Placenta

Article	Citations
A 3D culture model to study uterine gland cells as signaling agents in embryo-endometrium relationship	66
Editorial Board	50
Effect of heat stress during late gestation on placentome morphometry of multiparous dairy cattle in a pasture-based system	49
Exploring Placental DNA Methylation in IVF Pregnancies Reveals Male-Specific CpG Signatures and Increased Female Variability	43
Effects of Placenta-Derived Factors on Maternal Megakaryocytes and Thrombopoiesis	42
Swine trophoblast organoids as a robust, physiologic model of porcine placental development	40
Targeted delivery of liposomes to the uterine artery of pregnant rhesus macaques	38
Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Suppresses Inflammatory Cytokine Expression in Amniotic Mesenchymal Cells	35
Chronic gestational inflammation: Comparisons of obesity-mediated and preeclampsia-mediated placental inflammation using transcriptomic and histological methods	35
Characterization and in vitro modeling of trophoblast and villous core networks of human first trimester placental cells	33
Analysis of podocyte injury and inflammatory response in a mouse model of preeclampsia using electron microscopy	32
IFPA Pages	30
Detection of heat-stable antibacterial activity in cotyledonary and discoid placentas	30
Composition of circulating short-chain fatty acids in gestational diabetes mellitus and their associations with placental immune-metabolic responses	29
A case of pregnancy-related acute kidney injury following a missed abortion	28
Extracellular vesicle signalling and pregnancy- engineering the opportunities	27
Fetoplacental vascular reactivity is altered in fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia	26
Necroptosis associates with infection severity and birth outcomes in placental malaria	25
Editorial Board	25
Development of novel AOX1 inhibitors to prevent or reverse placental oxidative damage	24
Comparative study of sialic acid content in saliva between preeclampsia and normal gestation patients	24
Role of osteopontin (OPN) in uterine spiral artery remodeling	23
Ferumoxytol-enhanced MRI of retroplacental clear space disruption in placenta accreta spectrum	23
Immunosuppressant drug tacrolimus inhibits HUVEC angiogenesis and production of placental growth factor	23
Presepsin in the amniotic fluid is a useful clinical inflammatory biomarker for the prenatal predictive diagnosis of histologic chorioamnionitis: a retrospective preliminary study	23

NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the placenta during SARS-CoV-2 infection	23
Higher long-term blood pressure in women with recurrent preeclampsia than who with single episode of preeclampsia	23
The whole is lesser than the sum of its parts? Dissecting layer-enriched samples of rodent placenta is worth the effort	21
Prediction of maternal and foetal outcomes among patients with preeclampsia using circulatory biomarkers (MMP-9 & ST2) - A prospective cohort study	21
Potential resolution of placenta previa from the 28th-to the 36th-week of pregnancy: A retrospective longitudinal cohort study	21
Placental pathological findings in triplet pregnancies conceived through assisted reproductive technology: a study of 98 cases	21
Influence of Maternal Smoking on Premature Senescence and Antioxidative Capacity in the Placenta	20
Transplacental transfer of antibodies is modulated by IgG1 allotypes	20
Loss of HAPLN3 impairs trophoblast differentiation and invasion	20
Maternal nutrient restriction in guinea pigs increases resistance in the umbilical artery at mid-gestation.	20
Extracellular ATP regulates human syncytiotrophoblast formation by activating the P2X7 channel.	20
Membrane-bound mitochondrial DNA: a potential senescence signal in placenta tissue	20
High-fidelity, multimodal detection of microchimeric cells in their spatial context	19
MICROPLASTIC EXPOSURE ALTERS METABOLIC AND HORMONAL PROFILES IN HUMAN PLACENTAL EXPLANTS	19
Transplacental Passage of Ampicillin: Implications for Antenatal Therapy	19
JQ1-mediated bromodomain inhibition reveals TREML2 as a master regulator of trophoblast fusion and identifies its decreased expression in preeclamptic placentas.	19
Investigating Stem Cell Antigen-1 Expression and Effects in Mouse Trophoblast Stem Cells	19
Unveiling placental development in circadian rhythm-disrupted mice: A photo-acoustic imaging study on unstained tissue	18
“Optimal timing for RNA isolation: Recommendations for placenta sample collection under clinical conditions”	18
