Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health

Article	Citations
Poverty trajectories and child and mother well-being outcomes in Ireland: findings from an Irish prospective cohort	76
Early-life death of a sibling and primary care utilisation during middle age: a population-wide cohort study	63
Associations between cohort study participation and self-reported health and well-being: the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Study	62
Estimating the risk reduction in disability incidence by adhering to recommendation-based physical activity in older adults: a cohort study	57
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of cardiometabolic risk factors among workers: results from the Japan Epidemiology Collaboration on Occupational Health study	54
Prenatal and postnatal correlates of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in midlife: evidence from the 1970 British Cohort Study	50
Testing and refining middle-range theory in evaluations of public-health interventions: evidence from recent systematic reviews and trials	48
Nucleus of fairness: epigenetic ageing, social determinants of health and the imperative for proactive preventive measures	46
Health literacy by occupation in Korea	45
Age, period and cohort-related trends in prescription opioid use in the USA, 1999–2018	45
Racial and ethnic trends in mental health service utilisation and perceived unmet need in the USA	42
State-level association between income inequality and mortality in the USA, 1989–2019: ecological study	41
Impact of informal caregiving on depressive symptoms among a national cohort of men	40
Sex differences in adverse events following seasonal influenza vaccines: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials	40
Early parental death and its association with children’s mental and economic well-being in adulthood: a nationwide population-based register study	38
Downstream healthcare use following breast cancer screening: a register-based cohort study	34
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the workforce: from psychological distress to the Great Resignation	34
Bearing the burden of austerity: how do changing mortality rates in the UK compare between men and women?	34
High long-term mortality in ischaemic heart disease accentuated among ethnic minorities in Eastern Europe: findings from a prospective all-comers percutaneous coronary intervention registry in Romania	30
Association between democratic governance and excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic: an observational study	29
Eligibility criteria for the UK Winter Fuel Payment: are we targeting the right people?	28
Factors related to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among middle-income and low-income adults in the USA	28
Socioeconomic position at the age of 30 and the later risk of a mental disorder: a nationwide population-based register study	28
Multimorbidity as assessed by reporting of multiple causes of death: variations by period, sociodemographic characteristics and place of death among older decedents in England and Wales, 2001–2017	26
Principles and methods of global legal epidemiology	26

Social capital-based mental health interventions for refugees: Ukraine and beyond	25
Twenty-first century alienation and health: a research agenda	25
Municipal social expenditures and maternal health disparities: a study of linked birth and hospitalisation records	24
Employment status and self-rated health among Chinese middle-aged and older workers: results from a nationwide longitudinal study	24
Population health, health equity and health system impacts of light vehicle electrification: a modelling study in Aotearoa/New Zealand	23
Inequalities in mental health service utilisation by children and young people: a population survey using linked electronic health records from Northwest London, UK	21
Mediating role of psychological distress and alcohol use in socioeconomic disparities in deaths of despair: a causal mediation analysis using record linkage data	21
From policy to practice: assessing the impact of electronic gambling machine regulations on harmful gambling behaviour	21
Impact of offspring and their educational level on readmission and death among older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a nationwide cohort study using multistate survival models	21
Gender identity and sexual orientation: a glossary	19
Lack of knowledge on where people die and potential to do better	18
Do chronic diseases moderate the association between psychosocial working conditions and work exit? Longitudinal results from 55 950 Dutch workers	18
Impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of children and young people: perspectives on evidence synthesis	18
Longitudinal associations between residential density and body mass index: the mediating role of walking for transport and the moderating effect of neighbourhood disadvantage	17
Key considerations in understanding retirement’s health impact	17
Accounting for time-varying exposures and covariates in the relationship between obesity and diabetes: analysis using parametric g-formula	16
When the farm whispers, the world must listen	16
Do adult children increase the chances of receiving the recommended hospital treatment among older adults with heart disease?	16
