resistance	0
Demanding Racial Equality: Free People of Color and the 1791 Concordats in Saint-Domingue	0
Medicine and Healing in the Age of Slavery	0
Bound to be Free? Manumission in Cape Town, 1825–34	0
‘Refuge in the British Lines’: Refugees from Slavery and Sanctuary Status in New York City, 1782–1783	0
The wet frontier of slavery: plantation slavery and freedom on Texas’ Trinity River	0

From a Chicken in Every Pot to a Time of Scarcity: Rethinking Slavery in the Crimean Khanate	0
In Memoriam	0
The Atlantic and Africa: The Second Slavery and Beyond	0
Legislating Liberty: Liberated Africans and the Abolition Act, 1806–1824	0
Indigenous Slavery in the Circum-Caribbean: The Miskitu’s Slave Trade and Its Consequences	0
A Secret among the Blacks: Slave Resistance before the Haitian Revolution A Secret among the Blacks: Slave Resistance before the Haitian Revolution , by John D. Garrigus	0
Slavery, Capitalism and the British Economy	0
The Yellow Demon of Fever: Fighting Disease in the Nineteenth-Century Transatlantic Slave Trade	0
Embattled Freedom: Journeys through the Civil War’s Slave Refugee Camps	0
Free to Bury Their Dead: Baptism and the Meanings of Freedom in the Eighteenth-Century Caribbean	0
Introduction: Historicizing the Abolition of Chinese Indentured Labour	0
‘Master Said He Was Over All the Magistrates’: Intimacy, Belonging, and Power Struggle within a Jamaican Houseful	0
The Morant War of Representation: Freedom and Whiteness in Jamaican Narratives of the Morant Bay Uprising	0
The Haitians: A Decolonial History	0
The Battle of Negro Fort: The Rise and Fall of a Fugitive Slave Community	0
Slavery Represented in Bactrian Documents	0
In the True Blue’s Wake: Slavery and Freedom among the Families of Smithfield Plantation	0
Crossing Boundaries: Exploring Northern Encounters with Self-Emancipated Black Southerners in Fuelling the U.S. Civil War and Slavery’s Collapse	0
Maroon Women in Suriname and French Guiana: Rice, Slavery, Memory	0
‘An Extremely Mild Form of Slavery … of the Worst Sort’: American Perceptions of Slavery in the Sulu Sultanate, 1899–1904	0
Female Captive Mobilities and the ‘Countervoyage’ in the Luso-Atlantic World	0
“The Only Unavoidable Subject of Regret”: George Washington, Slavery, and the Enslaved Community at Mount Vernon	0
Mapping British Public Monuments Related to Slavery	0
Enslaveability, Slavery and Global Micro Histories: Reflections through the Case of Cali	0
‘Sterile Citizens’ & ‘Excellent Disbursers’: Opium and the Representations of Indentured Migrant Consumption in British Guiana and Trinidad	0
Researching the Aftermath of Slavery in Mainland East Africa: Methodological, Ethical, and Practical Challenges	0
Running from Bondage: Enslaved Women and their Remarkable Fight for Freedom in Revolutionary America	0
The Politics of Identification in Post-Emancipation Martinique: Civil Status, Internal Passports, Workers’ Booklets, and Immigration Cards	0
Historicising Ancient Slavery	0
‘[A]s Fast as Ships Return he Will Send Every one a Boy’: Enslaved Children as Gifts in the British Atlantic	0
Fear, Dependency and Complicity in Late Eighteenth-Century Grenada, 1784–1796	0
Listening to the Caribbean: Sounds of Slavery, Revolt, and Race Listening to the Caribbean: Sounds of Slavery, Revolt, and Race , by Martin Munro, Liverpool, Liverpool U	0
Jamaica Ladies: Female Slaveholders and the Creation of Britain’s Atlantic Empire	0
‘Enslavement, Emotions and Oppositional Insolence in the Slave Society of British Guiana’	0
‘I Request Charity and Justice’: The Lives of Enslaved and Free African Descent Peoples in New Spain’s North Frontier	0
‘An Absurd Rage for Public Speaking’: An Abolitionist Fair Orator in the London Debating Societies, 1788–1791	0
Caribbean Slavery, British Capitalism and the Industrial Revolution(s)?	0
‘Her Work of Love’: Forced Separations, Maternal Grief, and Enslaved Mothers’ Emotional Practices in the Antebellum US South	0
‘The People of All Kinds Who Walk Along the Lines’: The Precarious Mobilities of Unfree Workers on Cuba's Early Railroads	0
Enslaved on Campus: Displaced Lives, Families, and Religion at Georgetown College	0
Coloniality and the Criminal Justice System: Empire and its Legacies in Guyana	0
Military Medicine and the Making of Race: Life and Death in the West India Regiments, 1795–1874	0
Freedom Seekers: Escaping from Slavery in Restoration London	0
Insiders by Analogy: Slaves in the Great Ming Code	0
Before Equiano: A Prehistory of the North American Slave Narrative	0
Reckoning with Slavery: Gender, Kinship, and Capitalism in the Early Black Atlantic Reckoning with Slavery: Gender, Kinship, and Capitalism in the Early Black Atlantic ,	0