Different risk of acute feto-fetal transfusion in basic clinical subtypes of monochorionic twins	17
Pre-natal dietary imbalance of folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiency adversely impacts placental development and fetal growth	17
Gardnerella vaginalis impairs extravillous trophoblast invasion via extracellular matrix-mediated MMP2 downregulation	17
Nitric oxide donor increases umbilical vein blood flow and fetal oxygenation in fetal growth restriction. A pilot study	17
Exosome enriched leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein-1 and extracellular matrix protein 1 proteins induce abnormal placental angiogenesis in pregnant mice	17
Insights into embryo-endometrium immune interactions	16
Achieving multifunctionality in a single, tissue-sized syncytiotrophoblast cell in humans	16
Novel 3D in vitro human placenta-on-a-chip model derived using human trophoblast stem cells differentiated towards syncytiotrophoblasts and extravillous trophoblasts to mimic both villi and implantati	16
The overview of lactylation in the placenta of preeclampsia	16
Low oxygen-induced ferritinophagy is responsible for heightened ferroptosis in the placenta in fetal growth restriction	16
Placenta accreta after hysteroscopic surgery for intrauterine adhesion	15
Characterization and in vitro modeling of trophoblast and villous core networks of human first trimester placental cells	15
Latent profile analysis of newborn dried blood spot (DBS) cyto-and chemo-kines and growth factors and maternal and fetal acute inflammatory responses to amniotic fluid infection.	15
Investigating the effects of beta blockers on fetal vasculature	15
The production of angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors via the activation of protein kinase C in the placenta of pregnant diabetic mice	14
COVID in pregnancy: Biomarkers of placental dysfunction and neonatal outcomes	14
A retrospective study of manual removal or expectant management for retained product of conception after the third trimester delivery	14
Editorial Board	14
Spheroid formation induces chemokine production in trophoblast-derived Swan71 cells	14
Letter to the editor on “The MRI estimations of placental thickness and cervical length correlate with postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) in patients with risk for placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorders”	14
Developing of a novel therapeutic agent for FGR through Drug repositioning	14
Gestational chronodisruption and its role in fetal programming of non-communicable diseases	14
Association between maternal consumption of ultra-processed foods, lipid biomarkers of de novo lipogenesis in plasma and human milk, and postpartum depression: Investigation in a Brazilian cohort of p	14
The impact of maternal Zika virus infection on long-term neurodevelopment:	14
The differential placental expression of ERp44 and pre-eclampsia; association with placental zinc, the ERAP1 and the renin-angiotensin-system	14
The role of glutamitc oxaloacetic transaminase in placentas of pregnancies complicated with IUGR	14
Placental Aquaporin-3: A potential molecular target for aspirin in the treatment of preeclampsia	14
DNMT1-mediated DNA methylation contributes to CYP11A1 expression in progesterone synthesis in placental trophoblast syncytialization	14
A novel technique to estimate intravillous fetal vasculature on routine placenta histologic sections	14
Trophoblast-mediated spatial changes in hydrogel matrix properties	14
Editorial Board	13

Protocol for the quantitative analysis of images retrieved by multiplex immunofluorescence staining to allow cell type-specific spatial phenotyping of markers of interest in the human placenta	13
Editorial Board	13
Role of bacterial chorioamnionitis in the physiopathology of neurodevelopmental disorders of the offspring	13
Placental human papillomavirus infections and adverse pregnancy outcomes	13
Extracellular Vesicles: What are we actually studying?	13
Altered release of thrombomodulin and HMGB1 in the placenta complicated with preeclampsia	13
Maternal hypothyroidism and diabetes alter plasma concentration and placental signaling of sex steroids in rats	13
Prenatal exposure to perceived stress, maternal asthma, and placental size	13
Higher fetal membrane myo-inositol content associates with increased tensile strength linked with alterations in acylcarnitine lipids and hydroxyproline content	13
Corrigendum to PVT1/miR-145-5p/HK2 modulates vascular smooth muscle cells phenotype switch via glycolysis: The new perspective on the spiral artery remodeling [Placenta 130 (2022) 25–33]	13