Interactions between long-term ambient particle exposures and lifestyle on the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes: insight from a large community-based survey	15
Effect of a multicomponent school-based intervention with parental involvement on socioeconomic inequalities in smoking initiation: equity impact analysis of the TOPAS study	15
Psychotherapy use among migrants: a register-based longitudinal study	15
Estimated glucose disposal rate and risk of arterial stiffness and long-term all-cause mortality: a 10-year prospective study	15
Need for better reporting of trials with surrogate endpoints: SPIRIT|CONSORT-SURROGATE extensions	14
Impact of India’s nationwide supplementary nutrition programme for pregnant women on birth weight of their newborns: a quasi-experimental evaluation	13
Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 during the first three waves in Scotland: a national record linkage study	13
Sociodemographic and socioeconomic disparities in COVID-19 vaccine uptake in Belgium: a nationwide record linkage study	13
Health-related quality of life associated with sensory impairment in Chinese middle-aged and older adults: a cohort study	13
Survival among patients with cancer after a coalmine fire: analysis of registry data in regional Victoria, Australia	13
Causal mediation approaches for understanding pathways to inequalities and policy entry points: examples from early years health and development	13
Commonly cited approaches to reducing health inequalities: a call for more clarity around their definition and underlying assumptions	13
The potential of intervening on childhood adversity to reduce socioeconomic inequities in body mass index and inflammation among Australian and UK children: A causal mediation analysis	12
Precarious employment and the workplace transmission of COVID-19: evidence from workers’ compensation claims in Ontario, Canada	12
Effect of a conditional cash transfer programme on infant up-to-date and timely vaccination	12
Impact of social participation on frailty among older adults: a multinational cohort study from the USA, England, China and Mexico	12
Association between housing damage, present bias and delayed-onset post-traumatic stress symptoms among older adults 9 years after a natural disaster	12
Associations of area-level socioeconomic status and individual factors with mortality in China: a nationwide prospective cohort study	12
Increases in socioeconomic inequalities in mortality in Nordic countries: growing controversies between the changing welfare state and public health?	12
Socioeconomic position, alcohol use and alcohol-attributable emergency department visits	12
Projections of smoking-related cancer mortality in Australia to 2044	12
Assessment of census-tract level socioeconomic position as a modifier of the relationship between short-term PM2.5 exposure and cardiovascular emergency department visits in Missouri	11
Assessing the relationship between community resilience and health outcomes: an observational local-authority level study in England	11
Co-designed and co-delivered place-based community interventions to reduce inequity in early initiation of antenatal care: findings from the cluster randomised controlled community REACH trial	11
Does lifestyle explain the relationship between socioeconomic position and multimorbidity of cancer and cardiometabolic diseases? A mediation analysis applied to the European Prospective Investigation	11
Excess mortality among essential workers in England and Wales during the COVID-19 pandemic: an updated analysis	11
Does stress from incarceration of family and friends contribute to signs of early vascular ageing in African American women?	11
Genetic contributions to the educational inequalities in coronary heart disease incidence: a population-based study of 32 000 middle-aged men and women	11
Examining causal relationships between educational attainment and type 2 diabetes using genetic analysis: findings from the EPIC-InterAct study through Mendelian randomisation	11
Associations between neighbourhood socioeconomic disadvantage and body mass index: longitudinal evidence from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey (2006–2021)	11
Ambulatory blood pressure studies are needed to assess associations between blood pressure and work stressors	11
Variability in perceived burden and health trajectories among older caregivers: a population-based study in Sweden	10

Health characteristics and health behaviours in male former contact sports participants: comparison with general population controls in a Finnish cohort study	10
Self-reported sleep duration and recurrent falls in people aged 50 and above: evidence from two prospective cohorts	10
Complex associations between cognitive function and early stroke	10
Occupation and COVID-19 diagnosis, hospitalisation and ICU admission among foreign-born and Swedish-born employees: a register-based study	10
Excess mortality among essential workers in England and Wales during the COVID-19 pandemic	10
Diabetes and suicide: a nationwide longitudinal cohort study among the Japanese working-age population	10