The Souls of Womenfolk: The Religious Cultures of Enslaved Women in the Lower South	0
Materializing the Middle Passage: A Historical Archaeology of British Shipping, 1680-1807 Materializing the Middle Passage: A Historical Archaeology of British Shipping, 1680-1807	0
The International Trafficking of Chinese Children and its Conflicting Legalities in Mid-Nineteenth Century Treaty-Port China	0
Rendered Useless: The Business of Slavery, a Sick African Girl, and the Law in Colonial Newport	0
Illegally Sold: The Josefa Segunda and Its Captives in New Orleans, 1818–1832	0
Enslavement for Manumission: The Creation of Byzantine ‘Private Subjects’	0
Retaining Chinese Indentured Labour in Interwar British and French Pacific colonies	0
Slavery: Annual Bibliographical Supplement (2022)	0
Empire of Brutality: Enslaved People and Animals in the British Atlantic World Empire of Brutality: Enslaved People and Animals in the British Atlantic World , by Christ	0
‘The Land is Asking for History’. Marriages, Land, and Post-Slavery in Southern Benin	0
The smell of slavery: olfactory racism and the Atlantic world	0
Making Marriages at the ‘End of Slavery’: Religion, Identity, and Law in the Early Colonial French Soudan	0
Captives of Conquest: Slavery in the Early Modern Spanish Caribbean	0
Editor’s Note: A 40th Anniversary	0
The Abolition of Slavery in the South American Republics	0
Wealth, Land, and Property in Angola: A History of Dispossession, Slavery, and Inequality Wealth, Land, and Property in Angola: A History of Dispossession, Slavery, and Inequality	0
Britain’s Black Past	0
Liberators or Perpetrators? Co-Opting, Committing, and Condoning Sexual Violence against Women and Girls in the Early Belgian Congo	0
A Global History of Slavery in the Medieval Millennium	0
Immigration, Intoxication, Insanity, and Incarceration in British Guiana	0
A Question of Freedom: The Families Who Challenged Slavery from the Nation’s Founding to the Civil War	0
The Overseers of Early American Slavery	0
Exporting the Unfortunate: The European Slave Trade from India, 1500–1800	0
Macao's Moral Maze: Sino-Portuguese Efforts Against the Early Modern Chinese Slave Trade	0
‘How much more must I suffer?’: post-traumatic stress and the lingering impact of violence upon enslaved people	0
Traders in Men: Merchants and the Transformation of the Transatlantic Slave Trade Traders in Men: Merchants and the Transformation of the Transatlantic Slave Trade , by	0
Slave Trade Insurance in the Age of Abolition: Archives, Politics, and Legalities	0
Islamic Tombstones for Slaves from Abbasid-Era Egypt	0
Slavery in an Authoritarian Republic: The Policing of Dissent and the Rise of State Slavery in Paraguay (1821–1840)	0
In the Matter of Nat Turner: A Speculative History	0
What ‘The Books … Would Tell’: Slavery, Freedom, and History in Slave Traders’ Archives	0
Maritime Marronage: Archaeological, Anthropological, and Historical Approaches	0
Anti-slavery and Australia: No Slavery in a Free Land?	0
Slaves and Slavery in Ancient Greece Slaves and Slavery in Ancient Greece , by Sara Forsdyke, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2021, 277 pp., $24.99 (paperback), I	0
The Political Ideas of the Haitian Revolutionaries: A Forum	0
‘A Blessing of God’: Marriage and Amelioration in Early Nineteenth-Century Montserrat	0
Blood Legacy: Reckoning with a Family’s History of Slavery	0
Caribbean New Orleans: Empire, Race, and the Making of a Slave Society	0
Warfare, Bestowal, Purchase: Dutch Acquisition of Slaves in the World of Eastern Indonesia, 1650–1800	0
Beyond 1619: The Atlantic Origins of American Slavery	0
Revisiting the Slave Ship Enterprise in Post-Emancipation Bermuda	0
Introduction: Enslavement and the Slave Trade in Asia	0
African Indentured Labor in Senegal and Ste. Marie, Madagascar, 1817–1830	0
A Question of Freedom: The Families Who Challenged Slavery from the Nation’s Founding to the Civil War A Question of Freedom: The Families Who Challenged Slavery from the Nation’s Found	0
Slavery and Marriage in African Societies	0
The Iconography of Death in the Logbooks of the Eighteenth-Century Dutch Atlantic Slave Trade	0
Slavery in the Dutch Colonial Empire in Southeast Asia: Seventeenth-Century Amboina Reconsidered	0
The Problem of Immigration in a Slaveholding Republic: Policing Mobility in the Nineteenth Century United States The Problem of Immigration in a Slaveholding Republic: Policing Mobility	0
Captive Wives or Conjugal Slaves? The Slavery-Marriage Nexus in Northern Uganda Since the Mid-Nineteenth Century	0