Metformin ameliorates trophoblastic immunometabolic disorders via attenuating TLR4/NF-κB signaling through ATXN7L3-mediated histone H2B monoubiquitination	13
Determination of residue aspirin and its bioactive metabolites in human placenta: Application to high-risk to preeclampsia women received prophylactic low-dose aspirin	13
Placental extracellular vesicles induce ovarian tumour cell death in an ex vivo explant model: Possible therapeutic potential	13
Assessment of placental transfer of IgG antibodies and cytokine production in response to a viral environment	13
Supercomplex assembly supports higher mitochondrial bioenergetic capacity of cytotrophoblasts, compared to the syncytiotrophoblast.	12
Lymphatic mimicry of spiral arteries is impaired by human sFLT1 overexpression in a preeclampsia mouse model	12
Late gestation heat stress alters O2 regulation in placenta and neonatal heifers	12
Placental correlates in categories of preterm births based on gestational age	12
3D Virtual Histology of Placental Tissue – Whole Organ to Biopsies: Analysing Vasculature with an nnU-Net to Examine Pre-Eclamptic Placentas	12
Are there differences between monochorionic twin placentas after spontaneous and assisted conception?	12
Velocity-selective arterial spin labeling perfusion measurements in 2nd trimester human placenta with varying BMI	12
Hypoxia alters the proteome of small human placental extracellular vesicles and their effect on endothelial dysfunction.	12
Exploring fetal cells in maternal blood in relation to rupture of the fetal membranes	12
Stress regulation of WFS1 and PERK-p-eIF2α-ATF4 signaling pathway in placental tissue cells of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy	12
Deep learning for fetal inflammatory response diagnosis in the umbilical cord	12
Trophoblast-specific overexpression of Slc7a5 (LAT1) causes fetal overgrowth by increasing fetal plasma levels of circulating essential amino acids	11
ZKSCAN1 expression in placentae of preeclampsia pregnant women: implications in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia	11
ASCT2-dependent secretion mechanism of the cell fusion-regulator suppressyn	11
Maternal lifetime stress and placental mitochondrial DNA mutational load: Effect modification by maternal characteristics	11
NNMT expression in preeclampsia: Analyses on placental tissues and cell lines	11
Hydrogen sulfide promotes migration of trophoblast cells by a Rho GTPase mediated actin cytoskeleton reorganization	11
Single-cell spatial mapping of trophoblast subpopulations in the human placenta using HybISS	11
Cargo changes in placental extracellular vesicles due to antiphospholipid antibody treatment may reflect differential functionality of different vesicle subtypes	11
ARID1A recruits GATA2 to regulate the senescence of trophoblast cells under high-glucose condition	11
Villitis of unknown etiology, chronic deciduitis, chronic chorioamnionitis and chronic histiocytic intervillositis in monozygotic and dizygotic twin pregnancies. A retrospective analysis of 16 cases	11
Placental pathology findings amongst extremely preterm perinatal deaths in Aotearoa New Zealand	11
Analysis of Non-Coding RNAs in Placental Tissue and Extracellular Vesicles: Implications for Trophoblast Function	11
Deep proteomic characterization of placenta tissue from patients with preeclampsia	11
METTL3 suppressing SLC31A1 m6A modification regulates trophoblast migration and invasion	11
Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals altered placental microenvironment due to maternal high-fat diet	11
Automating first-trimester placenta volume measurements in three-dimensional ultrasonography using virtual reality and artificial intelligence: The Rotterdam Periconception Cohort	10
Placental weight as a predictor of future health: Insights from a large-scale genome-wide association study	10
Buprenorphine and the placenta: does MAT in pregnancy impact placental efficiency?	10
HLA-G isoforms, HLA-C allotype and their expressions differ between early abortus and placenta in relation to spontaneous abortions	10
The role of aryl hydrocarbon receptors in nutrient metabolism and immune regulation at the maternal–fetal interface	10
HtrA4 is required for differentiation of human trophoblast stem cells into syncytiotrophoblast	10
Uteroplacental versus fetal use of glucose in healthy pregnancies at term. A human in vivo study	10
Explorative 3-D culture of early secondary follicles in a time lapse system for up to 36 days gives valuable, but limited insights in follicular development	10