Association between sex work occupational stigma and inconsistent condom use: findings from a community-based cohort of women sex workers in Vancouver, Canada (2014–2022)	10
Investigating the impact of a 20 miles per hour speed limit intervention on road traffic collisions, casualties, speed and volume in Belfast, UK: 3 year follow-up outcomes of a natural experiment	10
Estimated effect of age of marriage on utilisation of India’s Integrated Child Development Service programme	10
Occupational health, frontline workers and COVID-19 lockdown: new gender-related inequalities?	10
Geographical variability in cancer incidence explained by the socioeconomic environment: an example of lung cancer in northwestern France	10
Financial strain, schooling modality and mental health of US adults living with children during the COVID-19 pandemic	9
Response to: 'Small numbers, big impact: making a utilitarian case for the contribution of inclusion health to population health in England' by Zhang et al	9
Stimulant treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and risk of first and repeat juvenile criminal offending: a population-based cohort study	9
Education-related inequalities in disability during the last years of life: a full population register-based study	9
Income and economic productivity loss associated with comorbidity: longitudinal analysis of linked individual-level data for a whole country	9
Predictive capacity of self-rated health on all-cause mortality in Spain: differences across sex, age and educational level	9
Widening of inequalities in COVID-19 years of life lost from 2020 to 2021: a Scottish Burden of Disease Study	9
Triglyceride-glucose index and risks of suicide mortality in young adults: a nationwide population-based study	9
Invited commentary on “Interactions between long-term ambient particle exposures and lifestyle on the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes: insight from a large community-based survey”	9
Longitudinal relationships between early-life homelessness and school-aged asthma and wheezing	8
Chronic postsurgical pain increases postoperative depression risk	8
Impact of family childhood adversity on risk of violence and involvement with police in adolescence: findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study	8
Does persistent precarious employment affect health outcomes among working age adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis	8
Impact of early childhood infection on child development and school performance: a population-based study	8
Educational gradients in all-cause mortality in two cohorts in the Czech Republic during the early stage of the postcommunist transition	8
2008 economic crisis impact on perinatal and infant mortality in Southern European countries	8
Using agent-based modelling to test hypotheses on the role of neighbourhood social mechanisms in the development of small-area health inequalities	8
Short-term effect of colorectal cancer on income: analysis of an Italian cohort	8
Has COVID-19 increased inequality in mortality by income in the Netherlands?	8
Residential mobility and potentially avoidable hospitalisations in a population-based cohort of New Zealand children	8
oriGen cohort: a Mexican population-based epidemiological and genomic research platform	8
Neighbourhood risk factors of recurrent tuberculosis in Cape Town: a cohort study using geocoded notification data	8
Housing and health: an updated glossary	8
Impacts of SNAP benefit increases on US child food insufficiency during the COVID-19 pandemic	8
Characteristics of enrolment in an intensive home-visiting programme among eligible first-time adolescent mothers in England: a linked administrative data cohort study	8
Association between spatial social polarisation and high blood pressure in older adults	8
Does (re-)entering the labour market at advanced ages protect against cognitive decline? A matching difference-in-differences approach	7
Association between long working hours and physical inactivity in middle-aged and older adults: a Korean longitudinal study (2006–2020)	7
Causal inference and effect estimation using observational data	7
Intergenerational relationship between parental famine exposure and offspring’s obesity risks	7
Causal links between socioeconomic status, leisure sedentary behaviours and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a multivariable two-sample Mendelian randomisation study	7
Risk of severe mood and anxiety disorders in the adult children of parents with alcohol use disorder: a nationwide cohort study	7
Flourishing and the scope of medicine and public health	7
Social inequalities in child development: the role of differential exposure and susceptibility to stressful family conditions	7
Evaluating the impact on physical inactivity of Together an Active Future, a partnership approach to physical activity promotion. A difference-in-differences study	7
Perceived discrimination at work: examining social, health and work-related factors as determinants among breast cancer survivors – evidence from the prospective CANTO cohort	7
Income inequality and ‘hospitalisations of despair’ in Canada: a study on longitudinal, population-based data	7
Sociodemographic disparities in COVID-19 burden: changing patterns over four pandemic waves in Israel	7