Excess folic acid mimics deficiency in human placenta in vitro	10
Differences in syncytiotrophoblast shear stress and mechanosensing protein expression in fetal growth restriction.	10
OLFML3 suppresses trophoblast apoptosis via the PI3K/AKT pathway: A possible therapeutic target in preeclampsia	10
Endotheliochorial placental glycosylation reflects evolutionary divergence between Felidae species (Felis catus and Panthera leo) and Canidae (Canis familiaris)	10
Fibroblast activating protein (FAP) is reduced in FGR in regions of the villous tree with disturbed differentiation of perivascular myofibroblasts	10
First trimester extravillous trophoblast secretes HLA class I molecules via small extracellular vesicles	10
Molecular insights into the corin function at the uteroplacental interface	10
Clinical course of placenta accreta cases managed expectantly for seven days or longer	10
Ureaplasma parvum infection alters the placental redox status and may contribute to spontaneous abortion: a case-control study	10
Epigenetic effects of exercise on improving the adverse placental environment associated with maternal overweight and obesity	10
The heart-placenta axis is dysregulated in a conditional Hand1 mutant model of FGR	10
Transcriptional specialization of nuclei in the giant, multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast cell	10
Porphyromonas gingivalis lysate induces tissue disorganization and proinflammatory response in human placental explants	10
Adipokine visfatin as a response of an efficient placenta to key pregnancy risk factors	9
IFPA Pages	9
Editorial Board	9
Vaccination by a Zika purified inactivated virus both before and during pregnancy in the common marmoset monkey is associated with relatively normal placental morphology: a preliminary stereological a	9
In vitro evaluation of the effect of oxygen concentrations on thrombomodulin expression in a first-trimester trophoblast cell line	9
Editorial Board	9
Ultrasound evaluation of pathophysiology in fetal thrombo-vasculopahy due to umbilical cord abnormalities	9
The role of creatine in placental energy metabolism at birth: Initial insights from the Creatine and Pregnancy Outcomes (CPO) cohort study of low-risk pregnancy	9
Comments on “Prenatal interventions for fetal growth restriction in animal models: A systematic review”	9
Upregulation of placental Ski-like proto-oncogene in preterm preeclampsia: potential target for preeclampsia treatment?	9
Nutrition and neurodevelopment: Participation of vitamin E in the differentiation of the early brain	9
Morphology and evolutionary aspects of the yolk sac in dogs	9
The proinflammatory cytokines IFN-α and TNF-α inhibit extravillous trophoblast invasion	9
A case of fetal growth restriction with placental confined mosaicism	9
Characterization and expression of thyroid hormone transport in HTR8/SVneo trophoblast cells under hyperinsulinemia conditions	9
AQP4 and AQP9 positive-extracellular vesicles in preeclampsia	9
Title Page/Editorial Board	9
Placentas from women of advanced maternal age (AMA) show increased activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) but this is not exacerbated in the presence of Fetal Growth Restriction (FGR).	9
Novel approaches to obstetric drug design and development	9

Characterizing placental NLRP3 inflammasome and lipidome dynamics: Insights from glucose, metformin, and LPS exposure in placental explants	9
Gastroschisis associated changes in the placental transcriptome	9
Comparative effects of bisoprolol and nebivolol on fetoplacental vascular tone	8
Trend: A test for recurrent implantation failure patients’ detection by qPCR array	8
A small GTPase, RHOH, is upregulated in the uterus during miscarriage in human and mouse model	8
Small RNAs in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia	8
Chronic intervillositis of unknown etiology in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss: Impact on reproductive outcomes, treatment efficacy, and recurrence rates	8
Identifying and Characterizing Membrane-Binding Partners of the Placental Homing Peptide NKG	8
An ex vivo model for studying regulated cell death in syncytiotrophoblast using human placental explants	8
Maternal care of the whole litter improves the success rate of diabetes in pregnancy in rats	8
Thrombospondin-1 (THBS1) is dysregulated in preeclampsia	8
The Placental Transcriptome Mediates the relationship between Prenatal Phthalate Exposure and Placental Efficiency	8
Trophoblast extracellular vesicles are a mechanistic link between preeclampsia and early cardiovascular mortality in women	8
Vitamin D metabolites and oxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma and human milk: Implications for the metabolic and mental health of the mother and infant development in the first six months p	8
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) cause DNA damage and characterise accelerated ageing in stillbirth placenta	8
Placental dysfunction: The core mechanism for poor neurodevelopmental outcomes in the offspring of preeclampsia pregnancies	8
Impact of tissue porosity and asymmetry on the oxygen uptake of the human placenta: A numerical study	8
Pitfalls using scRNA seq and outlook to new technologies looking at the human placenta	8
The role of STAT3 signaling in human placental extravillous trophoblast differentiation	8
Cytotoxicity and induction of proinflammatory cytokines in placental explant cells following azathioprine exposure	8
Ectonucleotidases and purinergic signaling might contribute to immunosuppression in newborns	8
Antenatal melatonin supplementation increases fetal weight and reduces placental oxidative damage in a mouse model of advanced maternal age	8
Placenta Accreta Spectrum Biomarker Discovery Using DIA-MS Proteomic Analysis of Extracellular Vesicle Enriched Fractions	8
Unravelling the Protective Role of Placental ACE2 During Chronic Hypoxia/Reoxygenation	8
Polymorphisms of hypertension susceptibility genes as a risk factors of preeclampsia in the Caucasian population of central Russia	8
Establishment of human trophoblast stem cells from term smooth chorion	8
SKAP2 is downregulated in the villous tissues of patients with missed abortion and regulates growth and migration in trophoblasts through the WAVE2-ARP2/3 signaling pathway	8
Placental complement component C5 levels are elevated in term preeclampsia - its inhibition does not mitigate placental dysfunction	8
Microplastic accumulation in placentas and umbilical cords from pregnancies in Brazil	8
Activin A promotes human trophoblast invasion by upregulating integrin β3 via ALK4-SMAD4 signaling	8
Sociodemographic and clinical profiles associated with preeclampsia: Comparison between Argentinean and Mexican women cohorts	8
Characterization of Prokineticin 1 concentrations in Amniotic Fluid: Implications for Spontaneous Preterm Birth and Hydramnios	7
miR-2115-3p inhibits ferroptosis by downregulating the expression of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase in preeclampsia	7
Gelatin methacryloyl biomaterials and strategies for trophoblast research	7
Oxidative stress microenvironment responsive multifunctional nanoparticles for targeted prevention and treatment preterm birth caused by placental inflammation	7
Plasma exRNA Profiling for Pregnancy Monitoring and Non-Invasive Diagnostics of Preeclampsia	7
Astrocyte and microglia activation by circulating extracellular vesicles from preeclampsia exacerbates blood-brain barrier disruption on a microfluidic BBB-on-chip model	7
Down-regulation of MYO1A inhibits trophoblast cell proliferation and migration through SMURF2/Hedgehog signaling pathway and leads to fetal growth restriction	7
Role of exosomes in placenta-maternal body axis for organ specific damage of preeclampsia	7
Second trimester cell-free placental DNA methylation profiles in preterm birth subtypes	7
Increased NPC1 and STARD3 expression in placentas from women with Maternal Supraphysiological Hypercholesterolemia (MSPH) promotes lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction.	7
Epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity in trophoblast differentiation	7
Analyzing the Relationship Between Preeclamptic Severity and Placental Methylation	7
Cesarean scar pregnancy successfully managed to third-trimester	7
Editorial Board	7
Author index	7
Effects of Maternal THC Administration on Tryptophan Metabolism in the Placenta and Fetus of Wistar Rats	7
Chronic inflammation of the male genital tract impairs female genital tract immunomodulation and decrease fertility potential	7
Placental lesions induced by Omicron SARS-CoV-2 in a pregnant woman treated with anti-CD20	7
Volume analysis and three-dimensional imaging of the migration process of bovine trophoblast giant cells at mid and end of gestation	7
Placentae of small appropriately-grown-for-gestational-age neonates exhibit sexually dimorphic transcriptomic changes representative of placental insufficiency	7
Characterization of micro-haemodynamics in the placental intervillous space by integrated experimental and theoretical approaches	7