Associations between adolescent psychiatric disorders and adulthood payment problems: a Norwegian register study of complete birth cohorts of 1995–1997	7
Industrial legacies: a population survey study of mental health disparities across generations in post-coal Wales	7
Childhood adversity and COVID-19 outcomes in the UK Biobank	7
Effect of Universal Credit on young children’s mental health: quasi-experimental evidence from Understanding Society	7
Impact of Peru’s women’s emergency centres on the reporting of physical, psychological and sexual intimate partner violence	7
Comorbidity patterns, family history and breast cancer risk: a latent class analysis	7
Population frailty trends by education and income levels over a period of 30 years: findings from Swedish registry data	7
Exploring the role of blood pressure in the black-white disparity in cardiovascular disease mortality: a causal mediation analysis	7
Closing the health inequity gap during the pandemic: COVID-19 mortality among racial and ethnic groups in Connecticut, March 2020 to December 2021	7
Inequalities in children’s mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: findings from the UK Household Longitudinal Study	7
Multimorbidity pattern and risk of dementia in later life: an 11-year follow-up study using a large community cohort and linked electronic health records	6
School performance and educational achievement in children exposed to maternal cancer in utero	6
Maternal cigarette smoking before or during pregnancy increases the risk of severe neonatal morbidity after delivery: a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study	6
Cumulative poverty across early adulthood and midlife cognition: findings from the national longitudinal survey of youth	6
Injured worker outcomes after compensation system overhaul: an interrupted time series study	6
Gender-related factors and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest incidence in women and men: analysis of a population-based cohort study in the Netherlands	6
Loneliness and social isolation in transitions to adverse health conditions and mortality: an analysis of data from the UK Biobank study	6
Response to: 'Impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of children and young people: perspectives on evidence synthesis' by Hossain et al	6
Indirect impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and its containment measures on social inequalities in hospital utilisation in Italy	6
Trends in psychological distress in Great Britain, 1991–2019: evidence from three representative surveys	6
Social security cuts and life expectancy: a longitudinal analysis of local authorities in England, Scotland and Wales	6
Universal Credit receipt among working-age patients who are accessing specialist mental health services: results from a novel data linkage study	6
Race disparities in dental care use from adolescence to middle adulthood in the USA	6
Global inequity of COVID-19 diagnostics: challenges and opportunities	6
Short-term exposure to ambient air pollution and readmissions for heart failure among 3660 post-discharge patients with hypertension in older Chinese adults	6
Syndemic processes between non-communicable diseases and HIV within the Kingdom of Eswatini	6
Associations of schooling type, qualification type and subsequent health in mid-adulthood: evidence from the 1970 British Cohort Study	6
Studying adolescent social isolation in school-based social networks: implications for health research	6
Heterogeneity in associations between food insecurity and diabetes outcomes	5
Reflecting on the year passed and the year ahead	5
Stair-related falls in the USA: traumatic brain injury and the role of alcohol intoxication	5

Determinants of depressive symptoms increase in older persons during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from Czech cohort study using repeated assessments	5
Glossary: economics and health	5
Are housing circumstances associated with faster epigenetic ageing?	5
Association of national smoke-free policies with per-capita cigarette consumption and acute myocardial infarction mortality in Europe	5
Prescribing by level of deprivation in Wales: an investigation of selected medicine groups	5
Marxism on Musk: reflections on Baum et al’s ‘Twenty-First Century Alienation and Health’	5
Association between a pro-inflammatory dietary pattern during pregnancy and type 1 diabetes risk in offspring: prospective cohort study	5
Maternal health-related quality of life at 1 year after a preterm birth: role of socioeconomic status at birth	5
Long echo of sociopolitical upheaval: life events and health in East Germany	5
Health trends, inequalities and opportunities in South Africa’s provinces, 1990–2019: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study	5
Impact evaluation of the TAMANI project to improve maternal and child health in Tanzania	5
Physical illness and changes in spousal mental health: a register-based study on Finnish couples aged 30–70	5
Examining the hospital costs of children born into relative deprivation in England	5
Correction: How to create healthier places: a multi-disciplinary qualitative study exploring the complex system of urban development decision-making	5