First-trimester 3D power Doppler imaging markers of utero-placental vascular development are associated with placental weight and diameter at birth: The Rotterdam Periconception Cohort	7
Maternal disadvantage and pregnancy outcomes in two Australian pregnancy cohorts	7
Placental pathology findings in perinatal deaths from 28 weeks gestation in Aotearoa New Zealand	7
Clinical Significance of stage 1 Maternal inflammatory response in placenta	7
Placental metabolomics from women with gestational diabetes mellitus unveils glycolytic and one-carbon metabolism impairment	7
Placental transfer and metabolism of betamethasone in healthy and preeclamptic human placentas	7
Maternal C1q deficiency leads to impaired decidual vascular remodelling, placental insufficiency and reduced fetal growth.	7
Placental damage in pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection: Comment	7
Fetal growth restriction and a single umbilical artery are independent predictors of hypospadias during pregnancy	7
Transmission electron microscopy demonstration of reduced endothelial glycocalyx in severe preeclampsia	7
Attenuation of murine placental MDR1 and BCRP functions by their unique protein localization	7
First trimester placental extracellular vesicles likely contribute to the vasodilation of maternal resistance arteries in normal pregnancy	7
Sexually dimorphic alterations in placental senescence pathways in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)	7
Third-trimester side-population trophoblasts can be differentiated to mature trophoblast lineages and show reduced growth in FGR.	7
1,25(OH)2D3 alleviates LPS-induced preeclampsia-like rats impairment in the protective effect by TLR4/NF-kB pathway	7
Viruses may cause a significant proportion of chronic inflammatory pathology in the placenta	7
Genetic profiling of Plasmodium falciparum antigenic biomarkers among asymptomatic pregnant women on intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine from southwest Nigeria	7
Placental assessment using spectral analysis of the envelope of umbilical venous waveforms in sheep	7
Dissecting the microenvironment of gestational trophoblastic disease through deconvolution of bulk RNA-seq data	7
A case of high-grade VUE diagnosed by additional immunostaining rather than H&E staining alone	7
Exposure to fine particulate matter 2.5 from wood combustion smoke causes vascular changes in placenta and reduces fetal size	7
Melatonin-treated trophoblast extracellular vesicles signaling mediates macrovascular and microvascular endothelial cell migration	7
Non-vesicle extracellular nanoparticles serve as carriers for placenta-specific microRNAs: in vitro analysis using trophoblast cell line BeWo	6
The Placenta-Brain Axis	6
Fluidic cellular in vitro model resembling the maternal-fetal interface	6
Placenta may exert fetal protection against maternal high salt diet intake via renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system	6
Immune-regulatory properties of endovascular extravillous trophoblast cells in human placenta	6
Evaluating gene delivery technologies to investigate the role of FKBPL in trophoblast function and the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles	6
Immunoregulation of the decidualization program: Impact of the reticular stress and senescence in endometrial receptivity	6
Extracellular vesicle collection from ex vivo human placenta perfusion	6
Comprehensive Analysis of decidua in ectopic pregnancies reveals role of ATG2A	6
The impact of air pollution particles on placental structure and function	6
Obituary to the IFPA Journal: Placenta - Date: August 16, 2024	6
Association studies of vasoactive genes and preeclampsia in taiwan	6
Placental lesions associated with stillbirth by gestational age, according to feature importance: Results from the stillbirth collaborative research network	6
Editorial Board	6
Placental transfer of chemicals: Ex vivo placental perfusion model	6
Exploring the Interplay Between the Endocannabinoid and Immune Systems in the Placenta Using Ex Vivo and In Vitro Models	6
Maternal Folate Status and the Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Insights from Australian Pregnancy Cohorts	6
The study of clinical outcome in cases of placenta previa	6
Genetically-predicted placental gene expression links to uterine fibroids and endometriosis	6
Lipidomic profiling of preeclamptic placenta according to severe features	6
Mechanical stress patterns arising spontaneously during placental trophoblast fusion can be tuned to enhance and direct fusion events	6