Maternal psychiatric and somatic illness, and the risk of unintentional injuries in children: variation by type of maternal illness, type of injury and child age	5
Modeling chronic disease risk across equity factors using a population-based prediction model: the Chronic Disease Population Risk Tool (CDPoRT)	5
Gender-specific aspects of socialisation and risk of cardiovascular disease among community-dwelling older adults: a prospective cohort study using machine learning algorithms and a conventional metho	5
Self-report of chronic diseases in old-aged individuals: extent of agreement with general practitioner medical records in the German AugUR study	4
Socioeconomic gradients in 24-hour movement patterns across weekends and weekdays in a working-age sample: evidence from the 1970 British Cohort Study	4
Poor child oral health and school absences: a population-wide data linkage study	4
Impact of the Finnish Maternity Grant on infant mortality rates in the 20th century: a natural experimental study	4
Income inequality and adherence to 24-hour movement guideline recommendations among adolescents: a multilevel growth curve analysis using longitudinal data from three waves of the Cannabis, Obesity, M	4
Chronic disease prevalence and preventive care among Ontario social housing residents compared with the general population: a population-based cohort study	4
Work incapacity among family caregivers: a record linkage study	4
Association between social activity frequency and overall survival in older people: results from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS)	4
Health inequalities in post-COVID-19 outcomes among adults aged 50+ in Europe: has COVID-19 exposed divide between postcommunist countries and Western Europe?	4
Socioeconomic position over the life course and impaired lung function of older adults in Central and Eastern Europe: the HAPIEE study	4
Association between sleep quality and seat belt use: a nationwide Korean study	4
Incorporating an equity perspective in systematic reviews of interventions: potential methodological approaches	4
How infodemic intoxicates public health surveillance: from a big to a slow data culture	4
Investigating the association between income inequality in youth and deaths of despair in Canada: a population-based cohort study from 2006 to 2019	4
Frailty index is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in Eastern Europe: a multicentre cohort study	4
Prior incarceration and food insecurity trajectories through older adulthood: findings from the Health and Retirement Study	4
Trajectories in physical functioning by occupational class among retiring women: the significance of type of retirement and social and health-related factors	4
Effect of same-sex marriage legalisation on the health of ethnic minority lesbian, gay and bisexual people: a quasi-experimental study	4
Association between socioeconomic disadvantage and severe maternal morbidity and mortality in high-income countries: a systematic review	4
Inequalities in adolescent mental health and allocation of students to selective classes in comprehensive schools in Finland: a longitudinal study	4
Impact of built environment change on all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a novel longitudinal method and study	4
Correction: Geographical variability in cancer incidence explained by the socioeconomic environment: an example of lung cancer in northwestern France	4
Estimation of effects of extreme temperature on the risk of hospitalisation in Taiwan	4
Building health equity through housing policies: critical reflections and future directions for research	4
Contribution of causes of death to changing inequalities in life expectancy by income in Finland, 1997–2020	4
Changing prevalence of psychosocial occupational stressors and their impact on employee mental health across birth cohorts	4
Association between matched chronotype and poor mental health among shift workers: a systematic review and meta‐analysis	4
Protecting children’s health through universal and sustainable school meals: European and US urban policy experiences	4
Changing relationship between income inequality and mortality	4
Completeness and representativeness of small area socioeconomic data linked with the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD)	4
Estimated changes in free sugar consumption one year after the UK soft drinks industry levy came into force: controlled interrupted time series analysis of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2011	4
Would the now shelved congestion tax narrow or widen the health equity gap if brought back to NYC?	4
Invited commentary on ‘Population health, health equity and health system impacts of light vehicle electrification: a modelling study in Aotearoa/New Zealand’	4
Household income, fetal size and birth weight: an analysis of eight populations	3
Effect of smoking on physical function in older adults: a Mendelian randomisation analysis	3
Relationship between multiple unemployment spells and cardiovascular disease mortality in South Korean workers	3
Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies over 18 months following infection: UK Biobank COVID-19 Serology Study	3
Does the ‘right to request’ flexible work policy influence men’s and women’s uptake of flexible working and well-being: findings from the UK Household Longitudinal Study	3
Are there any sociodemographic factors associated with non-uptake of HPV vaccination of girls in high-income countries with school-based vaccination programmes? A systematic review	3
Multistate survival modelling of multimorbidity and transitions across health needs states and death in an ageing population	3
Exploring the associations of daily movement behaviours and mid-life cognition: a compositional analysis of the 1970 British Cohort Study	3
Navigating the shifting Mendelian randomisation landscape: some observations and suggestions for editors, reviewers and investigators	3
Associations of municipality-level income and racial segregation with individual-level tuberculosis treatment outcomes in Brazil: a nationwide cohort study (2010–2019)	3
Height, social position and coronary heart disease incidence: the contribution of genetic and environmental factors	3
Lack of consistency in measurement methods and semantics used for network measures in adolescent health behaviour studies using social network analysis: a systematic review	3
Public health unit funding per capita and seasonal influenza vaccination among youth and adults in Ontario, Canada in 2013/2014 and 2018/2019	3
Syndemic approach to chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease and educational level: a longitudinal cohort study in northwest Italy	3
Mental health inequalities in times of crisis: evolution between 2005 and 2021 among the Spanish salaried population	3
Cross-sectional study of the associations between circulating vitamin D concentrations and insulin resistance in children aged 9–10 years of South Asian, black African Caribbean and white European ori	3
SARS-CoV-2 vaccine uptake and risks of severe COVID-19 disease among people prescribed opioid agonist therapy in Scotland	3
Intersectional inequalities in advanced stage diagnosis of colorectal cancer in England: a cross-sectional study of National Cancer Registry data from 2013 to 2019	3
Direct and indirect effects of socioeconomic status on sepsis risk and mortality: a mediation analysis of the HUNT Study	3
Purposes and duties in scientific modelling	3
Employment quality and mortality in Canada	3
Early adulthood socioeconomic trajectories contribute to inequalities in adult diet quality, independent of childhood and adulthood socioeconomic position	3
Body mass index trajectories and all-cause mortality in older Chinese adults: Hong Kong’s Elderly Health Service Cohort	3
Associations between type of childhood adversities and labour market participation and employment conditions in young adults	3
Frailty or sarcopenia: which is a better indicator of mortality risk in older adults?	3
Parental education and occupation in relation to childhood type 1 diabetes: nationwide cohort study	3
Monitoring sociodemographic inequality in COVID-19 vaccination uptake in England: a national linked data study	3
Impacts of a medical-legal partnership on clinical capacity to address social determinants of health	3
Relative deprivation and human flourishing: how do upward income comparisons affect health, happiness and life satisfaction?	3
Coevolution of education and income inequalities in mortality: is the double burden of basic education and low income becoming more lethal in Finland and Sweden over time?	3
Differential use of antidiabetic medication related to income, cohabitation and area of residence: a Swedish nationwide cohort study	3
Overall and race-specific associations between state-level minimum wage policy and food insecurity in the United States	3
Insights on health policies from a political philosophy perspective	3
Predictive value of metabolic profiling in cardiovascular risk scores: analysis of 75 000 adults in UK Biobank	3
Invited commentary on: Does the ‘right to request’ flexible work policy influence men’s and women’s uptake of flexible working and well-being: findings from the UK Household Longitudinal Study	3
Diverging mental health trends in the postpandemic era: results from the HUNT Study, Norway	3
Evaluating bias with loss to follow-up in a community-based cohort: empirical investigation from the CARRS Study	3
Clinical gynaecological perspectives to improve validity in clinical research: comment on the article by Chiuve et al	3
Prevalence of maternal substance use problems during pregnancy and the first 2 years of life: a whole-population birth cohort of 970 470 Australian children born 2008–2017	2
Coming to terms with climate change: a glossary for climate change impacts on mental health and well-being	2
Religion and mental health in young adulthood: a register-based study on differences by religious affiliation in sickness absence due to mental disorders in Finland	2
Do we need consent to obtain consent? Public and participant feedback to using personal health data for recruitment	2
Redlining in New York City: impacts on particulate matter exposure during pregnancy and birth outcomes	2
How socio-political change is associated with the number of individually reported negative life events: a population-based study using the German reunification 1989/1990 as an example	2
Associations between modifiable risk factors and frailty: a Mendelian randomisation study	2